• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.133-140
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• 2014

Objectives : Paemo is a phlegm-resolving drug with cold properties and classified 5 kinds which come from 11 species of original plant. All the more, according to literature record, 20 species of original plant were used. As a natural result, these are easily to confuse and there are a lot of counterfeit product. So we are to present a differential standard of Paemo. Methods : It was planed a differential standard form through outer appearance of the original plant and outer appearance in the form of each medicines which was collected local market or field for 11 species which is listed in Korea or China pharmacopeia. Results : It was possible to distinguish the orignal plant between Fritillaria and Bolbostemma through its stem shape. In Fritillaria of original plant, it was possible to distinguish through its width of leaf, number of leafy bracts, color and position of flower and shape of leaf apex. In outer appearance in the form of each medicines, there are difference in color and texture of medicine between Fritillaria and Bolbostemma and there are difference in size, shape, size of inner and outter fleshy leaf of bulb, pattern of surface and apex of fleshy leaf of bulb among 10 Fritillaria species. Conclusions : This study presents various differences in the outer appearance of the original plant and the outer appearance in the form of each medicines among Paemo. It will be helpful to further applied research.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.104-109
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• 1998

Four alkaloids were isolated from the n-BuOH extract of the bulbus of Fritillaria walujewii (Liliaceae). On the basis of spectroscopic evidences, the structures of these compounds were established as Alkaloid fr-5(11-deoxo-6-oxo-5${\alpha}$,6-dihydrojervine), delavinone, delavine and petilidine.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.787-790
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• 2003

It has been demonstrated that oxidative stress of reactive oxygen species(ROS) may be a causative factor in the pathogenesis of bony disorder. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the oxidative stress of glucose oxidase(GO) in the cultured mouse osteoblasts and the protective effect of Alii Macrostemi Bulbus(AMB) on ROS-induced osteotoxicity. Toxic effect of GO and protective effect of AMB were carried out by colorimetric assay. 20mU/mi GO decreased cell viability dose-dependently, and AMB increased cell viability against GO-induced cytotoxicity in these cultures. From above the results. GO has toxic effect, and AMB is very effective on GO-induced osteotoxicity in cultured osteoblasts of neonatal mouse.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.443-446
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• 2003

To investigate the protective effect of Bulbus Allii Macrostemi (BAM) on the damage by pulmonary vascular endothelial cells by xanthine oxidase (XO)/hypoxanthine (HX)-induced oxygen free radical, Neutral Red (NR) and protein kinase c (PKC) activity assay were used. The results were obtained as follows ; The viability of vascular endothelial cells treated with XO/HX was decreased. And activation of PKC represented a maximal increase in group treated with XO/HX for 15 mins in vasvular pulmonary endothelial cells. But pretreated groups with BAM extracts were not inhibited the increase of PKC activation by XO/HX in a dose-dependent fashion. These results show that XO/HX elicits toxic effects in cultured pulmonary vascular endothelial cells, and suggest that BAM extract is very effective in the prevention of XO/HX-induced PKC activation.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.251-271
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• 2020

Diversity and community composition of bulb-associated fungi of Fritillaria Cirrhosae Bulbus source plants, which are used in traditional chinese medicine, in the eastern Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains, southwestern China, were estimated based on the internal transcribed spacer rDNA sequence analysis, using host plant species, geographic area, and plant phenology as variables. A total of 1,486 fungal sequences assigned to 251 operational taxonomical units (OTUs) were obtained from the bulbs. Fungal OTUs comprised 96.41% Ascomycotina, 3.52% Basidiomycotina, and 0.07% Zygomycotina. Sordariomycetes, Hypocreales, and Nectriaceae were the most frequent fungal lineages at each taxonomic rank. Fusarium, Ilyonectria, Tetracladium, Leptodontidium, and Tomentella were the top OTU-rich genera. Fusarium sp. 03, Ilyonectria rufa, Fusarium sp. 08, Ilyonectria sp. 03, and Leptodontidium orchidicola 03 represented the most frequent OTUs. Fusarium spp. were the most frequent general taxa. The distribution of fungal community exhibited preferences for host plant species, geographic area, and plant phenology. These findings are the foundation of our research on culturing and active metabolites of bulb-associated fungi of Fritillaria Cirrhosae Bulbus source plants.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.126-135
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cellular adhesion molecules effects of Allii Macrostemonis Bulbus, Artemisiae Capillaris Herba, Curcumae Radix, Crataegi Fructus, Salviae Militiorrhizae Radix complex extract(AMCP) on the inhibition of atherosclerosis in HUVEC. We measured DPPH radical scavenging activity and ABTS radical scavenging activity of AMCP to evaluate its antioxidant effect. And we also measured the expression level of NF-κB, IκBα, ERK, JNK, p38 proteins to evaluate its anti-inflammatory effect. Lastly, we measured the expression level of MCP-1, ICAM-1, VCAM-1 mRNA and their level to evaluate its anti-celluar adhesion molecules. AMCP did not show any cytotoxicity in HUVEC within the concentraion tested except for a concentration of 400 ㎍/㎖. AMCP increased the DPPH radical scavenging activitiy and ABTS radical scavenging activity in HUVEC as the concentration of AMCP rises. AMCP significantly reduced NF-κB, IκBα, JNK, ERK and p38 protein expression in HUVEC compared to control group. AMCP significantly reduced MCP-1, ICAM-1, VCAM-1 gene expresion in HUVEC compared to control group. AMCP significantly decreased the levels of MCP-1, ICAM-1, VCAM-1 in HUVEC compared to control group. These results suggest that AMCP has effects on antioxidation, anti-inflammation and anti-cellular adhesion molecule, which helps the treatment and prevention of dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.26-32
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• 2015

The histological structure of the heart in Pseudorasbora parva was investigated by light microscope. The heart consisted of four consecutive chambers, the sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle and bulbus arteriosus. The wall of the sinus venosus was divided into endocardium, myocardium and epicardium, and the walls of the atrium and ventricle were divided into endocardium, subendocardium, myocardium, subepicardium and epicardium, and the wall of the bulbus arteriosus was divided into endocardium, subendocardium (ridge tissue), middle layer, subepicardium and epicardium. The valves were observed in the sinoatrial, artrioventricular and bulboventricular junctions. The sinus venosus wall was mostly made up of collagen. The rings of tissue were observed at the sinoatrial junction. The atrium was composed of a spongy trabeculate myocardium surrounded by an external rim of thin myocardium, and collagens were distributed in the subepicardium and trabeculae. The ventricle was a spongy myocardium with vessels in subepicardium. In the subepicardium and trabeculae of the ventricle, collagens were distributed. In the bulbus arteriosus, the diameter and length of the ridges were differed. The endocardial cells were convex and the non-clustered subendocardial cells showed irregular shapes. The cells of the middle layer were arranged into incomplete layers that showed different orientations. The subepicardium was formed by cells of different morphology. Collagens and elastins were demonstrated in the subendocardium, middle layer and subepicardium of the bulbus arteriosus. The epicardium was a single layer composed of flattened cells.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.56-73
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• 2002

Objective : We need to develop a new treatment method which can curve cancer growth and enhance immunity of patients with various kinds of cancer more safely and effectively, for conventional anticancer treatment has lots of problems to be overcomed, in other words, Its efficacy can be recognizible but it doesn't actually give aid to patients due to its side effects. This study was taken up to evaluate the anticancer and immune-enhancing effect of Scutellariae Barbatae Herba, Alli bulbus, Oldenlandiae Herba(SAO) Herbal acupuncture. Methods : SAO Herbal acupuncture solution was made from Scutellariae Barbatae Herba, Alli bulbus, Oldenlandiae Herba by decoction. Experimental group was divided into normal(N), control(TC, cancer group induced by S 180), high and low concentration SAO complex Herbal acupuncture group. In the high and low concentration SAO complex Herbal acupuncture group, SAO Herbal acupuncture solution was injected, on the left and right Chok-samni(足三里, ST36) of ICR-male S 180 rats alternatively, by 200mg/kg and 100mg/kg respectively. In vitro, S 180 was cultured with $200{\mu}g$ and $500{\mu}g$ of SAO Herbal acupuncture solution. In each experimental group, we examined the effect of SAO complex Herbal acupuncture on body weight, antitumor, organ weight, activity of macrophage, activity of B cell, spleen cell division, IL-2 production and population of lymphocytes. Results : 1. In Body weight, no significant change was shown, but In solid cancer weight, the high concentration SAO complex Herbal acupuncture group showed signigicant(P<0.05) decrease and significant(P<0.05) increase in the weight of kidney, compared with control group. 2. In activity of macrophage, low concentration SAO complex Herbal acupuncture group showed significant(P<0.01) increase, but in vitro, there was no significant increase, compared with control group. 3. In activity of B cell, high and low concentration SAO complex Herbal acupuncture group showed no significant decrease, but in vitro, low concentration SAO complex Herbal acupuncture group showed significant(P<0.01) increase, compared with control group. 4. In spleen cell division, high and low concentration SAO complex Herbal acupuncture group had no significant influence on spleen cell division induced by Co A, meanwhile, it was found that macrophge promote spleen cell division in low concentration SAO complex Herbal acupuncture group(P<0.05), compared with control group. 5. In IL-2 production, high concentration SAO complex Herbal acupuncture group showed significant((P<0.05) increase, compared with control group. 6. In population of lymphocytes, high concentration SAO complex Herbal acupuncture group showed significant increase of CD3+(P<0.05), CD4+(P<0.05), CD3+ and CD4+ T cell(P<0.01) and B cell(P<0.05), while low concentration SAO complex Herbal acupuncture group showed significant increase of CD4+(P<0.05), CD8+ T cell(P<0.05) and B cell(P<0.01), compared with control group. Conclusion : SAO Herbal acupuncture inhibited cancer growth and enhanced immunity.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.339-349
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• 2020

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate anti-inflammatory and antitussive expectoration effects of Friltillariae Thunbergii Bulbus (FTB) in a mouse model. Materials and Methods: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of the FTB, we conducted in vitro experiments using RAW264.7 cells. An MTT assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were carried out to examine the anti-inflammatory effects of FTB. The expectorant effect on phenol red secretion, the antitussive effect on cough induced by ammonia solution, and leukocyte increased inhibition effects in acute airway inflammation in the animal model were confirmed. Results: FTB did not show cytotoxicity in the experimental group at 10, 30, 50, 100, 300, or 500 ㎍/ml and significantly inhibited the increase of NO, TNF-α and IL-6 in the experimental groups at 30, 50, 100, 300, and 500 ㎍/ml concentrations. In sputum, cough, and acute airway inflammation animal models, FTB significantly increased phenol red secretion in the 400 mg/kg administration group. FTB significantly reduced the number of coughs and significantly increased cough delay time in both 200 and 400 mg/kg dose groups. FTB decreased the white blood cell count in BALF (bronchoalveolar lavage fluid) in the 400 mg/kg administration group. Conclusion: Our study revealed that FTB elicits antitussive and expectorant effects by inhibiting inflammatory cytokines, increasing sputum secretion, suppressing cough, and reducing inflammatory cells. We concluded that FTB is a highly promising agent for respiratory tract infection with therapeutic opportunities.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.23-31
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• 2019

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the effect for allergic-inflammation of Fritillariae Thunbergii Bulbus (FTB) on HaCaT cells and RBL2H3 cells. Methods : To investigate the effects of FTB for anti-inflammation in HaCaT cells, the cells were pretreated with FTB for 1h and then stimulated with $TNF-{\alpha}/IFN-{\beta}$ for 24h. Then thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) and Macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) levels were analyzed with ELISA kit. Also to investigate the effect of skin barrier protein, the cells were treated with FTB of various concentrations, and then cells were harvested, expressions of skin barrier protein were measured with RT-PCR. To investigate the effects of FTB for anti-allergy in RBL2H3 cells, the cells were pre-treated with FTB for 1h, and then stimulated with A23187 for 30 min. ${\beta}$-hexosaminidase, IL-4 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ were measured using cultured media. The cells were harvested to analyze the mechanism of the effect for FTB via Western blot. Results : FTB did not show cytotoxicity in HaCaT and RBL2H3. In HaCaT cells, FTB significantly suppressed the expression of TARC, MDC at a dose-dependent manner and markedly increased formation of the skin barrier proteins. In RBL2H3 cells, FTB decreased release of the ${\beta}$-hexosaminidase, IL-4 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ in RBL2H3 through inhibition of the phosphorylation of JNK and p38, which are include in the signaling mechanism of MAPK Conclusion : These results indicate that FTB has an anti-inflammatory effect on the allergic response through blocking MAPK pathway. This suggest that FTB could be a therapeutic agent for allergic response.