• 대한한의학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.97-107
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• 2002

Objective : Acupuncture is a method used to treat many kinds of pain in oriental cultural medicine. Especially when hetero-segmental area acu-points are stimulated, the therapeutic effects of pain control have more critical properties than other methods of acupuncture. However, the mechanism of pain control by acupuncture is contradictory so far. The present study examined the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) applied to the acu-point of the hetero-segmental area on modulation of formalin-induced pain in Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods : In order to apply EA to acu-points in the plantar area of right forepaws, a pair of Teflon-coated stainless steel wires were implanted in HT 7 (Shin-Moon) and PC 7 (Dae-Reung) 7 days before the behavioral test. A behavioral test was performed by means of video camera after injection of 5% formalin ($50{\;}\mu\textrm{l}$) into the lateral plantar region of the left hind paw. EA was delivered by a constant DC current stimulator at 4~5 mA, 2 ms, and 10 Hz for 30 min. c-Fos protein expression was measured in the lumbar spinal cord at 2 hr and 4 hr after formalin injection. Results : Behavioral responses including favoring, flinching and biting occurred in the biphasic pattern, such as the 1st phase (0~5 min) and the 2nd phase (20~45 min) after formalin injection. However, EA (4~5 mA, 2 ms, 10 Hz) significantly inhibited the behavioral responses. Injection of formalin expressed c-Fos protein on the ipsilateral dorsal horn neurons in L3 - L5 and the expression was sustained more than 4 hrs after formalin injection. However, EA decreased c-Fos protein expression at dorsal horn neurons in the lumbar spinal cord till 4hrs after formalin injection. Conclusions : These results suggest that EA modulates formalin-induced pain and this inhibitory action may be elicited by the descending inhibitory system.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.9-21
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• 2004

The purpose of study is that we will observe the change of c-fos with the immunohistochemistry method and then we will study the effect of micro current stimulation following the frequency after inducing pain to rats with capsaicin. Rat were classified to SD and they have growed for 8 weeks. We classify to four groups, ordinal group is used in experiment I, the group which we induce pain is used in experiment II, the application group which we induce pain and then the high frequency micro current stimulation is used in experiment III, the application group which we induce pain and then the low frequency micro current stimulation is used in experiment IV, we get the following result. Compare with experiment II, experiment III, and experiment IV from acute pain modal in the immunohistochemistry experiment which has c-fos protein as an antigen, c-fos immunoreactive positive neurons significantly after induced pain for two hours(p<0.001). According to these results, from rats induced pain, micro current stimulation effect to reducing pain, but following frequency micro current stimulation theraphy isn't different from immunoreactive c-fos

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.161-174
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• 2011

Objectives : The effects of Extraction after Mixture of Bupleuri Radix and Lycii Radicis Cortex on the change of the HPA-Axis system and the Catecholamic system was investigated. Methods : After performing the Forced Swimming Test(FST), the expressions of corticotropin releasing factor(CRF), c-Fos in the paraventricular nucleus(PVN), and tyrosine hydroxylase(TH) in the ventral tegmental area(VTA) and locus coeruleus(LC) were measured by immunohistochemical method. Results : The duration of immobility in FST was significantly decreased in A 100(Extraction after Mixture of Bupleuri Radix and Lycii Radicis Cortex, 100mg/kg) and A 400(Extraction after Mixture of Bupleuri Radix and Lycii Radicis Cortex, 400mg/kg)(p<0.001). The expression of CRF in the PVN was shown the tendency to reduce in A100 and A400. The expression of c-Fos in the PVN was shown the tendency to reduce in A100 and A400. The expression of TH in the VTA was shown the tendency to reduce mildly in A100 and A400. The expression of TH in the LC was significantly reduced in A400(p<0.001). And the dose dependent reduction tendency was shown, respectively. Conclusions : According to the results above mentioned, the immobility, c-Fos and CRF expression was reduced at lower dose and was increased at higher dose. Therefore there is contradictory effects on the HPA Axis system in accordance with the dose. But in the effects on the catecholaminergic system, it significantly reduced the expression of TH in the LC. It was validated that the effect on the catecholaminergic system was ruled by Bupleuri Radix rather than Lycii Radicis Cortex via mainly the noradernergic system.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.143-158
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• 2011

Objectives : Peripheral nerve injuries are commonly encountered clinical problem and often result in severe functional deficits. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of aqueous extract of Achyranthes japonica(AJ) on functional recovery in sciatic nerve after crushed sciatic nerve injury. Methods : In the present study, the animals in the AJ-treated groups received the aqueous extract of AJ at the respective doses orally for 13 consecutive days. In order to assess the effects of the aqueous extract of AJ on function recovery in crushed sciatic nerve injury, sciatic functional index(SFI) was performed. c-Fos expression in the paraventricular nucleus(PVN) and ventrolateral periaqueductal gray(vIPAG), and neurofilament, and the expressions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF), nerve growth factor(NGF) following crushed sciatic nerve injury in rats were investigated. For this, immunohistochemistry and western blot were performed. Results : In the present study, crushed sciatic nerve injury showed characteristic gait changes showing decrease of SFI value and treatment with the aqueous extract of AJ significantly enhanced the SFI value. Neurofilament expression in the sciatic nerve was decreased by crushed sciatic nerve injury and treatment with the AJ increased neurofilament expression. The expressions of BDNF and NGF in the sciatic nerve were increased following crushed sciatic nerve injury and treatment with the AJ significantly controlled the sciatic nerve injury-induced increment of BDNF and NGF expressions. c-Fos expressions in the PVN and vIPAG were increased following crushed sciatic nerve injury and treatment with the AJ significantly suppressed the sciatic nerve injury-induced increment of c-Fos expressions. Conclusions : These results suggest that AJ treatment after crushed sciatic nerve injury is effective in the functional recovery by enhancing axonal regeneration and suppressing of pain.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.275-281
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• 2015

Orthostatic hypotension is most common in elderly people, and its prevalence increases with age. Attenuation of the vestibulo-sympathetic reflex (VSR) is commonly associated with orthostatic hypotension. In this study, we investigated the role of glutamate on the vestibulo-solitary projection of the VSR pathway to clarify the pathophysiology of orthostatic hypotension. Blood pressure and expression of both pERK and c-Fos protein were evaluated in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) after microinjection of glutamate into the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) in conscious rats with sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced hypotension that received baroreceptor unloading via sinoaortic denervation (SAD). SNP-induced hypotension increased the expression of both pERK and c-Fos protein in the NTS, which was abolished by pretreatment with glutamate receptor antagonists (MK801 or CNQX) in the MVN. Microinjection of glutamate receptor agonists (NMDA or AMPA) into the MVN increased the expression of both pERK and c-Fos protein in the NTS without causing changes in blood pressure. These results indicate that both NMDA and AMPA receptors play a significant role in the vestibulo-solitary projection of the VSR pathway for maintaining blood pressure, and that glutamatergic transmission in this projection might play a key role in the pathophysiology of orthostatic hypotension.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.181-189
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• 2003

The goal of this study is to investigate whether Uncariae Ramulus et Uncus can protect nerve cells against ischemic neuronal damage is caused by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats' brains and to investigate whether the neuroprotective effect of Uncariae Ramulus et Uncus is concerned with IEGs(immediate early genes) expression. Uncariae Ramulus et Uncus(l00mg/kg) was administered immediately after 2 hours of MCAO and maintained for 7 days. On 7th days after 2 hours of MCAO, the brains of rats were sliced through the hippocampus. c-Fos immunohistochemistry stain and Cresyl violet stain were done for microscopic examination. Each number of viable neurons and c-Fos immunoreactive cells in CA1 was counted. The density of neurons and c-Fos immunoreactive cells were significantly decreased in MCAO-operated ischemic rats compared to that sham-operated rats. Administration of Uncariae Ramulus et Uncus group significantly elevated MCAO-induced decrease in density of neurons, and elevated MCAO-induced decrease in c-Fos immunoreactive cells. These results suggest that the neuroprotective effect of Uncariae Ramulus et Uncus against focal cerebral ischemia. Also, we hypothesized that neuroprotective mechanism of Uncariae Ramulus et Uncus is related to IEGs expression.

• 감성과학
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.411-418
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• 2007

저주파소음(low frequency noise; LFN)은 인체의 다양한 기관과 정신적 상태에 영향을 미치며, 진동음향질환(vibroacoustic disease; VAD)같은 질병들을 야기 시킨다 이전의 연구에서는 인간 또는 설치류에서 VAD는 우울증 또는 불안장애와 같은 만성적인 정신 건강에 위험을 미친다고 보고되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 LFN이 스트레스의 신경생리적 반응에 미치는 영향을 규명하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여, LFN에 노출된 흰쥐에서 스트레스 반응에 중요한 역할을 하는 paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus(PVN)에서 초기발현유전자인 c-fos 양성세포 발현, locus coeruleus(LC)에서 NE 생성 효소인 tyrosine hydroxylase(TH) 양성세포 발현과 스트레스 호르몬의 농도를 측정하였다. LFN 집단은 각각 32.5Hz 와 125Hz를 하루에 4시간씩 이틀 동안 소음에 노출 하였으며, 정상집단은 소음에 노출되지 않도록 하였다. 저주파소음에 노출 후 집단 간 혈액내 코르티코스테론 분석과, 면역 조직염색법을 이용하여 스트레스에 반응하는 PVN에서 c-fos발현과, LC에서 TH를 분석한 결과, PVN에서는 c-fos 의 발현과 LC에서 TH의 발현이 증가됨을 관찰할 수 있었으며, 그리고 혈중 코르티코스테론의 농도 또한 LFN 집단에서 높게 발현됨을 확인 하였다. 그리고 32.5Hz보다 125Hz의 소음에서 면역염색반응과 코르티코스테론의 결과가 다소 높게 나타남을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 저주파소음에 의해 스트레스와 연관된 뇌의 부위에서 c-Fos와 TH의 발현이 증가됨을 증명하고 있다. 따라서 저주파소음은 일반적인 스트레스에 의한 반응과 비슷한 신경적 특징들을 보여주고 있다. 그리고 저주파소음에 의한 중추, 말초신경계의 활성화는 아마도 진동음향질환과 같은 행동장애 질병과 관련이 있을 것임을 시사한다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.220-225
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• 2002

To determine the anti-stress effect of KCG(加味天麻鉤藤飮) extract on sprague-dawley rats. we conducted a research about the change of weight, activity, reactivity, c-fos protein, cytotoxicity against PC12 cell line and heal shock protein. 1) KCG extract siginificantly inhibited the decrease of body weight induced by stress, compared with the control group. 2) KCG extract had no siginificant effect in the activity and reactivity of rats between the control and the experimental groups. 3) KCG extract siginificantly restrained c-fos protein manifestation, compared with the control group. 4) KCG extract siginificantly restrained heat shock protein, compared with the control group. These results suggested that KCG might be usefully anti-stress effect.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.28-38
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• 2009

Background : Peripheral nerve injuries are a commonly encountered clinical problem and often result in a chronic pain and severe functional deficits. Objective : The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix (G. M. Radix) on the pain control and the recovery of the locomotor function that results from the sciatic crushed nerve injury in rats. Method : Using rats, we crushed their sciatic nerve, and then orally administered the aqueous extract of G. M. Radix. The effects of G. M. Radix on the recovery locomotor function were investigated by walking track analysis. The effects of G. M. Radix on pain control were investigated by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in the sciatic nerve, and c-Fos expression in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus and in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG). Result : G. M. RADIX facilitates motor function from the locomotor deficit, and thereby increased BDNF expression and suppressed painful stimuli in the PVN and vlPAG after sciatic crushed nerve injury. Conclusion : It is suggested that G. M. Radix might aid recovery locomotor function and control pain after sciatic crushed nerve injury. Further studies on identifying specific the component in G.M. Radix associated with enhanced neural activity in the peripheral nerve injury may be helpful to develop therapeutic strategies for the treatment of peripheral nerve injury.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.39-50
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• 2009

Objective : The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Aconiti ciliare tuber on the descending pain and the recovery of locomotor function that results from sciatic crushed nerve injury in rats. Method : In order to assess the effects of the aqueous extract of Aconiti ciliare tuber on the recovery rate of locomotor function, we investigated the walking track analysis, and for the effects on the pain control we investigated brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in the sciatic nerve and on the expressions of c-Fos in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) region resulting from the sciatic crushed nerve injury in rats. Result : Treatment with Aconiti ciliare tuber significantly enhanced the SFIvalue, enhanced BDNF expression, decreased iNOS expression, and suppressed c-Fos expression. The present results showed that Aconiti ciliare tuber facilitated functional recovery following sciatic crushed nerve injury in rats. The recovery mechanisms of SFI by Aconiti ciliare tuber might be ascribed to the increase of BDNF expression for nerve regeneration and reinnervation and to the suppression of iNOS expression for inhibiting nerve inflammation. Conclusion : In this process it has been shown that Aconiti ciliare tuber can be used for pain control and functional recovery from peripheral nerve injury.