• Journal of architectural history
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• v.14 no.2 s.42
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• pp.57-69
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• 2005

A stylobate, part of the foundation for hardening soil below the floor, has been built with a variety of materials, such as stone, tile and brick, in several kinds of combined constructions of soil, stone, and brick. In particular, Baekje used a tile-piled stylobate that could not be found in Goguryeo and Silla counterparts, thus showing outstanding performance in the construction culture. Archeological excavations up to now evidence the stylobate played a role in building the magnificent structures or enhancing the decorative effects. It can be enough inferred that such features are reflected on dual footing stylobate, framed stylobate and tile-piled stylobate. Baekje had delivered its techniques for constructing stylobate to Silla from about the middle of 6th century. They can be traced down back from the dual stylobate that has been identified in Hwangryong-sa temple lastly built in the old site of Silla, those constructed with broken stones at Najeong, tile-piled stylobate of the mode of vertical-horizontal rows which had been established in Inwang-dong, Gyeongju, the capital of the kingdom, and a framed stylobate at Hall enshrining Buddha (Golden Hall) site of Gameun-sa temple site. Recently, relics of structures, including temple sites, are intermittently being unearthed in the old sites of Baekje and Silla. However, studies linking archeology with architecture can be rarely found up to now. It is, therefore, necessary that the relics should be correctly construed in archeological as well as architectural aspects. We expect that further studies can graft architectural insight into archeological analysis.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.510-516
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• 2011

Salt-affected soils are present in Pakistan in significant quantity. This experiment was conducted to assess the effectiveness of compost for reclamation and compare its efficiency with gypsum. For this purpose, various combinations of compost and gypsum were used to evaluate their efficacy for reclamation. A saline-sodic field having $pH_s$ 8.90, $EC_e$ $5.94dS\;m^{-1}$ and SAR $34.5(mmol\;L^{-1})^{1/2}$, SP (saturation percentage) 42.29% and texture Sandy clay loam, gypsum requirement (GR) $8.75Mg\;ha^{-1}$ was selected for this study. The experiment comprised of seven treatments (control, gypsum alone, compost alone and different combinations of compost and gypsum based on soil gypsum requirements). Inorganic and organic amendments (gypsum and compost) were applied to a saline sodic soil. Rice and wheat crops were grown. Soil samples were collected from each treatment after the harvest of both crops and analyzed for chemical properties (electrical conductivity, soil reaction and sodium adsorption ratio) and fertility status (organic matter, available phosphorus and potassium contents) of soil. Results of this study revealed that compost and gypsum improved chemical properties (electrical conductivity, soil reaction and sodium adsorption ratio) of saline sodic soil to the desired levels. Similarly, all parameters of soil fertility like organic matter, available phosphorus and potassium contents were built up with the application of compost and gypsum.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.20
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• pp.77-82
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• 2002

This study was carried out in order to produce useful material for the forest multiple use and forest protection by physico-chemical soil analysis of studied area in Sokwang-ri Forest Genetic Resource Protection Forest which was divided into in standard plots include Tricholoma matsutake and Sarcodon aspratus production forest. The result of physico-chemical soil analysis represented as following. The soil type of T. matsutake production forest was Dry brown forest soil(B1), while on the other hand the soil type of S. aspratus production forest was Moderately moist brown forest soil(B3). Between T. matsutake and S. aspratus production forest did not result in significant changes in soil pH(5.22-5.60) and soil depth(47cm), but available phosphorus, carbon, and nitrogen contents were different results. CN ratio of the fairy ring of T. matsutake was quite lower than that in S. aspratus production forests, which indicated that T. matsutake production forest was built up in the relatively immature soils which contain little organic matter. Generally, it was predicted that Pinus densiflora for. erecta forest succeeded to deciduous tree forest in stable soil environments. To conserve these T. matsutake and S. aspratus production forest, the contents of available phosphorous and exchangeable cation should be increased by continuous soil environment management and it should be established the secondary growth forests of old aged Pinus densiflora for. erecta trees as soon as possible.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.46 no.7
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• pp.3-12
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• 2004

The need to predict the rate of soil erosion, both under existing conditions and those expected to occur following soil conservation practice, has been led to the development of various models. In this study Morgan model especially developed for field-sized areas on hill slopes was applied to assess the rate of soil erosion using RS/GIS environment in the Dukchun river basin, one of two tributaries flowing into Jinyang lake. In order to run the model, land cover mapping was made by the supervised classification method with Landsat TM satellite image data, the digital soil map was generated from scanning and screen digitizing from the hard copy of soil maps, digital elevation map (DEM) in order to generate the slope map was made by the digital map (DM) produced by National Geographic Information Institute (NGII). Almost all model parameters were generated to the multiple raster data layers, and the map calculation was made by the raster based GIS software, IL WIS which was developed by ITC, the Netherlands. Model results show that the annual soil loss rates are 5.2, 18.4, 30.3, 58.2 and 60.2 ton/ha/year in forest, paddy fields, built-up area, bare soil, and upland fields respectively. The estimated rates seemed to be high under the normal climatic conditions because of exaggerated land slopes due to DEM generation using 100 m contour interval. However, the results were worthwhile to estimate soil loss in hilly areas and the more precise result could be expected when the more accurate slope data is available.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.29 no.5 s.106
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• pp.425-432
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• 2004

In harvesting rice and barley using combine, the inclination of the body caused by the irregular surface condition of the field and the soil sinking from the unbalanced weight during the grain collection used to make harvesting operation difficult and even impossible. To overcome such a problem hydraulic system far automatic and manual leveling control of a combine has been developed. The system was composed of the combine body and the hydraulic level control system mounted on it. The maximum height of ground clearance was set up to be 290mm. And the limit angle of the leveling control was set up to be $\pm7^{\circ}$. The proposed controller and hydraulic system was implemented to the prototype combine. The prototype combine was designed and built as a separable structure with the body and the track of it. This paper shows results of a specification and design testing with the hydraulic level control system far body of combine.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.415-422
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• 2001

A seedling pick-up device for vegetable transplanters was developed and its work performance was evaluated at the laboratory. The pick-up device extracts seedlings from a 200-cell tray of seedlings and transfers them to the place where they are to be transplanted into the soil. The device consists of a path generator, pick-up pins and a pin driver. The path generator is a five-bar mechanism comprised of a fixed link, a driving link, a driven link, a connecting link and a slider. The slider is constrained to move along the driven link and a fixed slot of combined straight-line and circular paths. The connecting link joins the driving link and the slider. When the slider moves along the straight-line path of the slot it takes seedlings out from the cell and transfers them to the transplanting hopper when moving along the circular path. A proto-type of the pick-up device was built and tested under the various operational conditions such as age of seedling, approach direction and penetration depth of pins to the cell, holding method of seedling and extracting velocity. The device extracted 30 seedlings per minute with the maximum success ratio of 97% using the seedlings of 23 days old. Some design details were also discussed and suggested to enhance the performance of the device.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.50-59
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• 2006

This study was initiated to investigate soil chemical properties under different soil systems. Data such as soil acidity(pH), electrical conductivity(EC), organic matter content(OMC), and cation exchange capacity(CEC) were analyzed with samples from multi-layer, USGA, and mono-layer systems. N, P, K and micronutrients were also measured. Multi-layer system was built up to 60-cm depth with rootzone layer, intermediate layer and two drainage layers. USGA system 45 centimeters deep was constructed with rootzone layer, intermediate layer and drainage layer. Mono-layer system, however, was made only with a 30-cm rootzone layer. Differences were observed in soil pH, EC, OMC, CEC and micronutrients. Soil pH was acceptable for turfgrass growth a year after establishment, being 5.5 to 6.5 in the study. Differences were greatly observed for EC among soil systems. Values of EC for multi-layer, USGA, and mono-layer systems were 39.79, 31.26 and 103.54 uS/em, respectively. The increase rate was approximately 4 to 8 times greater with mono-layer system than those with other two systems. Therefore, it was necessary to avoid micronutrient deficiency such as Fe, Mn etc. through an effective management program in mono-layer system because of its faster potential feasibility of salt accumulation. The greatest OMC was associated with USGA system, being 0.97% which was 11% over that of the other systems. Slight differences were observed for CEC among them. Mono-layer system produced 1.45 me/100g, 10.3% and 8.9% lower in CEC than those of multi-layer and USGA system, respectively. Micronutrients such as Fe, Zn, and Mn etc. were below the level required for turf growth, regardless of soil systems. It was considered that one year after turf establishment was not enough to build up micronutrients in sand-based soil systems to the normal level for a turf growth. These results demonstrate that intensive management program including grow-in concept fertilization should be integrated into sand-based soil systems, even after a year in establishment. Regular nutrient monitoring by soil analyses is a strong necessity to decide the kinds and amount of fertilizer. Also, strategic management program must be selectively employed according to sports turf soil systems.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.10 no.11
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• pp.3287-3295
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• 2009

This present study implemented a rainfall simulation system, and performed simulation and numerical analysis according to rainfall and slope conditions using a model slope built with weathered granite soil. Extensive analysis were conducted on the characteristics of changes in volumetric water content and pore water pressure measured in the simulation, and compared them with the results of numerical analysis. It took longer for the volumetric water content to reach the limit when rainfall intensity was high and the slope was steep and shorter when rainfall intensity was low and the slope was gentle. When rainfall intensity was low and the duration of rainfall was short, negative pore water pressure was higher and the time for restoration was shorter. On the contrary, when rainfall intensity was high and the duration of rainfall was long, it took a longer time to restore negative pore water pressure. In the results of rainfall simulation and numerical analysis, the distribution of volumetric water content and pore water pressure was similar between the two. However, the volumetric water content was different by up to 5%, and pore water pressure by up to 3kPa.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.569-579
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• 2013

In this study, land-cover classification was implemented using features extracted from multi-temporal SAR data through 3D wavelet transform and the applicability of the 3D wavelet transform as a feature extraction approach was evaluated. The feature extraction stage based on 3D wavelet transform was first carried out before the classification and the extracted features were used as input for land-cover classification. For a comparison purpose, original image data without the feature extraction stage and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) based features were also classified. Multi-temporal Radarsat-1 data acquired at Dangjin, Korea was used for this experiment and five land-cover classes including paddy fields, dry fields, forest, water, and built up areas were considered for classification. According to the discrimination capability analysis, the characteristics of dry field and forest were similar, so it was very difficult to distinguish these two classes. When using wavelet-based features, classification accuracy was generally improved except built-up class. Especially the improvement of accuracy for dry field and forest classes was achieved. This improvement may be attributed to the wavelet transform procedure decomposing multi-temporal data not only temporally but also spatially. This experiment result shows that 3D wavelet transform would be an effective tool for feature extraction from multi-temporal data although this procedure should be tested to other sensors or other areas through extensive experiments.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.13-19
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• 2016

This study presented the build-up of three-dimensional soil pollution map for precise analysis. To do this, survey on the existing pollutant region on Dongnae-gu, Busan that is the study subject, showed that it tended to produce 0.72 clusters. So, this study suggested to investigate center of $1km{\times}1km $ grid and, as the results of comparing the pollution map that input pollution figure values based on the actually investigation point showed precise results. And, it divided the standard of pollution into 5 levels in surface and underground space and the map was built up using IDW interpolation against the amount of polluted substance. The pollution of ground surface, flow of polluted substance, coefficient of permeability and ground water level that are 504 geotechnical informations were selected as the influential parameters in pollution analysis of underground space, and it calculated that to 0~20 points by dividing the characteristics. It enables the build-up of pollution map of ground surface-underground with depth that considers the characteristics of soil layers and it is considered that it is possible to analyze the general infiltration. And, it was considered that it enables more accurate forecast about influential analysis per depth and pollution of underground water.