• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.1038-1046
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• 2008

This study was carried out to develop a small-sized biosensor based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for the rapid identification of insecticide residues for food safety. The SPR biosensor module consists of a single 770 nm-light emitting diodes (LED) light source, several optical lenses for transferring light, a hemisphere sensor chip, photo detector, A/D converter, power source, and software for signal processing using a computer. Except for the computer, the size and weight of the sensor module are 150 (L)$\times$70 (W)$\times$120 (H) mm and 828 g, respectively. Validation and application procedures were designed to assess refractive index analysis, affinity properties, sensitivity, linearity, limits of detection, and robustness which includes an analysis of baseline stability and reproducibility of ligand immobilization using carbamate (carbofuran and carbaryl) and organophosphate (cadusafos, ethoprofos, and chlorpyrifos) insecticide residues. With direct binding analysis, insecticide residues were detected at less than the minimum 0.01 ppm and analyzed in less than 100 sec with a good linear relationship. Based on these results, we find that the binding interaction with active target groups in enzymes using the miniaturized SPR biosensor could detect low concentrations which satisfy the maximum residue limits for pesticide tolerance in Korea, Japan, and the USA.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.67-75
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• 1986

제초제(除草劑)와 살충(殺蟲), 살균제(殺菌劑)와의 상호작용력(相互作用力)을 벼의 여러 생육(生育) 단계(段階)에서 검토(檢討)하였다. Carbamate 계(系) 살충제(殺蟲劑) BPMC는 단독처리(單獨處理) 및 제초제(除草劑)와의 혼합처리(混合處理)로 벼의 발아(發芽)를 심하게 억제(抑制)하였다. Thio- 및 dithiocarbamate 계(系)의 농약(農藥)은 carbamate 계(系)와는 달리 발아억제력(發芽抑制力)은 없었다. 제초제(除草劑)의 종류(種類)에 관계없이 BPMC가 혼용(混用)될 경우에는 벼의 발아후(發芽後) 생육(生育)에 심(甚)한 약해(藥害)를 나타내었다. Pendimethalin의 약해(藥害)는 유기인계(有機燐系) 농약(農藥)의 혼용(混用)으로 결항효과(結抗效果)를 나타내어 경감(輕減)되었다. 벼의 발아후(發芽後) 생육(生育)은 제초제(除草劑)와 살충(殺蟲), 살균제(殺菌劑)가 혼용(混用)되어 처리(處理)될 때 살충(殺蟲), 살균제(殺菌劑)보다는 제조체(除草劑)의 처리농도(處理濃度)에 의해서 더 크게 영향(影響)을 받는다. 대부분의 제초제(除草劑)는 살충(殺蟲), 살균제(殺菌劑)와 혼용(混用)하여 수도(水稻) 이앙(移秧) 5일(日) 후(後)에 처리(處理)하였을 때 수도(水稻)에 대해 약해(藥害)를 나타내지 않았다. Phenoxy 계(系) 제초제(除草劑)인 2, 4-D 및 MCPA의 경엽처리(莖葉處理) 활성(活性)은 cabamate 계(系) 및 요소계(尿素系) 살충(殺蟲), 살균제(殺菌劑)가 혼용(混用)될 때 증대(增大)되었다.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.327-335
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• 2001

원예작물 중 온실가루이의 발생이 가장 심한 오이를 대상작물로 선정하여 온실가루이에 대한 기존의 살충제를 이용한 화학적 방제체계를 수립하기 위하여, 중후기에 방제효과와 잔효독성, 엽중 농약 잔류량 조사, 방제횟수 절감, 농약 저항성 발달 및 오이의 수량 등 온실가루이 방제체계 확립에 필요한 기초적인 사항을 조사하였다. 조사결과 온실가루이에 대하여 가장 효과적인 살충제는 furathiocarb였고 특히 이 약제는 carbofuran으로 더욱 강력한 활성화 과정을 거치면서 온실가루이의 저항성 발달이 비교적 더디게 나타났고 따라서 방제효과가 길고 결과적으로 방제횟수도 줄이는데 기여하는 것으로 판명되었다. 이와는 달리 기존의 다른 약제들에 대해서는 합성피레스로이드계의 약제, deltamethrin, etopenprox, zetacypermethrin 등에 대해서는 저항성 발달이 빨리 나타났고, 일부 유기인계 약제, methidathion, phenthoate, profenofos 등의 경우에는 살포 후 분해가 빨리되어 약효의 상실이 빨라짐으로 인해서 결과적으로 살포회수를 늘여야하는 것으로 나타났다. 이들 기존 살충제들에 대한 저항성 온실가루이의 발생으로 방제가 곤란한 경우에 acetamiprid가 대체 약제로서 유망하였다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.19-24
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• 1996

Carbamates are generally used as insecticide, thus 5.7-dichloro-8~hydroxyquinolinyl- N-ethylcarbamate was newly synthesized. Its physical properties were determined and chemical structure was identified by means of I.R., nmr in addition to elemental analysis. The yield of addition, using triethylamine as catalyst, 5.7-dichloro-8-hydroxyquinoline and isocyanate was better than that of condensation of 5.7-dichloro-8-hydroxyquinoline with carbamoylchloride. The effct of the compound on rabbit's ileum, and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Echerichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were examined. The present organic synthesized compound showed the bacteriostatic action on salmonella typhi, escherichia coli, and pseudomonas aeruginosa, but no otherwise effect of contraction of rabbit's ileum in the concentration of $250 \mu g/ml$.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.104-109
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• 1991

Carbamates are generally used as insecticide, thus 8-hydroxy-5-chloroquinolinyl-N-ethylcarbamate was newly synthesized. Its physical properties were determined and chemical structure was identified by means of IR, nmr in addition to elemental analysis. The effect of the compound on rat's ileum, and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, E. coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were examined. It was observed that the dosage over 100 $\mu$g/ml of the compound relaxed rat's ileum and the same dosage of the compound inhibited growth of the above strains of bacteria.

• 한국양봉학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.295-302
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• 2017

Avoidance behavior is an important life history strategy to survive hazardous environment. The experiment was conducted to detect the avoidance tendency of the honeybee Apis mellifera against commonly used pesticides in apple production. Choice test given only 50% sucrose solution and pesticide-mixed sucrose solution as food estimated the avoidance in laboratory. Most of the acaricides and fungicides tested were shown avoided. Among insecticides, honeybee showed strong avoidance to cyhexatine, carbosulfan and fenpyroximate but low to diflubenzuron, tebufenpyrad, and acrinathrin. Avoidance behavior to neonicotinoid insecticides showed bifurcated; highly avoided from thiacloprid, acetamiprid while less avoided from imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and dinotefuran. From the field study, abamectin, fenthion, amitraz and acequinocyl showed highly avoided while fungicide of fenarimol, acaricides of acrinathrin and phosphamidon, IGR insecticide of diflubenzuron, neonicotinoid insecticide of imidacloprid, and carbamate insecticide of carbaryl showed less avoidance in the field. These results partly explained high bee poisoning from carbaryl in apple flowering period, and neonicotinoids during season.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.30-35
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• 2001

강원도 고랭지대 배추경작지에서는 동일한 살충제가 매년 수회씩 연용되고 있으며, 여러 살충제의 혼용살포로도 배추좀나방 방재가 어려운 것으로 보고되고 있다. 본 실험의 목적은 강원도 고랭지대 배추경작지에서 발생하는 배추좀나방(Plutella xylostella L.)에 대한 유기인계 및 카바메이트계 살충제의 저항성 발달 정도를 구명하는데 있다. 강원도 계촌, 장평, 태백, 춘천, 홍천의 배추경작지에서 발생한 배추좀나방을 채집하여 유기인계 살충제인 chlorpyrifos, diazinon, fenitrothion, profenofos, phenthoate, flupyrazofos와 카바메이트계 살충제인 carbofuran, befuracarb, furathiocrb에 대한 $LC_{50}$을 감수성종과 비교하여 저항성 발달정도를 검정하였다. 유기인계 살충제인 chlorpyrifos에 대한 태백종과 홍천종의 $LC_{50}$은 216.9 ppm과 589.0 ppm으로 감수성종의 $LC_{50}$인 6.25 ppm과 비교하여 각각 35배와 94배 높았고, fenitrothion에 대한 태백종과 홍천종의 $LC_{50}$은 각각 240.3 ppm과 960.1 ppm으로 감수성종의 $LC_{50}$ 3.9 ppm과 비교하여 70배와 254배 높았으며, profenofos에 대한 춘천종의 $LC_{50}$ 39.2 ppm은 감수성종의 $LC_{50}$ 1.1 ppm과 비교하여 37배 높았다. 그러나 diazinon, phenthoate, flupyrazofos에 대한 감수성종과 포장종의 $LC_{50}$에는 차이가 거의 없었다. 카바메이트계 살충제의 경우 befuracarb에 대해서만 저항성이 나타났는데, befuracarb에 대한 춘천중의 $LC_{50}$은 257.8 ppm으로 감수성종의 $LC_{50}$ 13.34 ppm과 비교하여 19배 높았다. 본 실험의 결과는 약제간, 지역간차이는 있었으나 강원도 고랭지 배추 재배지에서 발생하는 배추좀나방이 일부 유기인계 및 카바메이트계 살충제에 대하여 저항성이 발달되었다는 것을 시사한다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.141-150
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• 2013

Natural zooplankton communities are composed of many different species at different trophic levels in the aquatic food web. Several researchers have reported that in mesocosm/enclosure experiments, larger cladocerans tend to be more sensitive to carbamate insecticides than smaller ones (Daphnia > Moina, Diaphanosoma > Bosmina). In contrast, results from individual-level laboratory tests have suggested that large cladoceran species are more tolerant than small species. To clarify this inconsistency, we conducted a microcosm experiment using model zooplankton communities with different species compositions, where animals were exposed to lethal (near to the 24 h LC50, concentration estimated to kill 50% of individuals within 24-h for the small cladoceran Bosmina) and lower, sublethal concentrations of carbaryl. In the experiment, population densities of the small cladocerans (Bosmina and Bosminopsis) decreased subsequent to the applications of chemical, but no impacts were observed on the large cladoceran Daphnia. Our results supported the reports of previous individual level toxicity tests, and indicated that the sensitivity of zooplankton to the insecticide was unchanged by biological interactions but the response of population can be modified by compensation of population through hatching from resting eggs and/or the persistence of insecticide in the systems.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.194-200
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• 1990

The paraoxonase (E. C. 3.1.1.2) is a major enzyme to detoxicate the organophosphorus and carbamate which are the most widely used as the agricultural spraying insecticides. To investgate the distributions of plasma paraoxonase activity and the factors affecting the enzyme activity, the plasmas of 945 Korean rural population were analysed with the modified Krisch's direct sphectrphotometry method. Three indices of the enzyme activity - basal activity, stimulated activity (by NaCl), % stimulation - were obtained from the analysis. Three indicies suggested unimodal distributions, so we couldn't identify the low activity group risk group to organophosphorus & carbamate insecticides poisoning. There is no significant relation between 3 actvity indicies and sex, age, or history of insecticide use (p>0.05). The basal activity and the stimulated activity have significant relationship and high coefficient of determination with the activities of their parents ($r^2$=0.30, 0.24 ; p<0.05), but the % stimulation does not ($r^2$=0.02 ; p<0.05). These results suggest that the activity of paraoxonase is determined mainly by the genetic factor.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.21-27
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• 1996

5.7-Dibromo-8-hydroxyquinolinyl-N-ethylcarbamate, one of the carbamate derivative which are generally used as insecticide, was newly synthesized. Its physical properities were determined and chemical structure was identified by means of I.R., nmr in addition to elemental analysis. The yield of addition, using triethylamine as catalyst, 5.7-dibromo-8-hydroxyquinoline and isocyanate was better than that of condensation of 5.7-dibromo-8-hydroxyquinoline with carbamoylchloride. The present organic synthesized compound showed the bacteriostatic action on salmonella typhi, escherichia coli and pseudomonas aeruginosa, but no otherwise effect of contraction of rabbit's ileum in the concentration of $100 \mu g/ml$.