• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.111-114
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate the reproductive performance of average (less than 10,000 liters milk in 305 days) and high yielding (more than 10,000 liters milk in 305 days) Holstein cattle at commercial dairy herds (n=22). Data on milk progesterone (10 to 60 days postpartum), days to post-partum estrous, days to post-partum conception, service per conception and calving interval were recorded for two consecutive years. Post-partum milk progesterone concentration and days to reach peak milk progesterone concentration were similar in high and average yielding cows. High yielding cows took more days to show signs of first postpartum estrous than average yielding cows. Post-partum conception was 20 days earlier in average yielding cows than high yielding cows. Artificial insemination per conception was similar between average and high yielding cows. Calving interval was 26.9 days longer in high yielding cows compared to average yielding cows. In conclusion, better reproductive and feeding management may help improve the reproductive performance of high yielding dairy cattle in commercial dairy farms.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.146-156
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• 1977

To obtain some results of the rate of abnormal keton body in urin of dairy animals by age calving rate, milk yield and some feeding and management condition, 104 cows and 107 dairy goats were investigated. And the results obtained were summerized as follows. 1. From about 23.1% of cows and 39.3% goats, abonormal condition of keton body in urine dectated. 2. The rate of abnormal keton bodies possession were lower at the age of 1~4 but higher at the age of 4~11. 3. From the calving animals, the highest rate of keton body were detected but the lowest from first and ninths calving animals. 4. The cows than 20kg milking per day and the goats 3~4kg milking were higher but the cows below 10kg milking and the goods 1~2kg milking were lower. 5. Under bad feeding and management condition, the amount keton bodies in urine of animals were increased much.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.255-260
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• 2017

Ketosis has become a very common and important metabolic disorder that causes substantial economic loss in modern dairy herds. We determined the risk factors for ketosis and associations with some blood metabolite concentrations in dairy cows. Blood from 475 Holstein cows on four dairy farms was collected weekly until 4 weeks after calving to measure blood ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) concentrations using electronic handheld meters. Cows were grouped based on the BHBA concentration into two groups: a ketosis group (${\geq}1.2mmol/L$, n = 150) and a non-ketosis group (< 1.2 mmol/L, n = 325). Peripartum health status (dystocia, retained placenta, and metritis), cow parity, and calving season were recorded to identify the risk factors for ketosis. Serum albumin, total cholesterol (TCH), and haptoglobin concentrations were compared between sub-groups of cows selected from the ketosis (n = 92) and non-ketosis (n = 50) groups 1 week postpartum ($7.5{\pm}0.2days$). The farm influenced the incidence of ketosis (P < 0.05). Cows calved during summer tended to have a higher risk (odds ratio [OR]: 1.61, P < 0.1) of ketosis than cows calved during spring. Cows with parities of two (OR: 1.95, P < 0.05) and three or higher (OR: 2.55, P < 0.01) were at higher risk than primiparous cows. Cows with metritis had a higher risk (OR: 7.02, P < 0.0001) of ketosis than cows without metritis. Serum albumin and TCH concentrations were lower (P < 0.01) in the ketosis group than in the non-ketosis group, whereas haptoglobin concentration was higher (P < 0.05) in the ketosis group than in the non-ketosis group. In conclusion, our results indicate that farm, summer calving, parity greater than one, and postpartum disease (metritis) were risk factors for ketosis. In addition, lower serum albumin and TCH concentrations and higher haptoglobin concentration were also associated with the incidence of ketosis in dairy cows.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.9
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• pp.1267-1272
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• 2002

The present research was undertaken to monitor the effects of restricted and ad. libitum feeding during last trimester of pregnancy on the performance of crossbred dairy cows and their calves. For this purpose two groups of crossbred cows having eight animals in each group were put into two plane of nutrition during their last three months of pregnancy. Dietary energy level in one group was calculated as per Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, (MAFF, UK) and the cows on other group received ad. libitum feeding (concentrate level similar to MAFF, recommendation+ad. libitum roughage). After calving, the cows of both groups were given same diet (ad. libitum) to study the effect of feeding during pregnancy on subsequent lactation performance of the cows. It was observed that during pre-calving period cows on ad. libitum feeding gained significantly (p<0.05) more body weight than that of cows on restricted feeding ($38.50{\pm}6.04$ vs $21.37{\pm}8.04kg/cow$). There was no significant differences between the birth weight of calves of restricted ($21.31{\pm}2.18kg$) and ad. libitum ($20.31{\pm}3.27kg$) groups. Dietary energy intake of ad. libitum group ($50.22{\pm}4.24$ MJ ME/d/cow) was significantly higher (p<0.01) than that of restricted group ($39.76{\pm}1.03$ MJ ME/d/cow). During lactation period cows that were on restricted feeding produced little more milk (3.06 lit/cow/day), than that of the cows on ad. libitum feeding (2.84 lit/cow/day). Although growth rate of the calves of restricted group upto one month ($0.23{\pm}0.09kg/calf/d$) was significantly (p<0.01) higher than that of ad. libitum group ($0.17{\pm}0.08kg/calf/d$) but after four months the growth rate of the calves of two groups become nearly similar ($0.35{\pm}0.02$ vs $0.37{\pm}0.03kg/calf/d$) and difference between them was non-significant. During lactation period cows of restricted group gained little weight but cows of ad. libitum group lost significantly (p<0.05) more weight. Per day metabolizable energy intake in both group during lactation period was nearly similar (67.54 vs 69.58 MJ ME). It is concluded that ad. libitum feeding during last trimester of pregnancy is neither economic for getting maximum milk yield nor for calf growth rate and MAFF, recommended level of dietary energy during that period could be applied on our pregnant crossbred dairy cows.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.666-671
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• 2017

Objective: Aim of the current comparative study was to evaluate production outputs, reproduction efficiency and functional traits in dual-purpose Fleckvieh and Braunvieh cows, reared under temperate European conditions. Methods: A data-set from 414 Fleckvieh and 42 Braunvieh cows and 799 lactations was analysed. ID tag number, milk yield per milking session, number of steps/interval and milk conductivity were recorded and collected daily using AfiMilk 3.076 A-DU software (Afimilk Ltd., Kibbutz, Israel). Production and milk quality data were taken from the results of the official performance recordings and the reproductive outputs of cows were recorded by the research stations veterinarians. Comparisons between the two genotypes were carried out using the one way analysis of variance protocol, with categorical factor being considered the breed of cows. All the statistical inferences were carried out using Statistica software (StatSoft Inc., Tulsa, OK, USA). Results: Fleckvieh cows significantly outperformed ($p{\leq}0.05$) the Braunvieh herd, with average milk yields of $5,252.1{\pm}35.79kg$ and $4,897.6{\pm}128.94kg$, respectively. Age at first calving was significantly ($p{\leq}0.01$) influenced by the breed, with Fleckvieh heifers being more precocious ($32.8{\pm}0.29mo$) compared to those of Braunvieh breed ($35.7{\pm}0.84mo$). Reproduction efficiency as defined by the number of inseminations per gestation, calving interval, dystocia, days dry and days open, was not influenced by genotype (p>0.05). Incidences of sub-clinical mastitis, clinical mastitis, lameness and abortions were not influenced by the breed factor (p>0.05). Stay-ability of cows was significantly ($p{\leq}0.001$) influenced by genotype, with Braunvieh cows having an average age at culling of $117.88{\pm}11.78$ months compared to $90.88{\pm}2.89$ months in Fleckvieh. Conclusion: Overall, results have shown that genotype significantly influenced milk yield, age at first calving and longevity.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.199-205
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• 2006

The objective of this study was to investigate the resumption of postpartum ovarian cyclicity, and to determine the relationship between concentrations of plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) and resumption of ovarian cyclicity in Holstein cows. The cows were considered to have resumed ovarian cyclicity on the day of ovulation, if followed by regular ovarian cycles. 58.8 percentage of the cows (114/194) had normal resumption of ovarian cyclicity (resumption within 40days after calving), and 41.2% (80/194) had delayed resumption (resumption did not occur until> 40days after calving). Delayed resumption Type I (one or more ovarian cycles with luteal phase> 20days, i.e. prolonged luteal phase; 17.5%) and delayed resumption Type II (first ovulation did not occur until ${\ge}40days$ after calving, i.e. delayed first ovulation 22.7%) were the most common types of delayed resumption. 18 percentage of the cows (35/194) did not resume their ovarian cyclicity until 60days postpartum. Prolonged luteal phase and delayed first ovulation were two important ovarian dysfunctions that delayed postpartum resumption of cyclicity in dairy cows. Cows with PUN of <15, $15{\sim}19.9\;and\;{\ge}20mg/dl$ had the likelihood ratios of normal ovarian cyclicity of 0.9, 1.14 and 0.55, respectively. Thus, PUN concentration of $15{\sim}19.9mg/dl$ had a favorable association with postpartum resumption of cyclicity, whereas lower or higher PUN had a negative association with postpartum resumption of cyclicity.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.49-57
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• 1986

Studies were conducted to investigate the relationship between hormone leveles and nutritional levels for improving performance of Cheju native cattle. In June 1984 a trial was initiated using 8 Cheju native calves after weaning, fed at two su, pp.ementary feeding levels (NRC 100% and 70%). The body weight, breedng performence, change in progesterone level during pregnancy and estrus cycle were evaluated. Mean body weight at 6 months of age was 155kg when fed 100% NRC ration but it was only 137kg when heifers received the 70% NRC ration. At 10, 15 and 20 months of age the body weight was 66, 160 and 115kg, respectively, showing that heifers fed the standard ration gained weight rapidly (P<0.01). Average size of the lefe ovary in the standard group was 2.1${\times}$1.6cm and right ovary was 2.6${\times}$1.8cm. However in the restricted feeding group the ovaries were found to be smaller. Diameter of graffian follicles showed a similar tendency to ovarian size in the two groups. The first oestrus in the standard feeding group a, pp.ared at 14.6 months when body weight was 265kg. Age at first calving was on average 28.9 months at a body weight of 436kg. On the other hand when heifers were fed the restricted ration the first oestrus a, pp.ared at 23.0 months at a body weight of 250kg. Average age at first calving was 38.9 months which was 10 months later than the average in the standard feeding group (P<0.01). In standard feeding group the progesterone level was 2.0ng/ml at two weeks after pregnancy and gradully increased up to 4 weeks and peaked at 18 weeks. This peak (6.4-6.5ng/ml) was maintained up to 24 weeks when progesterone level decreased until it reached 2.1ng/ml at the end of pregnancy. In the restricted group progesterone level up to 16 weeks followed a similar pattern to the standard group but there was a tendency in the restricted group to have lower progesterone levels(P<0.01). The standard and srstricted groups showed similar patterns of progesterone concentration during the oestrus cylce. There were no statistically significant differences in progesterone levels between standard and restricted groups but there was variation between induvidual animals.

• 대한생식의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.06a
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• pp.60.2-61
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• 2004

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Developmental Biology Conference
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• 2004.07a
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• pp.27-27
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• 2004

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.611-617
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• 2009

This study was aimed at a genetic evaluation of Iranian Holstein cattle for milk and fat yields and calculating daughter yield deviation (DYD) of bulls. The data file that was used in this research included 367,943 first three lactation records of 186,064 Holstein cows which calved between 1983 and 2006 in 11,806 herd-year-season groups. The model included herd-year-season of calving and age at calving as fixed effects and animal and permanent environment as random effects. Mean breeding values of cows for each year were regressed on birth year to estimate genetic trends. Genetic trends in milk and fat yields were greater for cows born after 1997 (59.38 kg/yr and 1.11 kg/yr for milk yield and fat yield, respectively). Animal evaluations were partitioned into contribution from parent average, yield deviation (YD) and progeny. DYD of bulls was calculated as described by VanRaden and Wiggans (1991). DYD provides an indication of the performance of the daughters of a bull without consideration of his parents or sons. Variance of bull DYD was greater than variance of their predicted transmitting ability (PTA). Correlation of bull DYD and PTA was dependent on the number of daughters and when this increased, the correlation of DYD and PTA was increased. Also as lactation number of daughters increased, the correlation of bull DYD and PTA was increased.