• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.233-238
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• 1990

The mechanism of intracellular accumulation of cadmium in a cadmium-ion tolerant yeast, Hansenula ammala B-7, which is an extreme cadmium tolerant strain and has the ability to take up a large amount of cadmium was investigated. The amounts of cadmium taken up by the scalded yeast cells were 2 to 3 times more than the value of the living cells. The living Hansenula anomala B-7 cells adsorbed 74% of cadmium taken up onto the other layer of the cells and 26% of it accumulated inside the cells. But the scalded cells adsorbed 98.3% of cadmium taken up and accumulated 1.7% of it inside the cells. A cadmium uptake and its accumulation were accelerated up to 162.3% and 275.4% by Triton X-100 in the living cells, respectively. Whereas in the scalded cell cadmium uptake was not affected by Triton X-100. Furthermore the cadmium uptake and its accumulation were strongly inhibited by metabolic inhibitors like 2,4-dinitrophenol, sodium azide and potassium cyanide in the living cells, but in the scalded cells cadmium uptake was not affected by metabolic inhibitors. These results suggested that the intracellular accumulation of cadmium by the cadmium-tolerant Hansenula anomala B-7 cells was apparently dependent of biological activity, and also gave evidence of the existance of energy-dependent system.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.351-360
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• 2008

These experiments were conducted to determine the effects of Gamdutang on the accumulation of cadmium in the body of groups of rats that received an 8-week administration of 1.7, 3.4 and $6.8{\mu}g$/g/day of cadmium, respectively, while the other groups of rats received an 8-week administration of a mixture of cadmium by concentration and Gamdutang. A comparative analysis of these groups was conducted in respect of weight, accumulated cadmium in blood and diverse organs and pathological findings from the kidneys. As for the cadmium accumulation in blood, livers, kidneys, and testis, with the lengthening of the experiment period, the cadmium and Gamdutang mixture-administered groups tended to have reduced accumulation levels compared with the groups exclusively administered cadmium. Histopathological observation of the kidneys, observed in the cadmium exclusively administered groups showed hemorrhagic necrosis in glomeruli, swelling of tubules, epithelial shedding and necrosis of tubules; however, only mild tissue lesions were observed in the cadmium and Gamdutang mixture-administered groups. Given the above results, Gamdutang is deemed to have the effects of reducing the accumulation of cadmium in blood, liver, and testis when low-concentration cadmium is administered to rats.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제27권8호
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• pp.828-836
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• 1994

A low level exposure experiment was conducted on growing rats to investigate the accumulation and organ distribution of protein bound cadmium compared with cadmium chloride. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed for 21days with one of the semisynthetic diets, which contains cadmium as either bovine liver- or kidney meal bound cadmium, cadmium chloride with uncontaminated liver meal or cadmium chloride without organ meal, in the levels of ca. 0.5, 1 and 1.5mg/kg diet, respectively. After 21days of exposure cadmium was accumulated in liver, kidney and gastrointestinal tracts depending upon cadmium levels in diet. Inspite of very low cadmium accumulation in whole blood, it tends also to increase with dietary cadmium levels. The blood cadmium concentration of animals fed organ meal containing diets was about 4-7 fold higher than that without organ meal, regardless of cadmium was intrinsically bound to protein or not. However, significant effects of organ protein on cadmium accumulation in liver, kidney and digestive tracts were not detectable, when cadmium was supplemented as cadmium chloride. On the other hands, animals fed diet containing ca. 1.5mg Cd/kg as organ bound cadmium retained more cadmium in liver, kidney and digestive tracts compared to cadmium chloride with organ meal, whereby the increase of cadmium concentration in kidney was greater then in liver. However, when the concentration of protein bound cadmium was<1mg/kg diet, organ bound cadmium was not significantly different from cadmium chloride in bioavailability and organ distribution. From this result it is suggested that the intestinal absorption of protein bound cadmium is influenced of the amount of cadmium bound in protein. When cadmium concentration in protein is relatively low, protein bound cadmium seems to be absorbed in the same way as cadmium ions are absorbed. However, when the concentration is high, at least a small amount of intact protein bound cadmium could be absorbed and accumulated selectively in kidney.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.352-358
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• 1995

In this study, authors investigated the cadmium tolerance, the accumulation of cadmium, and the cellular distribution of accumlated cadmium in lactic acid bacteria under the anaerobic condition. Lactic acid bacteria grew fairly well in modified EG medium containing 10 ppm of cadmium but could hardly grow at 50 ppm of cadmium. Tolerance to cadmium of genus Lactobacillus was greater than that of genus Streptococcus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus showed the higest cadmium tolerance amomg the bacteria tested. The capacity of cadmium accumlation (9.304-12.428 mg/g wet cell) of lactic acid bacteria was higher than that (6.775 mg/g wet cell) of Escherichia coli. Lactobacillus casei of them took up the largest amount of cadmium. The cadmium elimination amount (28.46-29.25%) of lactic acid bacteria from modified EG medium containing cadmium were also higher than that (14.43%) of Escherichia coli. Accumulated cadmium in Lactobacillus acidophilus was distributed by 42.41% at cell wall, 28.97% at cytoplasm, and 28.62% at plasma membrane, respectively.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.110-116
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• 1987

고도 카드뮴 내성효모 Hansenula anomala B-7의 균체내에 다량의 카드뮴을 축적시키기 위하여 배양시 계면활성제를 첨가하여 배양하는 방법을 검토했다. 계면활성제 중 비이온계인 Triton X-100에 의하여 약 40%의 카드뮴의 축적효과를 나타내며 유효농도는 0.1-0.2%였다. 균체내 카드뮴 축적의 최적조건은 다음과 같다. 정치배양보다 진탕배양이 효과적이었으며, 48시간 진탕배양으로 카드뮴의 균체내 축적이 최대에 도달했으며 배지의 초기 pH는 6.0이었으며, 배양온도는 $40^{\circ}C$가 양호했다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.47-56
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• 1998

When rats are exposed to cadmium in their diet, the cadmium accumulates in the liver. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of chitin, chitosan and dithiocarbamate chitosan on the cadmium accumulation in liver of rats. For this experiment, 10 male Sprague-Dawley were used. The experimental groups were divided into four independent groups which were one control group and three experimental groups by cadmium alone treatment or chitin, chitosan and dithiocarbamate chitosan with cadmium. In order to investigate the eliminative effect of chitin, chitosan and dithiocarbamate chitosan on the cadmium accumulation in liver of rats, the cadmium concentration, the metallothionein level and the enzyme activitys were measured. The results obtained revealed the eliminative effect of cadmium in liver of rats by chitin, chitosan and dithiocarbamate chitosan. The effect of chitin on the cadmium elimination was less than that of chitosan and dithiocarbamate chitosan. Also it shows that the eliminative effect of cadmium by dithiocarbamate chitosan was the highest.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권7호
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• pp.691-698
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of vitamin E on the cadmium accumulation in body, cadmium excretion and detoxification functions in chronic cadmium poisoned rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 100$\pm$10 g were randomly assigned to one normal group and three cadmium poisoned groups. Cadmium poisoned groups were classified to vitamin E free diet (Cd-0E group), vitamin E 40 mg/kg diet (Cd-400E group) and 400 mg/kg diet (Cd-400E group) according to the levels of vitamin E supplement. Animals were maintained on 0, 40 mg and 400 mg vitamin E/kg diets for 20 weeks and simultaneously administered 50 ppm Cd$^{2+}$ dissolved in the drinking water. Body weight, food intakes and food efficiency ratio were significantly decreased in all cadmium groups, compared with those of normal group. The accumulation of cadmium in rat liver, kidney and blood was reduced by sufficient vitamin E supplementation. The metallothionein (MT) content in liver and kidney were increased in all cadmium groups compared with that of normal group. The ratio of cadmium absorption and retention were significantly decreased in vitamin E supplementation groups. Accordingly, vitamin E supplementation resulted in an excretion of cadmium in urine and feces and a lowered accumulation of cadmium in liver and kidney. It can be suggested that increased MT synthesis lead to the significant decrease in cadmium absorption and retention ratios.s.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.384-392
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of green tea catechin on the cadmium accumulation in body, cadmium excretion and detoxification functions in chronic cadmium poisoned rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 100$\pm$10g were randomly assigned to one normal group and three cadmium poisoned groups. Cadmium groups were classified to catechin free diet (Cd-0C group), 0.25% catechin diet(Cd-0.25C group) and 0.5% catechin diet(Cd-0.5C group) according to the levels of catechin supplement. Animals were maintained on 0, 0.25 and 0.5% catechin diets for 20 weeks and simultaneously administered 50ppm Cd(sup)2+ dissolved in the drinking water. Body weight, food intakes and food efficiency ratio in Cd-0C group was lower than the normal group. The accumulation of cadmium in rat liver, kidney, and blood was reduced by catechin supplementation. The excretion of cadmium in urine and feces was increased by catechin supplementation. The metallothionein(MT) contents in liver and kidney were increased in all cadmium groups compared with that of normal group. The ratios of cadmium absorption and retention ratios were significantly decreased in catechin supplementation groups. Accordingly, catechin supplementation resulted to an excretion of cadmium in urine and feces and a lowered accumulation of cadmium in liver and kidney by increasing methallothionein synthesis that led to the significant decrease in cadmium absorption and retention ratios.(Korean J Nutrition 34(4) : 384~392, 2001)

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.29-34
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• 1989

고도 카드뮴 내성 효모, Hansenula anomala B-7 의 intact cell에 의한 카드뮴의 세포내 축적에 미치는 계면활성제의 영향를 검토하고, Triton X-100의 존재하에서의 카드뮴 축적에 미치는 제인자 등을 검토했다. 카드뮴의 축적은 0.1% Triton X-100과 Aerosol OT에 의하여 약 40% 이상 증가되었다. 카드뮴 이온에 대한 Km값은 0.247mM로 계산되었다. 카드뮴의 축적 최적 pH는 pH7.0에서 pH10.0 사이였으며, 최적온도는 4$0^{\circ}C$였다. 카드뮴의 최적 축적은 정치보다 진탕하므로 약 3배 증가되었으며, 진탕속도는 영향을 미치지 않았다. 카드뮴과 아연 이온을 공존시키므로 카드뮴의 축적이 아연 이온에 의하여 저해되었다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.107-113
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• 1998

This study was performed to investigate the effects of chitin, chitosan and dithiocarbamate chitosan on the cadmium accumulation in liver and kidney of catfish. The experimental groups were divided into four independent groups which were one control group and three experimental groups by cadmium alone treatment or chitin, chitosan and dithiocarbamate chitosan which cadmium. in order to investigate the effects of chitin, chitosan and dithiocarbamate chitosan on the cadmium accumulation in liver and kidney of catfish, the cadmium concentration, the metallothionein level were measured. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The cadmium concentrations in liver and kidney of catfish in cadmium alone treatment group were similar to that of the chitin treatment group, but chitosan and dithiocarbamate chitosan treatment groups were significantly decreased. 2. The metallothionein levels in liver and kidney of catfish alone treatment group were similar to that of the chitin treatment group, but chitosan and dithiocarbamate chitosan treatment groups were significantly increased. In conclusion, this study revealed the effect of chitin, chitosan and dithiocarbamate chitosan against cadmium accumulation in liver and kidney of catfish. It exhibited the highest effect at dithiocarbamate chitosan treatment group.