• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.54-61
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• 2006

An electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) investigation can provide quantitative and qualitative insight into the nature of the surface and bulk chemistry on solidified waste forms(SWF). The proportion of Pb in grain areas is below 0.3 wt. %, and the proportion near the border of the grain slightly increases to 0.98 wt. % but in the inter-particle areas farther from the grain, the concentration of Pb markedly increases. It is apparent that very little Pb diffuses into the tricalcium silicate($C_3S$) particles and most of the Pb exists as precipitates of sulfate, hydroxide, and carbonate in the cavity areas between $C_3S$ grains. Calcite additions on Pb-doped SWF are also observed to induce deeper incorporation of lead into the cement grains with EPMA line-analysis of cross-sections of cement grains. The line-analysis reveals the presence of $0.2{\sim}5$ weight % Pb over $5\;{\mu}m$ from cement grain boundaries. In the inter-particle areas, the ratio of Ca, Si, Al and S to Pb is relatively similar even at some distance from the grain border and the Pb (wt. %) ratio is reasonably constant throughout the whole inter-particles area. It is apparent that the enhanced development of C-S-H on addition of calcite can increasingly absorbs lead species within the silica matrix.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.237-246
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• 2022

The concrete quality relies on general factors like preparation technique, uniformity of the compaction, amount and appropriateness of the additives. The current article investigates the impact of a well knows amino acid, L-arginine as an additive on water requirements, setting durations and characterization of various cement samples. Compressive strength tests of reference and L-arginine added cements at age of 2, 7 and 28 days were carried out according to TS-EN 196-1. Samples were blended by incorporating various amounts of L-arginine (25 ppm, 50 ppm and 75 ppm) in the cement water mixture which were tested with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TG), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) on the 28th day. Results revealed that L-arginine does not affect the setting time, volume expansion of cement and water demands negatively; rather it imparts enhanced sustainability to the samples. It was determined that the highest value belonged to the 75L mortar with an increase of 2.6% compared to the reference sample when the compressive strengths of all mortars were compared on the 28th day. Besides, it has been observed that the development of calcium silicate hydrate or C-S-H gel, calcium hydroxide or CH and other hydrated products are associated with each other. L-arginine definitely has a contribution in the consumption of CH formed in the hydration process.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.125-140
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• 2015

This paper describes the numerical calculation of elastic properties of a simulated microstructure of cement paste from very early age, when most previous models fail to give accurate results. The development of elastic properties of tricalcium silicate pastes was calculated by discretising a numerical resolution-free 3D vector microstructure to a regular cubic mesh. Due to the connections formed in the microstructure as an artefact of the meshing procedure, the simulated elastic moduli were found to be higher than expected. Furthermore, the percolation of the solids was found to occur even before hydration started. A procedure to remove these artefacts, on the basis of the information available in the vector microstructures was developed. After this correction, a better agreement of the experimental results with calculations was obtained between 20% and 40% hydration. However, percolation threshold was found to be delayed significantly. More realistic estimates of percolation threshold were obtained if either flocculation or a densification of calcium silicate hydrate with hydration was assumed.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.52-59
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• 2022

이산화탄소 반응경화 시멘트(Calcium silicate based cement, CSC)는 제조 전 공정에서 보통 포틀랜드 시멘트 대비 최대 70% 가량의 CO₂ 감축을 기대할 수 있는 저탄소 시멘트로 해외 선진국가에서는 이미 상용화 단계에 도달하였으나 국내에서는 제조특성 및 기초물성연구가 시작되고 있는 단계이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 국내산 원료물질을 활용한 CSC 제조 가능성을 검토하고, 제조한 CSC의 기초물성평가를 통해 CSC의 국산화 가능성을 조사하고자 하였다. 실험결과, 국내산 고품위 석회석과 실리카흄을 활용해 제조한 CSC의 주요광물상은 CS, C₃S₂, C₂S 및 미반응 SiO₂로 이론적인 CSC 주요광물상과 유사한 특성을 나타내며, 국내산 원료물질을 활용한 CSC 제조가능성을 확인할 수 있었다. 제조한 CSC의 경화특성 조사를 위해 양생분위기에 따른 광물상 변화특성을 조사하였으며, TG/DSC 열분석결과, 탄산화양생을 실시한 샘플에서만 탄산화반응 결과생성물로서 다량의 CaCO₃가 생성된 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 특성은 압축강도에서 뚜렷한 차이를 나타내었는데, 습윤양생 시 재령 7일 기준 압축강도 1MPa 이하로 수화반응 및 탄산화반응에 의한 물성발현이 거의 없는 반면에 탄산화 양생 시 재령 7일 기준 압축강도 56MPa 이상으로 조기강도 특성이 우수한 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 1999년도 학회창립 10주년 기념 1999년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.85-88
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• 1999

We tested the limestone powder as a filler powder for the effective use of slag cement. Hydration process were investigated by measuring the thermal differential analysis(DTA), compressive strength, XRD patterns, calorimeter of slag cement-limestone powder paste prepared by mixing limestone powder-slag cement. The results obtained in this study, there were no significant difference between the cases of adding up to 5% limestone powder, but the reaction time was accelerated. Also the compressive strength was increased for adding up to 5% limestone powder. The min hydrated paste products were Ca(OH)2 and calcium silicate hydrates. In the case of mixed limestone powder peak appear tricalcium carboaluminate hydrate in the sample of 7 days hydration.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 1999년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집(I)
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• pp.64-69
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• 1999

Slags are by-products of the metallurgical industry. The most important slag from the standpoint of the quantity used as building material is iron blastfurnace slag. Slags are either crystalline stable solid used as aggregates or glassy material used as hydraulic binder. Slag cements are low heat of hydration cements. Slags react more slowly with than portland cement but they can be activated chemically. Activatiors can be either alkaline activators such as soda, lime, sodium carbonate, sodium silicate or sulphate activators such as calcium sulphate or phosphogypsum. So, in this study slaked lime was used as an activator that the compressive strength of this modified cement(M1 type) is high range in early age. And initial setting time of M1 type cement was shorter than conventional cements.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제35권10호
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• pp.1030-1039
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• 1998

In fly ash-lime system the effects of reaction condition amounts of gypsum and cement and CaO/SiO2 ratio on the hydrates by hydrothermal reaction were investigated. The tobermorite phases were not observed in hy-drothermal reaction of fly ash lime because of the hydrate rate was very slow. The compressive strength and the hydration rate increased with increasing the amount of gypusm and cement and the optimum amounts of gypsumo and cement were 5wt and 20wt% respectively. The specimen which CaO/SiO2 ratio is 0.85 was shown the maximum compressive strength and the tobermorite phase within reaction time 2 hours.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.305-317
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• 2016

Porous materials such as concrete could be subjected to aggressive ions transport. Durability of cement paste is extremely depended on water and ions penetration into its interior sections. These ions transport could lead different damages depending on reactivity of ions, their concentrations and diffusion coefficients. In this paper, chloride diffusion process in cement hydrates is simulated at atomistic scale using molecular dynamics. Most important phase of cement hydrates is calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H). Tobermorite, one of the most famous crystal analogues of C-S-H, is used as substrate in the simulation model. To conduct simulation, a nanopore is considered in the middle of simulation cell to place water molecules and aggressive ions. Different chloride salts are considered in models to find out which one is better for calculation of the transport properties. Diffusion coefficients of water molecules and chloride ions are calculated and validated with existing analytical and experimental works. There are relatively good agreements among simulation outputs and experimental results.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제29권7호
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• pp.810-819
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• 2007

물유리와 수산화나트륨 용액을 이용하여 플라이 애쉬와 고로슬래그의 알칼리 활성에 관한 연구를 수행하였다. 플라이 애쉬/슬래그 시멘트 페이스트(FSC)의 반응생성물과 미세구조를 관찰하기 위하여 XRD, FTIR, $^{29}Si$ and $^{27}Al$ NMR, TGA and SEM 분석을 수행하였다. 무정형 상태 또는 저급 결정구조를 가진 calcium silicate hydrate와 aluminosilicate 겔이 각각 고로슬래그와 플라이 애쉬의 알칼리 활성반응에 의해 생성되었다. 실험결과, 물유리 모듈 1.0과 1.2가 플라이 애쉬와 고로슬래그의 알칼리 활성반응을 위해 적정한 것으로 나타났다. 물유리 모듈 1.0과 1.2로 알칼리 활성화된 FSC 페이스트는 플라이 애쉬와 고로슬래그의 알칼리 활성반응에 의해 생성된 겔 형태의 반응생성물과 물유리에 의한 또 다른 수화물(즉 실리카겔)에 의해 좀 더 단단하고 연속적이 모체가 형성되었음을 보여주었다.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.369-375
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• 2014

이 연구에서는 RC기둥의 내화실험 후 콘크리트 시멘트 매트릭스의 구성성분의 변화를 조사하였다. 표준화재곡선에 따라 내화실험을 수행하고 상온에서 기둥을 식힌 후, 표면과 깊이 40 mm, 80 mm, 단면중심(175 mm) 지점에서의 샘플을 채취하였다. 수화된 시멘트의 대표적인 구성성분인 칼슘-실리케이트 수화물(C-S-H)와 수산화칼슘의 구성성분 변화를 열중량분석기(TGA)와 X선 회절분석기(XRDA)를 이용하여 분석하였다. 핵자기공명기(NMR)를 이용하여, C-S-H의 실리케이트 중합도변화를 관찰하였다. 세 가지 분석 결과를 종합해 본 결과 내하실험에서 $236^{\circ}C$를 경험한 중심부(175 mm)에서의 시멘트 매트릭스의 상태가 $618^{\circ}C$를 경험한 깊이 40 mm에서의 시멘트 매트릭스의 상태와 유사하며, 가장 건전하다고 판단되는 시멘트 매트릭스는 $419^{\circ}C$를 경험한 깊이 80 mm 지점에서의 시멘트 매트릭스였다. 이는 콘크리트의 경험 온도와 철근의 온도제한에 의한 내화규정은 RC구조물의 내화성능을 과대평가할 수 있음을 나타내며, 향후 내화규정의 마련에 유용하게 활용될 것으로 판단된다.