• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.22-29
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• 1989

In this paper weld distortion both in butt and fillet welds by flux cored arc welding has been investigated by changing welding parameters such as heat input and plate thickness, and the weld distortion was expressed as a function of welding parameters adopting the inherent strain theory as proposed by Watanabe and Satoh in 1961. As results of the research it is proposed that transverse shrinkage in root pass butt welds in proportional to ln[(Q/t_-tan.theta.] where Q is heat input(cal/mm), t is plate thickness(mm), and 2.theta. is groove angle(degree), and angular distortion .phi.(radian) in one pass of fillet welds has the following relationship: .phi..var.(Q/ $t^{1.5}$)$^{3}$exp[-(Q/ $t^{1.5}$ )$^{2}$3/] These equations provide us with basic tools to predict the amount of weld distortion in welded structures.

• Proceedings of the KWS Conference
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• 1995.10a
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• pp.242-247
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• 1995

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.146-156
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• 2020

Two High Tensile Strength Steel (EH47) plates with thickness of 70 mm were butt-welded together by multi-pass Submerged Arc Welding (SAW), also the hardness and welding residual stress were investigated experimentally. Based on Thermal-Elastic-Plastic Finite Element (TEP FE) computation, the thermal cycles during entire welding process were obtained, and the HAZ hardness of multi-pass butt welded joint was computed by the hardenability algorithm with considering microstructure evolution. Good agreement of HAZ hardness between the measurement and computational result is observed. The evolution of each phase was drawn to clarify the influence mechanism of thermal cycle on HAZ hardness. Welding residual stress was predicted with considering mechanical response, which was dominantly determined by last cap welds through analyzing its formation process.

• International Journal of Korean Welding Society
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.24-28
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• 2003

This study was aimed to evaluate the quality of flash welded joints and optimize the welding process for flash butt welding of 780MPa grade high strength steel. And then the relationship between the welding process variables and the joint quality would be established. The effect of process variables between flashing and upsetting process was elucidated. Microstructure observation of the joint indicated that the decarburized band was mainly changed with upsetting process. Width of HAZ was also related to the upsetting conditions rather than the flashing conditions. Generally maximum hardness at HAZ was correlated with Ceq of steel and the empirical relationship was obtained to estimate the HAZ properties. Tensile elongation at the joint was usually decreased with increasing the initial clamping distance. Investigation of fracture surface after tensile and bending tests reveal that the origin of cracking at the joint was oxide inclusions composed of $SiO_2$, MnO, $Al_2O_3$, and/or FeO. The amount of inclusions was dependent on the composition ratio of Mn/Si in steel. If this ratio was above 4, the amount of inclusions was low and then the resistance to cracking at the joint was enough to maintain the joint performance. It was obtained that the flashing process influenced the conditions for the energy input to establish uniform or non­uniform molten layer, while the upsetting conditions influenced the joint strength. Heat input variable during flashing process was also discussed with the joint properties.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.74-79
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• 2012

It depends on the joint configuration, dimensions and constraints of the joint whether the residual stress at the root of single-sided butt weld is tensile or not. Therefore, recommendation is generally made that high R ratio should be used in the fatigue test of welded joint in order to prevent excessively long life caused by compressive residual stress. In this research, the residual stress profile in butt weld joint was obtained through compliance method, using successive extension of a slot and measurement of the variation of strain during the slot extension. The residual stress profile was firstly assumed to be the linear summation of Legendre polynomials up to 9th order excluding 0th and 1st order. Strain variation on the surface was measured while the slot was being extended by cutting to find out the 8 unknown coefficients of each polynomial term. The cut was made by the electric discharge machine. It was concluded that the residual stress near the surface is positive valued, however, it turned into the negative value as soon as it passed through 2 or 3 mm of the depth.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.759-766
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• 2018

Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a solid-state process, where the objects are joined together without reaching their melting point. It has been shown that this method is a suitable way to join dissimilar aluminium alloys. The current article employed hole drilling technique to measure the residual stress distribution experimentally in different zones of dissimilar aluminium alloys AA6061-T6 and AA7075-T6 Butt welded using FSW. Results are compared with those of similar AA6061-T6 plates joined using a conventional fusion welding method called tungsten inert gas (TIG). Also, the evolution of the residual stresses in the thickness direction was investigated, and it was found that the maximum residual stresses are below the yield strength of the material in the shoulder region. It was also revealed that the longitudinal residual stresses in the joint were much larger than the transverse residual stresses. Meanwhile, Vickers micro hardness measurements were performed in the cross-section of the samples. The largest hardness values were observed in the stir zone (SZ) adjacent to the advancing side whereas low hardness values were measured at the HAZ of both alloys and the SZ adjacent to the retreating side.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.378-385
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• 1995

The ultrasonic non-destructive testing uses the directivity of the ultrasonic pulse wave which propagates in one direction. The directivity is expressed as the relationship between the propagate direction and its sound pressure. The directivity of ultrasonic wave is closely related to determination of probe arrangement, testing sensitivity, scanning pitch and defect location and characterization. The paper measured the directivity of shear wave, which reflected from artificial defect located in weld metal zone in butt welded joint similar model made of pyrex glass by using visualization method. 2 MHz and 4 MHz angle probes were used to measure the directivity of reflection wave at the artificial defect. The directivity of shear waves reflected from the defect was different according to the probe position and the shape of butt welded joint. The difference of directivity of reflection wave was existed between 2 MHz and 4 MHz angle probes. The angle of reflection wave became equal to angle of incidence as increase of the height of excess metal.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.34-41
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• 2003

Weld quality monitoring and seam tracking along the butt-joint lengthwise to the tube axis are studied. The material of tube is 60kg/$\textrm{mm}^2$ grade steel sheet, and the longitudinal butt-joint is shaped by 2 roll bending machine. The tube with a thickness of 1.5mm, diameter of 105.4mm and length of 2000mm is successfully obtained by the $CO_2$ laser welding system equipped with a seam tracker and plasma sensor. Experimental results show that the developed welding system can be used for the precision seam tracking and the real-time monitoring of weld quality, and the laser welded tube can be used for car body md component after tubular hydroforming.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.627-631
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• 2005

In this study, low fatigue behavior of laser welded sheet metal were investigated. Before welding, the cross section of butt joint was prepared only by fine shearing without milling process. Specimens were same sheet metal and welding condition that using automobile manufacturing company at present. Butt joint of cold rolled sheet metal was welded by $CO_2$ laser. It is used that welding condition such as laser welding speed was 5.5m/sec and laser output power was 5kW for 0.8mm and 1.2mm sheet metal. The laser weldments were machined same or different thickness and same or different material. In order to mechanical properties of around welding zone, hardness test was performed. Hardness of welding bead is about 2 times greater than base material. We performed the low cycle fatigue tests for obtaining fatigue properties about thickness and the weld line direction of specimen. The results of strain controlled low cycle fatigue test indicate that all specimens occur cyclic softening, as indicated by the decrease in stress to reach a prescribed strain.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.85-89
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• 2011

Waste water is disposed to sewage disposal plant by underground PE double wall pipes. Various processes have been introduced to join PE pipes, but most of these methods have many disadvantages such as costs, lack of reliability and difficulties in joining, etc. Recently butt welding has been paid much attention to joint PE pipes as this process has many advantages such as cost, safety and reliability. In this study, newly developed heat plate, a patent-pending heat plate with a groove, was used to butt-weld PE double wall pipes with different misalignment gaps to simulate real underground conditions, and the butt welding temperature of PE pipe was determined by thermal analysis (Thermal Gravimetric Analysis, Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis). The resulting joining characteristics of double wall pipes were compared with those from a conventional heat plate, in terms of stiffness, flattening and leakage tests. The results from the stiffness and flattening test showed that there were no big differences between the butt-welded joints made from these two plates. From the leakage test, although PE pipes welded with a conventional heat plate did leak below the required test conditions (10 min. at 0.75kgf/cm2), the pipes welded with a patent-pending grooved heat plate did not show any leakage even at a pressure 1.5 times higher than the required conditions. It was noted that by utilizing a grooved heat plate more complete fusion at the pipe joints could be obtained, which in turn induced a high quality joints.