• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.57 no.10
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• pp.445-450
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• 2014

Purpose: Familial hypokalemic periodic paralysis (HOKPP) is an autosomal dominant channelopathy characterized by episodic attacks of muscle weakness and hypokalemia. Mutations in the calcium channel gene, CACNA1S, or the sodium channel gene, SCN4A, have been found to be responsible for HOKPP; however, the mechanism that causes hypokalemia remains to be determined. The aim of this study was to improve the understanding of this mechanism by investigating the expression of calcium-activated potassium ($K_{Ca}$) channel genes in HOKPP patients. Methods: We measured the intracellular calcium concentration with fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester in skeletal muscle cells of HOKPP patients and healthy individuals. We examined the mRNA and protein expression of KCa channel genes (KCNMA1, KCNN1, KCNN2, KCNN3, and KCNN4) in both cell types. Results: Patient cells exhibited higher cytosolic calcium levels than normal cells. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that the mRNA levels of the $K_{Ca}$ channel genes did not significantly differ between patient and normal cells. However, western blot analysis showed that protein levels of the KCNMA1 gene, which encodes $K_{Ca}$1.1 channels (also called big potassium channels), were significantly lower in the membrane fraction and higher in the cytosolic fraction of patient cells than normal cells. When patient cells were exposed to 50 mM potassium buffer, which was used to induce depolarization, the altered subcellular distribution of BK channels remained unchanged. Conclusion: These findings suggest a novel mechanism for the development of hypokalemia and paralysis in HOKPP and demonstrate a connection between disease-associated mutations in calcium/sodium channels and pathogenic changes in nonmutant potassium channels.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.126-132
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• 1998

In the present study, we examined effects of ginseng saponins (ginsenosides) on pp60c-src protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) activity, intracellular calcium concentration ([$Ca^{2+}$]i), and cell proliferation in NIH3T3 cells. Eight different ginsenosides [ginsenoside-Rb1 (G-$Rb_1$), -$Rb_2$, -Rc, -Rd, -Re, -Rf, -$Rg_1$, -$Rg_2$) and ginseng total saponin (GTS) were used for these experiments. All ginsenosides and GTS tested stimulated the activation of $pp60^{c-src}$ kinase, and especially G-$Rb_1$,-Rd,-$Rg_1$, and -$Rg_1$ showed a higher stimulatory effect than others at 16.7 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml of ginsenosides with a 18 hr-incubation, increasing the activity by 4.5, 3.5, 3.5, and 3.0-fold, respectively, over that of untreated control. In addition, both G-Rd and -$Rg_2$)Rg2 increased ($Ca^{2+}$), to 202 and 334 nM, respectively, about 2-3-fold above the basal level within 7min at 250 $\mu\textrm{g}$/yml of ginsenosides. The increases of ($Ca^{2+}$), were eliminated by Pretreatment of EGTA, an extracellular calcium chelator, suggtasting that they result from an influx of calcium ion from extracellular medium rather than an efflux from intracellular calcium store, endoplasmic reticulum (ER). All ginsenosides studied enhanced cell proliferation to 1.2-1.4-fold over that of untreated control at 5~250 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml of concentrations. Interestingly the promotion of cell proliferation by ginsenosides corresponded with the activation of c-src kinase, which is an early step in the mitogenic signaling cascade. Taken together, we suggest that some ginsenosides may lead to cellProliferation via the activation of cellular signal transduction Pathway involving $pp60^{c-src}$ kinase.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.113-121
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• 1996

The role of Ca2+ on benzyladenine (BA)-induced senescence retardation in mature wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) primary leaves was investigated. When an extracellular calcium chelator, ethylene glycol-bis-($\beta$-aminoethylether)-N, N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) together with BA, was applied to senescing leaves for 4 days of dark incubation, the content of chlorophyll and soluble protein decreased rapidly. And, the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), known to be a degradation product of membrane lipids, increased compared with the BA alone control. The BA-EGTA combination also caused the stimulation of protease and RNase activity and a rapid loss of catalase activity owing to the decling of BA effects. In the case of treatment with only intracellular calcium antagonist 3, 4, 5-trimethoxybenzoic acid 8-(diethylamino) octyl ester (TMB-8) without the BA addition, the chlorophyll content at day 4 after dark incubation decreased in paralled with the increasing concentration of the antagonist. In addition, the chlorophyll content at 10-5 M calcium ionophore A23187 treatment in the absence of BA was similar to that of the BA alone treatment. These results suggest that calcium may mediate the retardation effect of BA on leaf senescence by acting as a second messenger and that the calcium input from cell organelles, as well as the calcium inflow from intercellular spaces and cell walls, may be involved in modulating cytosolic calcium levels related to BA action.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.433-439
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• 2001

Intakes and excretions of calcium and phosphorus were determined for 8 female adolescents(aged 16.3$\pm$0.5y; body mass index 20.4$\pm$1.3kg/$m^2$; body fat 33.3$\pm$2.5%; bone mineral density of lumbar spine in L2-L4; 0.96$\pm$0.08g/$\textrm{cm}^2$) when they consumed diets basal and high in calcium for 6 days each. All subjects consumed a basal Ca diet containing 800mg, Korean RDA level of the subjects, and a high Ca diet containing 1200mg, RDA plus 2 SDs of calcium intake. The diets provided 58% of energy intake as carbohydrate, 25% as fat, and 17% as protein. Food, urine, and fecal composites were collected during the last 3 days of each feeding period. Fecal excretion of calcium was significantly greater on the high Ca than on the basal Ca diet. Hence, apparent absorption rate was significantly lowered from 40.9% on the basal Ca diet to 33.1% on the high Ca diet. There was no significant difference in calcium retention between the two diet periods but it tended to be greater on the high Ca diet. However, excretions and retention of phosphorus did not show any significant difference even though intake was significantly increased from 1,253mg on the basal Ca diet to 1,583mg on the high Ca diet. The results indicate that higher calcium intake than the Korean RDA level is recommended for adolescents to meet peak bone mineral accretion and attain a desirable level of calcium retention. (Korean J Nutrition 34(4) : 433~439, 2001)

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.12-16
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• 1997

Effects of calcium on mulberry growth and freezing tolerance were examined by water culture. Calcium was supplied by folar spray with the levels of 0, 5, and 40 ppm. Muberry stems developed by 130 cm at Ca2+ 40ppm, 82 cm at Ca2+ 5 ppm and 23 cm at Ca2+ 0 ppm. Muberry roots also developed vigorously at Ca2+ 40 ppm, but did poorly at Ca2+ 5 ppm and changed to brown in color, and died becoming necrosis at Ca2+ 0 ppm. Content of calcium in leaves and barks were increased at Ca2+ 40 ppm compared with at Ca2+ 5 ppm. Total sugar, RNA, proline and phospholipid at Ca2+ 40 ppm were also more increased than those at Ca2+ 5 ppm. Mulberry stems grown at Ca2+ 40 ppm showed a sufficient tolerance at -10 for 24 hours while stems grown at Ca2+ 5 ppm did a weak tolerance at the same conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.21-24
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• 1985

The effects of dietary magnesium, calcium on the serum cholesterol concentration in rabbit was studied for a period of 21 days using isocalorids and isonitrogenous basal diet. It is investigated that the serum cholesterol level lowering by feeding with calcium, magnesium, sesame oil and perilla oil, did not appeared but perilla oil and magnesium feeding group appeared a little bit lowering. There was no effect for the total protein, but there was some sort of effect for albumin and globulin. Particulary, alpa-globulin was increased by calcium, magnesium, sesame oil and perilla oil feeding groups. The esterified cholesterol was increased at the magnesium and perilla oil diet group. It is also, investigate that there is almost no effect for the electrolytes concentration and transport phenomena in the cell through magnesium, calcium, sesame oil and perilla oil diet groups.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.307-313
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• 2010

Stanniocalcin 1 (STC1) is a glycoprotein hormone that is important in the maintenance of calcium and phosphate homeostasis in both fish and mammals. STC1 and its paralog STC2 are expressed in multiple tissues in fishes, although the physiological roles of piscine STCs are still unclear compared with those of mammals. In this study, we cloned olive flounder STC1 (ofSTC1) and ofSTC2 cDNAs into pET28a vector and used E. coli Rosetta (DE3) as the host strain for protein expression. Expression experiments were carried out using isopropyl-$\beta$-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG) and nickel affinity chromatography. We could identify the recombinant proteins as single 29.5 kDa (ofSTC1) and 33.2 kDa (ofSTC2) bands in the insoluble fraction on sodium dodecyl sulfate- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). These results indicate that ofSTC1 and ofSTC2 were expressed as insoluble proteins in E. coli. Furthermore, the injection of ofSTC1 protein into juvenile tilapia resulted in a decrease of the serum calcium level. These results suggest that the purified fish STC1 and STC2 proteins may be used to elucidate the physiological role of STCs in fishes.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.37 no.sup2
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• pp.397-407
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• 2007

골형성 유도 단백질(bone morphogenetic protein, BMP)은 성장이나, 골형성과정에서 중용한 역할을 한다고 입증되었고 그것의 운반체에 대한 연구가 이뤄져 왔다. 하지만 수직압이 존재하는 곳에서 골증대술에 적용할 수 있을 만큼 강한 공간유지능력이 있는 운반체에 대한 연구는 그리 많지 않았다. Macroporous biphasic calcium phosphate block (MBCP block)은 공간유지능력이 뛰어나며 강한 수직압을 견딜수 있는 골대체물질이다. 이 연구의 목적은 MBCP block을 골형성유도 단백질(rhBMP-2)의 운반체로 사용하여 백서 두개골 결손부에 적용하였을 때, 골 형성 효과를 평가하는 것이다. 36마리의 웅성백서에서 8mm 지름을 갖는 임계크기의 두 개부 결손을 형성하였다. 20마리씩 2개의 군으로 나누어 MBCP block만 이식한 군, MBCP block을 운반체로 사용하여 농도 0.025mg/ml rhBMP-2를 이식한 군으로 나누어 술 후 2주와 8주에 치유결과를 조직학적, 조직계측학적으로 비교 관찰 하였다. 조직계측학적 관찰 결과, rhBMP-2/MBCP block 군에서 MBCP block군에서 보다 2, 8주 모두 골밀도(bone density)가 유의성있게 증가하였다 (P<0.01). 각 군에서도 8주째가 2주째보다 골밀도가 유의성있게 증가하였다(P<0.01). 총조직 형성량 (augmented area)에서는 변화가 없었다. 이 연구 결과, 백서 두개골 결손부에서 MBCP block은 rhBMP의 운반체로 사용하였을 때 신생골 형성에 유의한 효과가 있을뿐 아니라 공간유지능력이 우수해서 수직압이 존재하는 골증대술(bone augmentation)시 rhBMP의 운반체로 가능성이 있다고 사료된다.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.531-541
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• 2005

This study investigated the influence of anthropometric data and nutrient intake on bone mineral density(BMD) and biochemical markers of bone metabolism The mean age of 21 premenopausal women were 47.0 years and that of 41 postmenopausal women whose menopausal age was 49.46 years were 60.56 years. The waist and WHR of postmenopausal women were significantly higher than those of premenopausal ones. The animal protein intake of premenopausal and postmenopausal women were 38.5 and 21.03 g which comprised 54.35 and $31.84\%$ of total protein intake, respectively. The calcium intake of premenopausal and postmenopausal women were 446.45 and 546.97mg which was 63.78 and $78.14\%$ of Korean RDA, respectively. The ALP(Alkaline phosphatase) of premenopausal women was 65.81 U/L, which was significantly lower than that(90.24 U/L) of postmenopausal women (p<0.01). BMD of lumbar spine of premenopausal women was correlated significantly with body weight(r=0.690, p<0.01), waist(r=0.682, p<0.01), WHR(r=0.672, p<0.01), BMI(r=0.559, p<0.01), and body fat(r=0.457, p<0.01). Urinary Ca/creatinine ratio of the premenopausal women was negatively correlated with plant protein(r=-0.529, p<0.05) and plant calcium(r=-0.579, p<0.05). BMD of lumbar spine of postmenopausal women showed positive correlation with lean body mass(r=0.469, p<0.01) and body weight(r=0.383, p<0.05). Urinary Ca/creatinine ratio for the postmenopausal women was positively correlated with ALP(r=0.404, p<0.01) and urinary Na/creatinine ratio(r=0.389, p<0.05). In conclusion, it is necessary to maintain adequate body weight and to increase calcium intake for the premenopausal women. It is also important to increase muscle mass and reduce salt intake for the postmenopausal women.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.328-341
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was carried out to investigate bone mineral density (BMD), blood pressure, age and biochemical index and nutrient intakes, and to analyze the relationship between BMD, blood pressure, biochemical index, nutrient intakes of Korean women. Methods: The study subjects were 499 women with a age range of 30-79 years living in Seoul and Kyunggi area who participated in 2011 KNHANES. The study subjects were divided into 5 age groups : 30 years (145), 40 years (110), 50 years (102), 60 years (85) and 70 years (57), and 3 BMD groups: normal 258 (50.4%), osteopenia 163 (32.9%) and osteoporosis 78 (16.7%). Results: The average waist circumference, BMI and body fat increased with age, but fat free mass decreased with age. Average BMD and T-score was decreased from 0.84, $0.74g/cm^2$ in 30 years to 0.05, $-1.05g/cm^2$ in 70 years. The rates of osteopenia and osteoporosis increased significantly 22% in 30~40 years, 47% in 50 years and 56% in 60~70 years. Systolic blood pressure and cholesterol were significantly increased with age. The rates of hypertension was significantly increased 2.1% in 30 years, 30.4% in 50 years 89.5% in 70 years. Average nutrient intakes such as protein, calcium, iron, vitamin A and C were significantly decreased with age. There were significant negative correlations between age and calcium, systolic blood pressure, triglyceride. Conclusions: In this study, we found the risk of osteoporosis and hypertension were significantly increase with over 50 years age. Calcium and protein intake decreased with age. Therefore, in order to prevent osteoporosis and hypertension, adult women need to be educated regarding the importance of protein, calcium and other nutrients in their diet.