• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.185-188
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• 2008

A possible rapid biodegradation of abandoned livestock was tested by using the dead pig and chicken. The dead pig (36kg) was completely decomposed after 23 days of placement in the open field during June 2007. When the door of a cage in which a dead chicken (3.4kg) was placed was opened, a lot of flies were attracted to the chicken and layed eggs on the chicken. As the result the chicken was decomposed down to 0.6kg after 6 days of placement in the open field, On the other hand when the door was closed, the decomposition was very slow. The chicken weighed 3.0kg even after 6 days. An experiment conducted during October 2007 showed that decomposition speed depended on the number of inoculated flies. When 50 pairs of Lucilia sericata flies were inoculated to 3.2kg chicken, it was decomposed down to 1.0kg after 22 days in the field. However, when 200 female and 100 male flies were inoculated, the 3.4kg chicken was decomposed to 0.8kg after 11 days in the field. A 10,858 pupae (371.2g) was produced from the latter chicken. These pupae may possibly be used as a feed for fish and fowl. From these results it is considered that further research is needed to commercialize the blow flies for the rapid decomposition of an abandoned livestock of diverse size under diverse environment.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.135-140
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• 2002

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of vitamin C supplementation on the performance and egg quality of layers. A total of 800 ISA Brown layers of 71 weeks old were assigned to one of the following diets containing 0, 3, 10, 50 or 100 ppm LG-vitamin C, 100ppm free ascorbic acid, 100 ppm Rovimix stay C-35 or 50 ppm LG-vitamin C supplemented with 100 ppm Zn methionine chelate. The feeding trial was conducted for flour weeks during the period of May to June when the average ambient temperature was $23.8^{\circ}C$ (5 :00 PM). Each treatment was replicated five times with 20 birds housed in 2 birds cage units. Vitamin C supplementation did not improve the overall performances (egg Production and egg Quality). Birds fed 100 ppm of LG vitamin C had the lowest egg Production while birds fed 100 ppm of Rovimix-35 had the lowest egg weight among birds fed different sources of vitamin C. Although supplementation of vitamin C over 50 ppm increased soft and broken egg Production, supplementation of 10 ppm LG vitamin C showed lowest soft and broken egg Production among all treatments. E99she11 thickness was highest in the treatment of 50 ppm LG vitamin C. In conclusion, supplementation of vitamin C at the level of 3 ~ 100 ppm did not significantly influence the laying performance and eggshell quality of laying hens under normal ambient(20 ~$26^{\circ}C$ ) condition.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.73-81
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• 2003

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary energy and protein levels on the growth rate of egg breeder pullets. A total of 360 Hy-Line Brown pullets aged 2 to 6 weeks (Phase I) were fed 5 rations differing in dietary protein (17, 19 and 20%) and energy (2,800, 2,950 and 3,050 kcal/kg, TMEn) leveIs for a period of 5 weeks and those aged 6 to 10 weeks (Phase II) were fed 5 rations differing in dietary protein (15, 16 and 17%) and energy (2,800, 2,900 and 3,000 kcal/kg, TMEn) levels in order to evaluate the optimum dietary energy and protein leveIs for egg breeder pullets reared in cages. Their body weight gains were significantly influenced by the dietary protein levels (P<0.05). The dietary energy levels did not greatly affect the growth performances throughout the experimental period. The low energy and protein regimen based on NRC requirement (control) was found to produce smaller pullets and lower tibia bone measurements as compared to the higher regimen groups. With the increase in dietary energy and protein levels, tibial bone strength and ash content also gradually increased (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the flock uniformity among the treatments. These results indicate that increases in dietary energy and protein levels above the NRC requirements appeared to be more effective in obtaining the optimal growth and bone developments of egg breeder pullets reared in cage.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.122-130
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• 2013

Objectives : The fact that Primo vessel as a new circulatory system exists in the lymphatic vessels of the rabbits which were treated with sound wave vibration therapy is confirmed with the anatomy of rabbit. Isolated Primo vessel is investigated, particularly focused on morphological features. Methods : Before the anatomy, a rabbit in a cage box was laid on the sound wave vibrating apparatus and then is applied by various frequencies and intensities for 30 min with music that a rabbit likes. Results : Isolation and observation of Primo vessel was easier when the lymphatic circular system was applied at a certain frequency and intensity of 7 Hz and 50. The probability of observation for Primo vessel enhanced to 90%. Conclusions : The sound wave therapy by a vibration apparatus is considered necessary as major process to facilitate the reproducible isolation and observation of Primo vessel.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.sup
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• pp.41-46
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• 2012

This study was performed to test the effect of horseradish powder in fattening pig diet on odorous compound concentration from manure. Twenty fattening boars [Landrace ${\times}$ Yorkshire) ${\times}$ Duroc] weighing an average body weight of $68.4{\pm}4.95}$ kg were randomly assigned to one of 4 treatments (horseradish level in diets: 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03%) based on their body weight. This experiment was a randomized complete block (RCB) design using 5 pigs per treatment with 1 pig per metabolizable cage. Pigs were fed experimental diet (amount proportional to 3% of their body weight) twice a day (09:00 and 16:00) for 7 d after having 14 d adaptation period. Experimental diets were mixed with water by 1:2.5 v/v. Concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) was highest (p<0.05) when pigs fed diet with 0.02% horseradish powder. Level of phenol compounds including phenol and p-cresol were decreased (p<0.05) in 0.01~0.02% horseradish treatment group compared with control group. Concentration of indoles including indole and skatole was lowest (p<0.05) in 0.03% horseradish treatment group compare to others. Therefore, results from our current study suggest that the optimal levels of horseradish powder in diet for reducing phenol and indole compounds in pig manure were 0.02 and 0.03%, respectively.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.sup
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• pp.35-40
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• 2012

This study was to performed to investigate the effect of horseradish powder and mushroom waste in fattening pig diet on odorous compound concentration from slurry. Twenty fattening boars [Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire) ${\times}$ Duroc] weighing an average body weight of $78.4{\pm}8.88$ kg were randomly assigned to one of 4 treatments (control, horseradish 0.03%, mushroom waste 0.5%, and combination; horseradish 0.03% + mushroom waste 0.5%). This experiment was a randomized complete block (RCB) design using 5 pigs per treatment with 1 pig per metabolizable cage. Pigs were fed experimental diet (amount proportional to 3% of their body weight) twice a day (09:00 and 16:00) for 7 d after having 14 d adaptation period. Experimental diets were mixed with water by 1:2.5 v/v. Odorous compounds in slurry including acetate, propionate, butyrate, trans fatty acid isomers were not different (P>0.05) among treatments. There was no difference (P>0.05) in the levels of phenol compounds including phenol and p-cresol in slurry among treatments. Concentration of indole was lower (P<0.05) in horseradish group compared with others. Skatole level was highest in control and horseradish group, middle in mushroom waste group, and lowest in combination group (P<0.05). Concentration of indole compounds was lowest (P<0.05) in combination group. Data from our current study suggest that indole compounds in slurry can be reduced by administrating pigs with 0.03% horseradish powder and 0.5% mushroom waste in their diet.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.91-94
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• 2012

This study was conducted to develop an algorithm for determination of abnormal body temperature in piglets through skin and core temperature database at normal condition. 5 piglets (mean BW : 46 kg) were employed for the experiment. They were adapted in the individual metabolism cage set at $22.5{\pm}2.0^{\circ}C$ of room temperature for 2 weeks before the measurement of body temperature. Ear, neck, head and subcutaneous neck temperature (as core temperature) of piglets were measured for every 1 minute during 30 consecutive days through 1mm k-type thermocouple wire and NI-devices (National Instruments Corporation, Austin, Texas, USA). Body temperature data were accumulated and integrated into the 1 day unit. Change of daily mean skin and core body temperatures in piglets were lowest at around 06:00, highest at around 14:00 and gradually decreased until the day after 06:00. Each skin temperatures were varied with the measuring site and largely depended on the room temperature changes. Established database of skin and core body temperature in piglets through this study can be applied to develop an algorithm for monitoring and determining the abnormal condition of animal by using radio frequency identification.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.20
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• pp.9-18
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• 2002

A total of 31 C. chinense lines selected from 2000 screening were tested again for resistance to P. capsid but resistance was not found in tile lines. A total of 26 selections from Korean land races tested 2001 spring were tested again for resistance to P. capsici, KC180, KC230, KC195 and KC194 showed moderate resistance to P. capsid. However, it was apparent on the basis of horticultural characteristics that KC180 and KC230 had been naturally crossed with AC2258 and CM334, respectively. CM334 and AC2248 seed lots that were increased in different years were taken out and tested for resistance to improve their genetic purity because the resistant genetic resources have been showing some off-types in tile population. Off-types began to be found in 1992 seed lots and tile proportion and degree of tile offs was increasing with time up to 2001. Plants true to the type in 1992 seed lots were selected and their inbred seeds were mass produced in a net cage in the greenhouse. AC2258 included in the experiment together was uniform. In 1995 seed lots of CM334, plants with resistance to P. capsici and low or no number of lateral branching at cotyledonary axil, although they were off from tile original CM334, were found and selection was applied to breed lines fixed in tile characters.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.539-545
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• 2022

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of beekeeping by-products added to drinking water on the growth performance and intestinal and fecal microflora of Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice. A total of 72 five-week-old ICR mice with an initial body weight (BW) of 24.57 ± 0.60 g were used in a two-week experiment. The four treatment groups were as follows; 1) CON, normal distilled water; 2) T1, CON with 0.7% beehive extract; 3) T2, CON with 0.7% propolis (PRO); and 4) T3, CON with 0.7% royal jelly (RJ). Each treatment consisted of 6 replicate cages with 3 mice per cage. At 0 - 1 week, T3 showed a significantly higher (p < 0.05) body weight gain (BWG) and feed efficiency (G : F) than that of CON. Compared with CON, T2 showed a significantly higher (p < 0.05) BWG and feed intake at 1 - 2 weeks. During the entire period, T2 and T3 showed a significantly higher (p < 0.05) BWG and G : F compared to CON. The amount of Salmonella and Lactobacillus in the large intestine was significantly decreased and increased (p < 0.05) in T2 and T3, respectively, compared to CON. The amount of Escherichia coli in the fecal matter was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) compared to CON in all treatment groups to which beekeeping by-products were added. In conclusion, the addition of PRO or RJ to the drinking water of ICR mice had a positive effect on the growth performance and the intestinal and fecal microflora.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.229-236
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• 2009

Cage experiments by artificial infestations with different initial densities of Frankliniella occidentalis were conducted to analyze damages and develop control thresholds of F. occidentalis on greenhouse eggplant in 2005 and on greenhouse sweet pepper in 2007. In the eggplant experiment, the infestations of F. occidentalis resulted in direct damage on fruit surface and non-marketable fruits which had several thin or thick lines or bleaching patches on the surface. F. occidentalis adults were frequently found on the flowers of eggplants, while nymphs were mainly observed on leaves. The fruit yield of eggplants was not significantly different among experimental plots with different initial density of F. occidentalis. Relationship between % non-marketable fruits among harvested fruits of eggplant and sticky trap catches of F. occidentalis (no. thrips/trap/week) at two weeks before the harvest showed a positive correlation. Using the estimated relationship, the control threshold of F. occidentalis on greenhouse eggplant was estimated at 10 adults per week at two weeks before the harvest when 5% of non-marketable fruit was applied for the gain threshold. In the experiment of sweet pepper, the direct damage by F. occidentalis was observed on the fruit surface and calyx, and the marketable grade of the damaged fruits decreased. The significant yield loss of marketable fruits was found in plots with high initial introduced-densities. There was a high relationship between thrips density and percentage of damaged fruits. Assuming 5% yield loss (non-marketable fruit) for the gain threshold, the control threshold of F. occidentalis on greenhouse sweet pepper was 4.8 adults per trap and 0.9 individuals per flower at two weeks before harvest.