• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.628-634
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• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship of serum calcium and magnesium level to depression and anxiety symptoms in 66 perimenopausal women. Daily nutrient intakes and dietary sources of calcium were analyzed by convenient me쇙. General status was conducted by a questionnaire whereas the questionnaire of CED-S(the Center for Epidemiological studies-Depression Scale) was used for depression and Spielburger's STAI-S(state-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State) was used for anxiety. Fasting blood samples were collected, and serum calcium and magnesium concentrations were measured before and after calcium supplementation. The age distribution of the subjects was 49-55 years. Results indicated that serum calcium concentrations were significantly(P〈0.05) increased to normal ranges after calcium supplementation. Depression and anxiety scores of the subjects with calcium supplementation were significantly(p〈0.05) lower than those before calcium supplementation. There were significantly(P〈0.05) decreased between serum magnesium concentration and depression and anxiety scores, but calcium concentration was not significantly decreased. These results suggest that psychological conditions of perimenopausal women are possibly effected by serum calcium and magnesium levels. More studies are needed to measure the long-term effects of calcium supplementation on psychological conditions in perimenopausal women.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1049-1055
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• 1995

This study was designed to investigate the effects of calcium supplementation on calcium metabolism in seven healthy college women, aged from 19 to 21 years old. For this purpose, metabolic studies were conducted for two weeks. During the first week, the subjects ate experimental diet which nutrients composition was similar to their usual intake. And during the consecutive second week, they ate the same experimental diet supplemented with 500mg of calcium daily. The results were summarized as follows ; 1) Fecal excretion of calcium increased significantly (P<0.05), but urinary excretion of that did not show any change after supplementary intake of calcium. 2) Mean apparent calcium absorption was 28.5% and retention was 182mg/day when subjects ate the experimental diet without calcium supplementation. Calcium retention was significantly ate the experimental diet without calcium supplementation. Calcium retention was decreased to 24.1% by additional intake of calcium. 3) Phosphorus balance did not show any change after additional intake of calcium. 4) Serum calcium level was also not changed by additional intake of calcium. 5) Serum calcium level increased significantly(P<0.05) but serum phosphorus level did not show any change after additional intake of calcium. The above results showed that supplementation of 500mg calcium daily can be helpful to increase calcium retention as well as the peak bone mass in young women eating usual Korean diets.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.962-969
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• 2002

This study examined the effect of calcium supplementation and exercise on bone mineral density (BMD) and general characteristics, dietary intake and biochemical measurements for 45 healthy middle-aged women (40-57 years). Subjects were divided in to 4 groups; control group (G1), exercise group (G2), calcium supplementation group (G3), and calcium supplementation with exercise group (G4). The subjects were 45.8$\pm$ 0.66 years old. BMI(kg/$m^2$) was 23.31 $\pm$ 0.63 in Gl group, 22.92 $\pm$ 0.51 in G2 group, 23.64 $\pm$ 0.61 in G3 group, 23.40 $\pm$ 0.37 in G4 group, and BMI of all groups were in normal value. Energy intake was 1332.28㎉/day, 60% of RDA, so that may be unbalance of micronutrients. Especially, calcium intake was 62.8% of RDA that was very low level. Osteocalcine was not statistically significant but calcium supplementation group (G3) be showed increase. BMD was usually decreased by Aging, but in this study was increased in the all group, except control group. It showed increase of BMD for calcium supplementation and/or exercise. Overall results indicate that calcium supplementation and/or exercise increased BMD of middle-aged women, but long-term calcium supplementation and exercise will be able to more effect.(Korean J Nutrition 35(9) : 962~969, 2002)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.887-895
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• 2001

This study was designed to investigate the effect of dietary boron supplementation and calcium levels on calcium and bone metabolism in ovariectomized female rats. The experimental group classified ovariectomized group(O) and sham operation group (S). The two groups were then each randomly divided into flour sub-groups and fed experimental diets consisting in two levels of calcium and at each level of calcium, there were boron supplemented group and non-supplemented group. Calcium levels were either 0.2%(low calcium group: L) or 1.2%(high calcium group: H). The level of boron in the diet for the boron supplemented groups(B) was 100$\mu\textrm{g}$/g diet. The experimental period was six weeks. The average food intake were not statistically significantly different in all of eight groups. The increase in weights of rats was observed only in ovariectonized and sham control rats(low ca without boron supplemented). The rest of the groups lost weight significantly during the experimental period ranging from 26.94g to 44.34g. Significant higher calcium intakes were observed in high calcium groups, regardless of boron supplementation during experimental period. Urinary calcium excretion was not affected either by ovariectomy or diets on the first, third and sixth week of feeding. Apparent calcium absorption rates were not different among the groups on first week, whereas noticeable increase was observed in low calcium groups at third and sixth weeks. Femur wet and dry weight, and calcium contents of femur were higher in low calcium groups. whereas femur bone density was higher low calcium with boron supplementation groups than low calcium groups. Scapular density did not show any significant differences among all groups. Despite there were no differences in the activities of alkaline phosphatase by boron supplementation, boron supplemetation appeared to cause higher femur density. There results suggest that in both of sham-operated and ovariectomized rats low calcium did not influence greatly bone status of rats and boron increased bone density.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.103-111
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• 1982

This study was designed to observe the effects of nutritional supplementation of general Korean diet on calcium metabolism and bone growth in rats. The results were summarized as follows. 1. The bone weight and the concentration of ash and calcium in femurs tended to be increased by calcium supplementation. It seemed that supplemental calcium feeding promoted bone calcification through increasing the amount of calcium retained in the body. 2. There were no differences in calcium absorption rates, retention rates in the body, urinary excretion, and serum calcium concentration, between calcium supplemented groups and the other cereal-vegetable groups. 3. The casein, vitamin B2, or vitamin A supplementation of cereal-vegetable diets did not have any significant effects on calcium metabolism and bone growth.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.102-107
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• 1998

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship of serum calcium and magnesium levels to depression and anxiety symptoms in 80 homemarker. Fasting blood samples were collected and serum calcium and magnesium concentrations were measured. At the same time, psychological conditions of subjects were estimated by questionnaire. As the result of psychological test, eighty homemarkers were divided into two groups according to psychologicaltest scores. The subjects in one group got high pssycholgoical test scores as high score group (HSG) and the others got low physchological test scores as low score group(LSG). Serum calcium and magnesium concentrations were significantly(p<0.05) lower in HSG than in HSG than in LSG. Many a subject who belonged to HSG appeared to have depression and anxiety symptoms. Drepression and anxiety scores of the subjects with calcium supplementation were significantly (p<0.05) lower than those without calcium supplementation . After calcium supplementation, depressiion and anxiety scores were significantly (p<0.05) decreased in HSG and serum calcium and magnesium concentrations in HSG were significantly increased to normal ranges . This results suggested that psychological conditions of homemarkers might be affected by serum calcium and magnesium levels.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.242-248
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• 2005

The effect of calcium and boron supplementation on bone strength was determined in growing and ovariectomized (OVX) Sparague-Dawley rats. Rats were divided into 9 groups and fed diet with different intake levels of calcium and boron for 4 weeks. About fifty percentages of rats in each group were OVX and the others were sham-operated. The rats were fed same diets after operation for 8 weeks. The feed intake, body weight gain, and FER were significantly higher in OVX rats than those in sham-operated ones. Serum osteocalcin, bone formation biomarker, was significantly increased with increment in calcium and boron intakes. Serum estradiol was lower in OVX rats than in sham-operated ones. Bone mineral density of femur was significantly lower in OVX rats than in other group. The breaking forces of bones were not significantly different among the groups. The urinary excretion of deoxypyridinoline, osteolytic marker was significantly increased with increment in calcium intake and ovariectomy. The urinary calcium excretion was significantly increased with increment in calcium intake, but decreased with increment in boron intake. According to theses results, the boron supplementation resulted in higher serum osteocalcin and lower urinary calcium excretion. Therefore, it could be suggested that the boron supplementation may be complementary and useful to calcium nutrition for bone health.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.206-215
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of manganese (Mn) supplementation on bone status and calcium balance in ovariectomized rats according to the calcium intake levels. Total of 50 Sprague Dawley female rats (6 weeks) were divided into 5 groups and bred for 12 weeks: sham operated control group (SACa), OVX Ca deficiency group (OLCa) with Ca deficiency diet (0.1% Ca modified AIN-93N diet), OVX Ca deficiency & Mn supplement group (OLCaMn), OVX adequate Ca group (OACa; 0.5% Ca AIN-93N diet) and OVX adequate Ca & Mn supplement group (OACaMn). BMD (bone mineral density) of the femur was increased by Mn supplementation in OVX adequate Ca group. However, BMDs of spine, femur and tibia were lowered in OLCa compared to the OLCaMn group. Bone strength of tibia in OLCaMn group was significantly lower than OLCa group. Serum ALP (alkaline phosphatase) and CTx (C-telopeptide of collagen cross-links) levels were significantly higher in ovariectomized rats than those in the sham group, but they were not changed by Mn supplementation. Ca retention rate and Ca absorption rate did not differ among the experimental groups. Urinary Ca excretion was increased by Mn supplementation in Ca deficiency rats. In summary, Mn supplementation resulted in positive effects on bone mineral density ovariectomized rats with which intake adequate Ca. However, Mn supplementation on Ca deficiency ovariectomized rats resulted in decrement of BMO and bone strength by increasing Ca excretion. Therefore, it is encouraged to consider calcium intake levels in supplementation of manganese in order to prevent postmenopausal osteoporosis and to keep bone healthy. (KoreanJNutr2008; 41(3): 206~215)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.232-241
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• 1988

This study was to investigate the effect of calcium supplementation on the reduction of blood pressure in normotensive young adults. Fortyseven healthy college students(23 male and 24 female) were divided into Ca and placebo groups, and were orally given with calcium(1g/day, 2.5g as CaCO3) and placebo, respectively, for 20 weeks. Blood pressure was measured by Korotokoff method in seated position every two weeks. Average daily dietary calcium intakes of the subjects were 626-643mg in men and 513-552mg in women. Average initial level of serum calcium of the subjects belonged to normal range. 1. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure(SBP and DBP) of Ca group showed significant continuously decreasing tendency from 6-8 weeks until final 20 weeks of the supplementation in both men and women. But placebo groups did not. Comparing with the basal value, reduction of SBP and DBP after 20 weeks were 6.53$\pm$4.30%(8.9mmHg) and 8.10$\pm$3.30%(7.4mmHg) in men, and 6.56$\pm$2.41%(8.1mmHg) and 7.33$\pm$3.75%(6.2mmHg) in women. The blood pressure lowering effect of calcium supplementation seemed to be greater in the subjects with higher basal SBP. 2. Serum calcium was significantly increased by calcium supplementation in both men and women, and showed significant negative correlation with SBP(r=-.213) and DBP(r=-.301) in women. Serum Ca/Mg ratio of Ca group was also elevated and showed significant negative correlation with SBP(r=-.174) and DBP(r=-.194) in total subjects. 3. Urinary excretion of Na did not show any significant changes by calcium supplementation in both men and women and showed no correlations with blood pressures.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.155-160
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of micronutrient supplementation on the growth of preschool children in China. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted on 156 growth retarded preschool children who were randomly assigned to the following five groups : supplemental control (S-control; n=28); zinc supplementation (＋Zn; 3.5mg Zn/day, n=34); zinc and calcium supplementation (＋ZnCa; 3.5mg Zn ＋ 250mg Ca/day, n=37); zinc, calcium and vitamin A supplementation (＋ZnCaVA; 3.5mgZn ＋ 250mgCa ＋ 200gVA/day, n=28); and calcium and vitamin A supplementation (＋CaVA; 250mgCa ＋ 200gVA/day, n=29). Another 34 children of normal height were selected as a normal control (N-control). Supplementation continued for twelve months. After supplementation, the height gains in the ＋Zn group (7.84cm per year) and the ＋ZnCa group (7.70 cm per year) were significantly higher than that in the S-control group (6.74 cm per year, P＜0.05). The weight gain in the ＋ZnCaVA group (2.55kg per year) and the ＋CaVA group (2.57 kg per year) was also significantly higher than that in the S-control group (2.19 kg per year, P＜0.05). The average number of days of illness in each group taking supplements was lower than that in the S-control group (13 days per year compared with 23 days per year). No significant differences in bone maturity were observed between the groups. In conclusion, in this study Zinc and Zinc ＋ Calcium supplementation improved the height gain, and vitamin A improved the weight gain, in growth retarded preschool children, but these supplements did not affect the maturity of bone. Micronutrient supplementation also lowered the morbidity of these children.