• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.529-536
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• 2001

The root of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge (Leguminosae), which has been used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic hepatitis, duodenal ulcers, chronic nephritis and promotion of immunity in folk remedies. Several lines of evidence indicate that oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) may play an important role in atherogenesis. Hence, the role of antioxidants in the prevention of LDL oxidation needs to be determined. To investigate the antioxidant activity. we determined the MeOH ex. and fractions of Astragali Radix on the inhibition of LDL oxidation. The CH$_2$C1$_2$ and EtOAc orations inhibited the oxidative modification of LDL by a decrease in the lipid peroxide content and the electrophoretic mobility of LDL. Calycosin-7-0-$\beta$-D -glucoside which was isolated from EtOAc fraction inhibits the oxidative modification of LDL.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.70-76
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• 2003

Five isoflavonoids, biochanin A-7-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1⟶6)-β-D-gluco- pyranoside (1), (-)-maackiain (2), calycosin (3), trifolirhizin (4) and genistein (5), were tested for antifungal activity against nine fungi. These compounds were isolated from the wood (compound 1 and 2) and from the bark (compound 3, 4 and 5) of S. japonica. According to the results of antifungal activity test, (-)-maackiain was evaluated as the best antifungal compound among the isolated compounds. In this regard, it could be mentioned that high antifungal activity of S. japonica wood extracts was originated from (-)-maackiain.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.347-353
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• 2020

Background: Fermentation of medicinal plants increases their absorption rate and bioavailability in the body. Astragalus membranaceus has been used as a raw material, but research in its use as a food ingredient is lacking. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the physicochemical characteristics and anti-inflammatory effect of fermented Astragalus membranaceus. Methods and Results: Astragalus roots were fermented using Aspergillus awamori for 4 days and their extracts prepared using hot water. The pH, total acidity (%), and reducing sugar (%) of the extracts were then investigated. The pH and total acidity decreased during fermentation. After fermentation, the pH and total acidity decreased, whereas the reducing sugar level increased. The active ingredients in fermented Astragalus were calycosin-7-O-ßd-glucoside, ononin, calycosin and formononetin. The calycosin contents was highest in the hot-water extracted samples fermented for 4 days. The other components were similar to those in control. Nitric oxide level was lower in the hot-water extracted samples fermented for 4 days than in lipopolysaccharide control group. The sample fermented for 4 days was confirmed to inhibit the production of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β. Conclusions: Our results showed the physicochemical properties and anti-inflammatory effects of A. membranaceus after fermentation using Aspergillus awamori. These results indicated that fermented Astragalus membranaceus can be used as a functional food.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.428-434
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• 2020

Background: This study aimed to investigate the quality characteristics of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge leaf (AMBL) fermented with lactic acid bacteria and the applicability of its biologically active compounds. Methods and Results: An assessment of physicochemical properties such as pH, total acidity, free sugars, and isoflavonoid (calycosin-7-o-β-d-glucoside, ononin, calycosin, and formononetin) was conducted. Furthermore, the levels of antioxidant compounds, including polyphenols and flavonoids, and radical scavenging activities of the extracts using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate and 2,2-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) were investigated. The calycosin content in the water extract of AMBL fermented with Leuconostoc mesenteroides increased by approximately twice as much as the control. Conclusions: These results indicate that L. mesenteroides can be used to improve biological activity through fermentation, and that AMBL can be used as a functional materials and edible resource in industrial areas.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.680-688
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• 2016

This study analyzed the changes in physicochemical components of Astragalus membranaceus (AM) fermented with Phellinus linteus. Moisture content, pH, total acidity, total reducing sugar content, extraction yield, free sugar content, free amino acid and isoflavonoid (calycosin, formononetin) were investigated. The moisture content was increased during fermentation with Phellinus linteus. The pH level increased while the total acidity significantly decreased during fermentation. The reducing sugar content were in the range of 0.32~0.61%. The extraction yield using water was higher than that using 80% ethanol. The major free sugars were identified as glucose, fructose, sucrose and the content of free sugars decreased through fermentation. However, the glucose and sucrose contents of the water extracts were increased. In addition, the free amino acid increased significantly during fermentation. Finally, calycosin and formononetins contents in water extracts of after 30 days of AM fermentaion with Phellinus linteus were (3.91 mg/100 g) and (1.38 mg/100 g), respectively. These results suggest that fermentation with Phellinus linteus could be used to increase the bioactivity of AM. The mycelium-fermented AM could be a valuable source of functional material and edible resource for industry.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.247-258
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• 2019

Background: Astragali radix (A) and Lithospermi radix (L) have long been used as traditional medicines due to their known anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed at evaluating, their optimal mixing ratio and their functional compounds by investigating the inhibitory effects of mixed extracts of A and L and their active compounds on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Methods and Results: A and L extracts were obtained by extraction at $80^{\circ}C$ using 50% and 70% fermented alcohol, respectively, and then mixed at a ratio of 5 : 5, 6 : 4, 7 : 3 and 8 : 2 (w/w). The activities of MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13 were evaluated in interleukin-1beta ($IL-1{\beta}$)-induced SW1353 cells. The extract mixtures showed synergistic inhibitory effects on MMP-3 and MMP-13, higher than the effects of the individual A and L extracts. The 7 : 3 mixture (ALM16) showed the most effective MMPs inhibitory activity, while among the active ingredients, calycosin-7-O-${\beta}$-D-glucoside and lithospermic acid exhibited excellent MMPs inhibitory activity. Additionally, an HPLC method was established for simultaneous quantification of the effective components of the extract mixtures, and validated by measuring the linearity, precision and accuracy of the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ). Conclusions: ALM16 showed the most effective MMPs inhibitory activity. Calycosin-O-${\beta}$-D-glucoside, calycosin and lithospermic acid were identified as useful candidates, as they were the major functional compounds in the MMP inhibitory activity. Summarily, ALM16 might be a highly effective in osteoarthritis management, owing to its because it exhibits a protective effect on cartilage via excellent inhibition of MMPs.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.357-362
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• 2009

Compounds of isolated from roots extract of Pueraria thunbergiana were tested their inhibitory effects on $\alpha$-glucosidase and $\alpha$-amylase. Inhibitory activity of methylene chloride (MC) fraction and ethyl acetate (EA) fraction against $\alpha$-glucosidase showed more than 60% at a concentration of $500{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. Among the nine compounds tested on $\alpha$-glucosidase, biochanin A, (-)-tuberosin and calycosin from MC fraction and daidzein from EA fraction were stronger inhibitors than acarbose ($IC_{50}=530{\mu}g/m{\ell}$), and their $IC_{50}$ were 9, 144, 328 and $20{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, respectively. Biochanin A and (-)-tuberosin also inhibited $\alpha$-amylase activity as like as acarbose $IC_{50}=20.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$), and their $IC_{50}$ were 22 and $348{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, respectively. Although daidzein was already known $\alpha$-glucosidase inhibitory effects, it was newly evaluated that biochanin A and (-)-tuberosin inhibited $\alpha$-glucosidase as well as $\alpha$-amylase, and that calycosin did $\alpha$-glucosidase.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.357-362
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• 2015

Background : A series of studies were conducted to optimize adventitious root induction in vitro from explants of Astragalus membranaceus using various nutrient media supplemented with plant hormones. Methods and Results : Levels of active components were analyzed from adventitious roots induced under different media conditions. Among the different media conditions, Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with $1.0mg{\cdot}{\ell}^{-1}$ indole-3-butyric acid resulted in the greatest adventitious root induction rate. The amount of the major active component of the adventitious roots of Ama1, calycosin-7-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside was higher than that of other adventitious root samples. Conclusions : These results suggest that the adventitious roots of A. membranaceus could be used for the commercial production of medicines.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.79-93
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• 2022

Objectives: We investigated the isoflavone contained in SH003 and its fractions, and the effect of these components on the inhibition of breast cancer. Methods: The isoflavones in solvent fractions of SH003 extract were identified by UPLC-MS and its contents were quantified using HPLC analysis. The estrogenic activity of SH003 or fractions was assessed by ERE luciferase assay in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive MCF-7 cells. To test the breast cancer inhibitory effect, the cell viability was measured using an MTT assay. Results: In this study, we demonstrated that SH003 and fractions contain 4 isoflavones which are calycosin-7-β-D-glucoside, formononetin-7-β-D-glucoside, calycosin, and formononetin. Despite containing isoflavones, estrogen-dependent transcription activity was not altered by both SH003 and fractions. On the other hand, SH003 and fractions inhibited the cell viability of breast cancer. In addition, its isoflavone components also showed reduced cell viability in various breast cancer cells. Conclusions: Overall, the phytoestrogen included in SH003 and fractions did not influence the estrogenic activity, emphasizing the safety of SH003 and fractions in breast cancer treatment.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.413-421
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• 2019

Purpose: Astragalus membranaceus (AM) is an important traditional medicinal herb. Pharmacological research has indicated that AM has various physiological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory, anticancer, hypolipidemic, antihyperglycemic, and hepatoprotective activities. The bioactive substances responsible for the physiological activities in AM, including many antioxidant substances, change during the roasting process. This study investigated and compared the changes in the antioxidant constituents of AM caused by roasting. Methods: DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl) and $ABTS^+$ (2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt) radical scavenging activities and their total phenolic content (TPC) were measured. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was performed to confirm any changes in the isoflavonoids of roasted AM (R-AM),. The cell viability of UVB-induced HDF (Human dermal fibroblast) cells treated with AM and R-AM extracts was investigated. The comet assay was used to examine the inhibitory effects of R-AM extracts on DNA damage caused by oxidative stress. Results: The DPPH and $ABTS^+$ radical scavenging activities were $564.6{\pm}20.9$ and $108.2{\pm}3.1$ ($IC_{50}$ value) respectively, from the 2R-AM. The total phenol content was $47.80{\pm}1.40mg$ GAE/g from the 1R-AM. The values of calycosin and formononetin, which are the known isoflavonoid constituents of AM, were $778.58{\pm}2.72$ and $726.80{\pm}3.45{\mu}g/g$ respectively, from the 2R-AM. Treatment of the HDF cells with R-AM ($50{\sim}200{\mu}g/mL$) did not affect the cell viability. Furthermore, the R-AM extracts effectively protected against UVB-induced DNA damage. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that R-AM increases its isoflavonoid constituents and protects against UVB-induced DNA damage in HDF cells.