• 전기학회논문지
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• 제61권2호
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• pp.329-334
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• 2012

The distribution submarine cables are normally used for power supply at island, which are mostly installed in the southern coast of KOREA, and partially installed in the west coast and Jeju-Island. There are two way of submarine cable burying system, buried and unburied type. Since 2003, KEPCO is entirely being constructing the distribution submarine cable by buried type. In this case, 'burial depth' is key index for evaluating the suitability of the buried situation. Therefore, the measurement accuracy of 'burial depth' is a big issue for burying system in the distribution submarine cable. This paper demonstrates the measurement error of burial depth that is affected by electrical factor such as grounding type of submarine cable in case of magnetic field detection method, and indicates the method to reduce the measurement error in buried type of distribution submarine cable system.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제27권12호
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• pp.2199-2210
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• 2017

Soil burial is the most widely used disposal method for infected pig carcasses, but composting has gained attention as an alternative disposal method because pig carcasses can be decomposed rapidly and safely by composting. To understand the pig carcass decomposition process in soil burial and by composting, pilot-scale test systems that simulated soil burial and composting were designed and constructed in the field. The envelope material samples were collected using special sampling devices without disturbance, and bacterial community dynamics were analyzed by high-throughput pyrosequencing for 340 days. Based on the odor gas intensity profiles, it was estimated that the active and advanced decay stages were reached earlier by composting than by soil burial. The dominant bacterial communities in the soil were aerobic and/or facultatively anaerobic gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas, Gelidibacter, Mucilaginibacter, and Brevundimonas. However, the dominant bacteria in the composting system were anaerobic, thermophilic, endospore-forming, and/or halophilic gram-positive bacteria such as Pelotomaculum, Lentibacillus, Clostridium, and Caldicoprobacter. Different dominant bacteria played important roles in the decomposition of pig carcasses in the soil and compost. This study provides useful comparative date for the degradation of pig carcasses in the soil burial and composting systems.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.229-237
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• 2024

This paper studied the subgrade spring stiffness and its influencing factors in the seismic deformation method of circular tunnel. Numerical calculations are performed for 3 influencing factors: stratum stiffness, tunnel diameter and burial depth. The results show that the stratum stiffness and tunnel diameter have great influence on the subgrade spring stiffness. The subgrade spring stiffness increases linearly with stratum stiffness increasement, and decreases with the tunnel diameter increasement. When the burial depth ratio (burial depth/tunnel diameter) exceeds to 5, the subgrade spring stiffness has little sensitivity to the burial depth. Then, a proposed formula of subgrade spring stiffness for the seismic deformation method of circular tunnel is proposed. Meanwhile, the internal force results of the seismic deformation method are larger than that of the dynamic time history method, but the internal force distributions of the two methods are consistent, that is, the structure exhibits elliptical deformation with the largest internal force at the conjugate 45° position of the circular tunnel. Therefore, the seismic deformation method based on the proposed formula can effectively reflect the deformation and internal force characteristics of the tunnel and has good applicability in engineering practice.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.933-943
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• 2019

본 연구의 목적은 사회경제적 특성에 따른 장사유형 선호의 결정요인을 도출하는 것이다. 우리나라는 '장사 등에 관한 법률'에 의하여 장사유형은 매장, 봉안, 자연장으로 구분하고 있다. 본 연구는 사람들이 3가지 장사유형을 선택함에 있어 그들이 가진 어떠한 사회경제적 특성이 영향을 미치는지 실증분석하였다. 이를 위하여 2017년 사회조사 자료와 전국의 장사시설 자료를 수집하였다. 그리고 매장과 화장을 상위 계층으로 하고, 화장의 하위 계층에 봉안과 자연장이 반영된 위계 구조를 구성하여 분석용 자료를 구축하였다. 구축된 자료를 바탕으로 네스티드로짓모형을 활용한 실증분석을 실시하였다. 실증분석 결과, 장사유형의 선호에 통계적으로 유의한 영향을 미치는 사회경제적 특성은 성별, 연령, 가구주 여부, 혼인상태, 전반적인 생활에 대한 만족도, 사회경제적 지위에 대한 계층의식, 월평균 가구소득, 주택 유형, 주택 점유형태, 도시 거주 여부로 추정되었다. 네스티드로짓모형의 결과는 직접 탄력성과 교차 탄력성을 산출하여 변수별 탄력성 계수를 근거로 해석하여야 한다. 따라서 본 연구는 통계적으로 유의한 변수들의 직접 탄력성 및 교차 탄력성 계수를 산출하였다. 산출한 직접 탄력성은 통계적으로 유의한 변수가 변화할 때, 각 장사유형의 선택 확률을 해석하는데 활용하였다. 그리고 교차 탄력성은 특정 장사유형을 선택하는 경우, 나머지 장사유형을 선택하는 확률이 어떻게 변화하는지 해석하는데 활용하였다. 실증분석 결과 중 주목해야하는 점은 자연장과 관련된 사항이다. 자연장에 대한 수요를 충족하기 위한 자연장지의 공급을 활성화하고, 자연장에 대한 인식 제고를 위한 노력을 기울일 필요가 있다. 이를 통하여 국토 공간을 효율적으로 이용하여야 할 것이다.

• Ocean Systems Engineering
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.21-37
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• 2014

This paper provides a practical stochastic method by which the burial and scour depths of truncated cones exposed to long-crested (2D) and short-crested (3D) nonlinear random waves can be derived. The approach is based on assuming the waves to be a stationary narrow-band random process, adopting the Forristall (2000) wave crest height distribution representing both 2D and 3D nonlinear random waves. Moreover, the formulas for the burial and the scour depths for regular waves presented by Catano-Lopera et al. (2011) for truncated cones are used. An example of calculation is also presented.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.154-201
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• 2016

고대국가 신라가 성립하고 발전한 신라 조기와 전기에 경주 월성북고분군은 경주지역의 중심고분군이었을 뿐만 아니라 신라 전체의 중앙의 중심고분군으로 기능하였다. 경주 월성북고분군은 신라 고분문화 변동의 진원이었으며, 따라서 신라 고분문화 전개과정의 이해는 월성북고분군에서 조영된 고분과 묘제들에 대한 실상의 파악이 그 출발점이다. 이글은 월성북고분군을 비롯하여 경주지역에서 전개된 신라 전기 고분문화의 전개과정을 살피려는 작업의 시작으로 작성되었다. 사로국 후기부터 목곽묘가 축조되어 경주지역의 중심고분군이 된 월성북고분군에서는 신라 조기 석재충전목곽묘의 발생에 이어 신라 전기에는 적석목곽분이 출현하여 그 중심 묘제가 되었다. 적석목곽분은 매장주체부인 목곽, 목곽 주위의 사방적석에 더해 목곽의 뚜껑 위에 가해진 상부적석과 호석으로 보호된 고총 봉토가 묘광 내 목곽과 사방적석, 그 위의 저봉토로 이루어진 석재충전목곽묘와 차별화 된 것이다. 신라 전기 월성북고분군에서는 적석목곽분이 지상적석식과 상부적석식의 두 유형으로 나뉘어 전개되었으며, 신라 조기 이래의 석재충전목곽묘와 점토충전목곽묘, 토광묘도 공존하였고, 신라 전기에 새로 발생한 수혈식석곽분도 축조되었다. 그러나 그 중 고총으로 조영된 것은 적석목곽분 뿐이었으며, 묘제들 사이에는 그 외 고분의 입지, 묘곽 형식의 분포, 구조 각부의 축조기법과 규모에서도 차등이 있었다. 월성북고분군에서는 신라 조기부터 진행된 묘제 사이의 위계화가 신라 전기에는 한층 더 강화되었던 것이다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.141-147
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• 2009

In Korea, burial is the most common method of disposing animal carcasses culled due to brucellosis infection. However, burial has many disadvantages such as shortage of appropriate burial sites, possibile pollution of ground water supply, and negative view of the public. In this study, we have reviewed 3 legal methods for disposing bovine carcasses, which are burial, incineration, and rendering. We also described the overall process, advantages and disadvantages, and required costs for each method. About 75% of bovine brucellosis outbreak farms had less than 3 reactors, and in our study, rendering required the least amount of cost for farms with a small number of reactors (1-3 heads). Our findings suggest that the use of rendering should be encouraged for farms with bovine brucellosis and other methods considered only if rendering is inappropriate.

• 실내환경 및 냄새 학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.187-198
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• 2017

It is very important to treat infected livestock carcasses safely and quickly. In this study, the degradation characteristics and odor generation characteristics of carcasses were investigated during the treatment of swine carcasses using the anaerobic burial composting method. While the carcasses were decomposed, the temperature remained high, at $40{\sim}55^{\circ}C$ on average, and most of the carcasses were decomposed rapidly. The major odor-contributing substances in the buried composting method are sulfuric odor substances such as $H_2S$, $CH_3SH$, dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), and the odor contribution of these substances is 93~99%. Among them, $CH_3SH$, which accounts for about 56~89% of odor contribution, was the most representative indicator substance. Despite the anaerobic digestion process, the methane concentration in the digestion process was as low as 0.5~0.8% at the burial point of the carcass. The odor and methane produced during the decomposition of the carcasses decreased considerably during the discharge to the surface layer through the buried layer consisting of compost. These results suggest that anaerobic high temperature burial composting is one of the most useful methods to treat carcasses of infected livestock.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.887-898
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• 2000

Mourning & funeral ritual means a various kinds of ritual procedures which begins at the time of death, buried and created a graveyard, a manner of wearing funeral garment being mourning the death, finally go back to everyday life. Our mourning & funeral custom was burial at first time. After going through the era of the Three kingdoms, The unified Shilla and Korea dynasty, cremation method has been prevailed. However, based on Chu-tzu celebration in Chosun dynasty, the burial custom has been widely spread again. Nowadays, due to effective land utilization issue, excessive cost for burial and the change of thinking for cremation, the cremation is recognized as remedy of righteous funeral system. At this point, a shroud following existing burial custom burdens considerably for quality, price, size and design of it. Accordingly, it needs anew style of shroud corresponding to cremation system. As an alternative, the shroud is required simplification and standardization ; Firstly, in size, a shroud should be larger than plain clothes and differentiated in small, medium and large. Secondly, the material of a shroud would be white cotton, which can keep from pollution during burning time. Thirdly, it unifies the item. In case of man, 바지(把特, those are trousers), 저고리(赤古里, Korean-style jacket) and Durumagi(周衣, Korean topcoat). In case of woman, 치마(赤　, those are skirt), 저고리(赤古里, Koran-style jacket) and Durumagi(周衣, Korean topcoat).

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.384-389
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• 2010

Outbreak of contagious diseases to livestock animals is becoming prevalent worldwide and consequently, tremendous numbers of the infected or culled stocks are buried on the ground as the most common disposal method. The buried animals can generate a wide range of detrimental components such as leachate, nutrient salts, and pathogenic bacteria, consequently contaminating the surround environment. This implies that regular investigations are required to monitor any possible detrimental environmental aspect occurred around burial sites. Therefore, the current study was conducted to investigate whether the soil and groundwater nearby the burial sites had been contaminated by the substances originated from the burial sites, which can be applied for the establishment of the ideal burial site construction design and post management scheme. For this, two different burial sites located in Cheonan and Pyeongtaek were selected. Cheonan and Pyeongtaek sites were constructed in 2004 and 2008, respectively and both contained dead poultry infected by avian influenza (AI). Soil and groundwater samples were collected around the sites followed by determination of the nutrient concentrations and bacteria (Salmonella, Camphylobacter, and Bacillus) existence in both soil and groundwater. Some of the soil samples showed higher EC, $NH_4$-N, $NO_3$-N concentration compared to those of the background (control) soils. Also the concentration of $NH_4$-N in some of the groundwater samples appeared to exceed the USEPA guideline value for drinking water (10 mg $L^{-1}$). These results indicated that the soil and groundwater were influenced by the burial site originated nutrients. In the soil, Bacillus was isolated in most soil samples while there were no detections of Salmonella and Camplylobacter. Due to the Bacillus existing mainly as a spore in the soils, it was considered that the frequent detection of Bacillus in the soil samples was attributed to the nutrients originated from the burial sites.