• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.501-506
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of organic acids on solubility of calcium. As a results, acetic and lactic acid showed the most excellent solubility of calcium. Calcium solubility was increased at initial total acid (4%) in citric acid but calcium was insoluble in tartaric acid. After solving, pH and residuals were decreased where as total acidity and calcium content were increased as increment of initial acidity of acetic and lactic acid. Calcium content in seaweed calcium and calcium carbonate were higher than that of nano calcium. Solubility of calcium was more conspicuous at lactic acid than acetic acid.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.485-490
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• 1997

Gluten peptide was produced from corn gluten by enzymatic hydrolysis. This peptide had an ability to increased the solubility of calcium owing to protect calcium ions from forming precipitates of calcium phosphate in the presence of phosphate ions. The solubility of calcium was increased 5.2 times in the presence of 8.3 mg peptide produced by the treatment of papain. These peptides contained high acidic amino acids and fractionated by Delta pack column into fractions No. 1, No. 2 and No. 3. Among them the fraction No. 3 had the highest calcium binding capacity.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.211-215
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• 1999

The pure-separation of calcium chloride-treated fibroin hydrolysates could be carried out using gel filtration chromatography. Also, the effect of its enzymatic hydrolysis was investigated in order to find out the enhancement of their functionality. The average molecular weight(Mw), solubility and free amino acid compositions of three hydrolysates samples (calcium chloride, calcium chloride-flavourzyme and calcium chloride-thermoase)were measured to compare their characteristics. The molecular weight of calcium chloride hydrolysate was about Mw 46,800 and it can be reduced to Mw 12,500 and 1,070 upon the enzymatic hydrolysis by flavourzyme and thermoase, repectively. A solubility of calcium chloride-treated samples shows about 60% while calcium chloride/enzyme-treated samples are perfectly soluble (100% solubility). The total amino acid composition of calcium chloride enzymatic hydrolysates are much higher than that of calcium chloride hydrolysate.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.412-415
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the solubility of the bilestone in the solutions of the traditional oriental medicine prescriptions. The cholesterol and the calcium carbonate($CaCO_3$) were chosen as the ingredients of the bilestone. Three prescriptions were studied for the bilestone. The cholesterol had showed under 5% solubility in all solutions of the traditional oriental medicine prescriptions, but the calcium carbonate had showed the 30-50% solubility in all solutions of the traditional oriental medicine prescriptions.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.120-126
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• 2006

Fish backbone, a major by-product in the fish processing industry, accounts for about 15% of whole fish weight. In this study, recovery of bioavailable calcium from Alaska pollack (Theragra chalcogramma) backbone by-products using enzymatic hydrolysis was investigated. Finely ground fish backbones were hydrolyzed with two proteolytic enzymes (pepsin and protease) to obtain soluble calcium from the by-products. The pepsin digest had a higher degradation efficiency (88%) than protease. Four different concentrations of the fish backbone calcium (100, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/L) prepared by the pepsin digest were treated with $Na_2HPO_4$ at a concentration gradient (0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 15 and 20 mM) to evaluate their solubility, revealing that solubilities of the fish backbone calcium were superior to those of $CaCl_2$ at all the calcium and $Na_2HPO_4$ concentrations. Among the tested concentrations the highest solubility was found in the pepsin digest containing a calcium concentration of 1000 mg/L. Thus, hydrolyzing with pepsin is an effective mode of recovering bioavailable calcium from Alaska pollack fish backbones.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.1387-1390
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• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate the solubility of the ingredients of the bilestone in the solution of the traditional oriental medicines. The cholesterol and the calcium carbonate(CaCO₃) were chosen as the ingredients of the bilestone. Coicis Semen, Polygonum aviculare L, Maydis Stigmata, Allium tuberosum Rottler, and Raphanus sativa var. hortensis for. acanthiformis Makino were studied as the oriental medicines for the bilestone. The cholesterol had showed no solubility in all solutions of the traditional oriental medicines, but the calcium carbonate had showed the good solubility in all solutions of the traditional oriental medicines except Coicis Semen.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.177-182
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• 1994

The effect of phosphate salt (NafHP04) and sodium citrate on the emulsion stability of soy protein isolate (SPI) in the presence of calcium was investigated in terms of salt concentration and addition order. Both phosphate and citrate salts decreased the solubility of SPI despite their pH enhancing effects. Addition of calcium chloride (CaCl2) significantly decreased ES, which showed nearly negligible at more than 3 mM CaCl2 concentration. When Na2HP04 were added in the presence of 5 mM Cac12, 55 greatly increased up to 20mM concentration, above which however ES decreased. It was found that the addition order of Na2HPO4 and CaCl2 affected ES. The addition of phosphate and subsequent CaCl2 exhibited the higher 55 than the reverse order. In both cases, the overall ES profile was found to be nearly similar to the solubility profile of SPI, indicating the positive relationship between solubility and emulsion stability of SPI in the presence of calcium. Similar trend to the phosphate effect on ES was also observed for sodium citrate in the presence of calcium.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.1098-1101
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• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate the solubility of the ingredients of the kidney stone in the solution of the traditional oriental medicines. Calcium hydroxide, apatite and uric acid were chosen as the ingredients of the kidney stone. Plantaginis Semen, Lysimachiae Herba, Saururi Herba seu Rhizoma, Imperatae Rhizoma, Allium tuberosum Rottler were studied as the oriental medicines for the kidney stone. Calcium hydroxide had showed the very good solubility in the solution of Imperatae Rhizoma, the apatite had showed the good solubility in the solutions of Saururi Herba seu Rhizoma and Allium tuberosum Rottler. Uric acid had showed the mild solubility in the solution of Lysimachiae Herba and Saururi Herba seu Rhizoma.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.855-858
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• 2005

The bioavailability of Ca is currently one of the most important topics in nutrition research and is correlated with gastrointestinal solubility. Thus, to increase the solubility of calcium, this study was undertaken to examine the effect of $\gamma$-PGA on intestinal Ca solubility. The calcium solubility increased when the amount of $\gamma$-PGA was increased, due to the inhibition of the formation of an insoluble Ca complex with phosphate. Therefore, when $\gamma$-PGA-500 (avg. MW 5,000 kDa) was added at 0.5 mg/ml, $75\%$ of the total Ca was soluble. The amount of soluble Ca uptake in the small intestine was investigated using Balb/c mice as an animal model system. The soluble Ca uptake in the mice orally administered with $\gamma$-PGA-500 (avg. MW 5,000 kDa) was significantly higher than that in the $\gamma$-PGA-l00 (avg. MW 1,000 kDa)-administered mice (P<0.05). Accordingly, these results strongly support the notion that the molecular size of $\gamma$-PGA is correlated with Ca solubility. The effects of other factors, such as casein phosphopeptide and vitamin D, on intestinal Ca absorption have also previously been investigated. Therefore, it is hoped that the present observations will help clarify the role of $\gamma$-PGA in Ca solubility and its industrial application as an additive.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.436-444
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• 2016

Clamshells, which comprise more than 50% of a clam’s weight, are a major byproduct of the clam industry and are mainly composed of insoluble calcium carbonate. This study investigates the use of clamshells as a natural calcium resource. Highly soluble powdered calcium lactate (LCCL) was prepared from the calcined powdered shells of littleneck clams (LCCP) using response surface methodology (RSM) to predict optimum conditions. These conditions, as derived from pH, solubility, and yield of 11 LCCLs manufactured according to the RSM model, were 1.80 M lactic acid and 1.13 M LCCP. The actual values of pH (6.98), solubility (93.99%), and yield (351.23%) under the optimized conditions were as predicted. The derived LCCL exhibited a strong buffering capacity in the range of pH 2.78-3.90 when combined with less than 2 mL of 1 N HCl. The ranges of calcium content and solubility of LCCL were 7.7-17.5 g/100 g and 96.6-98.9%, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) of the LCCL identified it as calcium lactate pentahydrate, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) revealed an irregular and rod-like microstructure. These results confirm the potential use of clamshells, converted to highly soluble organic acid calcium, as an additive to enhance calcium content in food ingredients.