• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.49-78
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• 1998

Nowadays, there are increasing demands of golf courses and it is necessary to make more golf courses than the present. To do this, we need to improve the environmental problems with the regional inhabitants, and it is said that the first thing to be considered in developing any golf course in Korea is to preserve the environment. In this context, the purpose of this study is to set forth several design factors to lessen the negative impacts which are accompanied with the development of golf courses. 1. The present conditions of golf courses in Korea Many new golf courses have come into being, particularly since the late 1980s, and now, in the year of 1997, over one hundred of golf courses are doing their business, yet the number of golf course is still less than required. So far, over a half of them have been made in the vicinity of Seoul on account of various reasons, and this has adversely affected on our natural environment. This unreasonable development of golf courses has caused serious water pollution, landslides and the other problems. Also, the topography of Korea is not good for golf courses. Although the demands of golf courses are increasing, the suitable sites for them are very limited, and therefore it is sometimes unavoidable to make golf courses on steep hills. Consequently, in designing golf courses in Korea, the most important thing is the balance between natural environment and artificial environment. 2.Eco-friendly golf course design factors 1) The concept of eco-friendly golf courses Ecologically sustainable and sound golf courses which are made by eco-friendly approaches 2)Basic conditions of eco-friendly golf courses (1)The most suitable sites (2) Conservation of existing ground as much as possible (3)Proper use of agricultural chemicals which have great impacts on the environment (4) Reasonable use of fertilizers (5) Developing a specialized fertilizer only for grass (6) Adaptation of organic agriculture (7) Improvement of grass sorts (8) Establishing reservoirs for purifying the water from golf courses 3) Eco-friendly golf courses (1) Location-Enough area /Gentle slope/Winding ground/Including lakes or streams /Not crossing wind's main direction Facing south or southeast /Suitable soIl for grass /Good drainage /Low level of underground water (2)Course layout and design -Consideration about existing contours as much as possible -Adaptation of Scotish design trend -Various holes' configuration -Consideration toward surrounding landscapes -Reducing grass areas -Giving buffer zones -Adapting computer methods in the process of site analysis and design (3) Eco-friendly considerations in constructing and managing golf courses -Protection of wildlife -Reuse of existing forests and preservation of topsoil -Renovation of old-fashioned courses -Reducing grass areas -Purification of water -Standization of management -Strict regulations against chemicals -Recycling organic materials -Through separation of the water inside golf courses and out of bounds -Getting proper construction works done in a due time 4.Eco-friendly considerations from a viewpoint of cultural environment 1) Well-matched landscape design and events planning 2) Implement of identifications and awarding systerns 3)Acknowledgement of superintendents' qualitications in the maintenance of golf courses 4)Increasing public golf courses and keeping good relationships with the neighbors near golf courses Key words: Pro-environmental development, Golf course.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.68-74
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• 2010

Since ${NO_3}^-$ is amore favorable electron acceptor than Fe, high ${NO_3}^-$ loads function as a redox buffer limiting the reduction of Fe and following release of ${PO_4}^{3-}$ in flooded paddy soil. The effect ${NO_3}^-$ loaded through irrigation water on Fe reduction and ${PO_4}^{3-}$ release in paddy soil was investigated. Pot experiment was conducted where irrigation water containing 5 or 10 mg N $L^{-1}$ of ${NO_3}^-$ was continuously applied at 1 cm $day^{-1}$, and changes of ${NO_3}^-$, $Fe^{2+}$ and ${PO_4}^{3-}$ concentrations in soil solution at 5 and 10 cm depths beneath the soil surface were monitored as a function of time. Irrigation of rice paddy with water containing 5 mg N $L^{-1}$ of ${NO_3}^-$ led to reduced release of $Fe^{2+}$ and prevented solubilization of P at 5 cm depth beneath the soil surface. And application of irrigation water containing 10 mg N $L^{-1}$ of ${NO_3}^-$ could further suppress Fe reduction and solubilization of P through 10 cm depth soil layer beneath the surface. These results suggest that the introduction of high level ${NO_3}^-$ with irrigation water in rice paddy can strongly limit Fe reduction and P solubilization in root zone soil layer in addition to the excessive supply of N to rice plants.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.339-344
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• 2003

Atenolol is a water soluble, ${\beta}_1$ selective adrenoceptor antagonist used in the treatment of angina and hypertension. It is primarily eliminated renally with minimal hepatic metabolism. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of Samchundang Atenolol (Samchundang Pharmaceutical Co., Korea.) to Tenolmin(Hyundai Pharmaceutical Ind. Co., Korea). The atenolol release from the two atenolol tablets in vitro was tested using KP VII Apparatus II method with various different kinds of dissolution media (pH 1.2, 4.0, 6.8 buffer solution and water). Twenty four normal male volunteers, 22.83$\pm$1.99 years in age and 65.82$\pm$7.15 kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After one tablet containing 50 mg of atenolol was orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of atenolol in serum were determined using HPLC method with fluorescence detector. The dissolution profiles of two atenolol tablets were very similar at all dissolution media. Besides, the pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_{t}$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_{t}$ and $C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. The results showed that the differences in $AUC_{t}$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ between two tablets based on the Tenolmin were 3.74％, 4.38％ and 17.77％, respectively. There were no sequence effects between two tablets in these parameters. The 90％ confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log(0.8) to log(1.25) (e.g., log(0.98)∼log(1.l1) and log(0.95)∼log(1.l5) for $AUC_{t}$ and $C_{max}$ respectively), indicating that Samchundang Atenolol tablet is bioequivalent to Tenolmin tablet.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.892-898
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• 2009

MIF is a progesterone analogue and is known as a potent progesterone antagonist. Although MIF has been known to inhibit prostate cancer cell growth, its molecular mechanisms are not yet clear. In the present study, when the cells were treated for 2-4 days with 5-40 $\mu$M of MIF, the growth and viability of LNCaP cells were significantly decreased in a dose- and time-dependent manner. When the cells, cultivated in a normal 2 mM calcium concentration medium, were treated with 15 $\mu$M MIF for 1 day, the intracellular calcium level increased by 26% compared to the control. Similar results were also found in cells located in the calcium-free reaction buffer, indicating that MIF induced the increase of intracellular Ca$^{2+}$ levels, regardless of the presence of calcium in the surrounding medium. In the cells treated with various concentrations of MIF, the intracellular calcium levels increased in a dose dependent manner. Cells treated with MIF revealed typical early apoptotic signs, i.e., chromosome condensation and nuclei fragmentation. In cells treated with 40 11M MIF, Bcl-2 decreased to 19% of the control. The expression of Bax increased to almost 2 fold of the control. These results demonstrated very clearly that MIF treatment blocks the expression of Bcl-2 but stimulates the expression of Bax. According to the results of the present investigation, the apoptotic mechanism of MIF is triggered by intracellular modulation.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.155-160
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• 2008

Ginsenosides have been regarded as the principal components, responsible for the pharmacological and biological activities of ginseng. Absorption of major ginsenosides at the gastrointestinal tract was extremely low, when ginseng taken orally. In order to improve the absorption and bioavailability, transformation of major ginsenosides into more active and valuable minor ginsenoside is much required. In this present study, We isolated a lactic acid bacteria Leuconostoc fallax LH3 from the Korean fermented food Kimchi, which have higher ${\beta}$-glucosidase activity. Using the ethanol precipitated curd enzyme of Leuconostoc fallax LH3, we investigated the biotransformation of ginsenoside Rd at different experimental condition to increase transformation. The maximum convertion was supported at 30 $^{\circ}C$ and decreased when temperatures increased. In order to optimize the effect of pH, the curd enzyme was mixed 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 3.5 to pH 8.0). Ginsenoside Rd was almost hydrolyzed between pH 7.0 and pH 9.0, but not hydrolyzed above pH 10.0. Ginsenoside Rd was hydrolyzed after 24 hrs incubation, but whereas the ginsenoside F2 was appeared from 36 hrs, and all ginsenoside Rd was transformed to F2 after the 60 hrs incubation. Based on this study, the curd enzyme of Leuconostoc fallax LH3 transformed the ginsenoside Rd at the 30$^{\circ}C$ and the pH optimum of 7.0 to 9.0 after the 60 hrs incubation time.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.151-156
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• 2006

Vitamin-C is one of the typical bioactive substances widely used in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications. It is well known that the bioavailability of vitamin-C decreases with time because it is spontaneously oxidized in the presence of oxygen. In this study, vitamin-C inclusion complexes were prepared by formulating vitamin-C with 2-hydroxypropyl-${\beta}$-cyclodextrin (HP-${\beta}$-CD) to protect vitamin-C from being oxidized. Vitamin-C inclusion complexes were prepared by a solvent evaporation method using a rotary evaporator and various solvents of different dielectric constant such as ethanol, methanol and distilled deionized water to investigate the effect of solvent polarity on the stability of vitamin-C. To estimate the stability of inclusion complexes, samples were stored in a 50 mM phosphate buffer solution of pH 7.0 for 24 hours at $25{\pm}0.1^{\circ}C$ and the degradation rate of vitamin-C was calculated using a high performance liquid chromatography. The stability of vitamin-C was observed to improve with the increase of solvent polarity.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.368-376
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• 2003

Cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) from Paenibacillus sp. JB-13 was immobilized on various carriers by several immobilization methods such as ionic binding, covalent linkage and ultrafiltration to improve the process performance. The ultrafiltration and covalent linkage with CNBr-activated sepharose 4B were found as the best method for immobilization of CGTase. The ability of CGTase immobilization onto CNBr-activated sepharose 4B was as high as 18,000 units/g resin when the conditions was as follows: contact time 9 hrs at $37^{\circ}C$, pH 6.0, 100 nm and enzyme loading 24,000 units/g resin. The optimum conditions for production of 2-O-$\alpha$-D-Glucopyranosyl L-Ascorbic acid by immobilized CGTase turned out to be: pH 5.0, temperature $37^{\circ}C$, 20% substrate solution containing 8% (w/v) of soluble starch and 12% (w/v) of L-ascorbic acid sodium salt, 100 rpm, far 25 hrs and with 800 units of immobilized CGTase/ml substrate solution. Moreover the CGTase activity could be stably maintained for 8 times of repetitive reactions after removing products by ultrafiltration through YM 10 membrane.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.30 no.10
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• pp.523-532
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• 2003

Video on Demand(VOD) services cause high resource consumption in a video seuer, because multimedia are characterized by continuous playback, a high bandwidth requirement, and long playback duration. Patching has been proposed to save the network I/O bandwidth of a video server. To achieve true VOD, patching uses multicasting to share video streams, thereby providing immediate VOD services to users without any service latency. A communication channel is used to either multicast the entire video as a regular channel or multicast only the leading portion of a video as a Patching channel. This paper Proposes a buffering patching technique that divides regular channels, as used in patching, into sub-regular channels and regular channels to shorten the holding time of the channels. In the proposed technique, the last portion of video data, corresponding to the size of the buffering window, is not transferred by sub-regular channels, but rather downloaded and buffered in the user buffer from the latest regular channel. When simulations were performed to compare the performance of the proposed technique with that of conventional patching, the results indicated that the proposed technique was superior in terms of the defection rate, average service latency, and fairness, although the amount of video data buffered at each user station was higher than that with patching.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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• v.9C no.1
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• pp.97-106
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• 2002

In 3GPP2 standard, MIP is used and a PDSN performs the function of FA to support macro mobility. When a MS is roaming from a PDSN area to another, the mobility supported is called macro mobility, while it is called micro mobility when a MS is roaming from a RN area to another in a PDSN area. Since a PDSN performs the function of FA in 3GPP2 standard, it is possible to support mobility but its mechanism is actually for supporting macro mobility, not for micro mobility, thus it is weak in processing fast and seamless handoff to support micro mobility. In this paper, we suggest the seamless handoff algorithm barred on multicast group mechanism to support micro mobility. Depending on the moving direction and velocity of a MS, the suggested algorithm constructs a multicast group of RNs on the forecasted MS's moving path, and maximally delays RNs'joining to a multicast group to increase the network efficiency. Moreover, to resolve the buffer overhead problem of the existent multicast scheme, the algorithm suggests that each RN buffers data only after the forecasted handoff time. To prove deadlock freeness and liveness of the algorithm. we use state transition diagrams, a Petri-net modeling and its reachability tree. Then, we evaluate the performance by simulation.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2002

Cimetropium bromide, a quaternary ammonium compound which is chemically related to scopolamine, exhibits its antispasmodic activity by competing with acetylcholine for the muscarinic receptors of the smooth muscle of gastrointestinal tract. The drug has been used for the treatment of various disorders involving spasms of the musculature of the gastrointestinal, biliary and genitourinary tracts. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two cimetropium bromide tablets, $Algiron^{TM}$ (Boehringer Ingelheim Korea Ltd.) and $Alpit^{TM}$ (Hana Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), according to the prior and revised guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The cimetropium bromide release from the two cimetropium bromide tablets in vitro was tested using KP VII Apparatus II method with various different kinds of dissolution media (pH 1.2, 4.0, 6.8 buffer solution and water). Twenty normal male volunteers, $25.25{\pm}2.10$ years in age and $65.76{\pm}6.39$ kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After three tablets containing 50 mg of cimetropium bromide per tablet were orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of cimetropium bromide in serum were determined using HPLC method with UV detector. The dissolution profiles of two cimetropium bromide tablets were very similar at all dissolution media. Besides, the pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using non-transformed and logarithmically transformed $AUC_t\;and\;C_{max}$. The results showed that the differences in $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ between two tablets based on the $Algiron^{TM}$ were 2.19%, -5.97% and 3.49%, respectively. Minimum detectable differences $({\Delta})\;at \;{\alpha}=0.05\;and\;1-{\beta}=0.8$ were less than 20% (e.g., 13.71 %, 19.05% and 15.11% for $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$, respectively). The powers $(1-{\beta})\;at\;{\alpha}=0.05,\;{\Delta}=0.2\;for\;AUC_t$, $C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ were 97.79%, 83.22% and 95.60%, respectively. The 90% confidence intervals were within ${\pm}20%$ (e.g., $-5.84{\sim}10.21,\;-17.11{\sim}5.18\;and\;-5.35{\sim}12.33\;for\;AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$, respectively). There were no sequence effect between two tablets in logarithmically transformed $AUC_t\;and\;C_{max}$. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log(0.8) to log(1.25) (e.g., $0.94{\sim}1.10\;and\;0.85{\sim}1.05\;for\;AUC_t\;and\;C_{max}$, respectively). Two parameters met the criteria of prior and revised KFDA guideline for bioequivalence, indicating that $Alpit^{TM}$ tablet is bioequivalent to $Algiron^{TM}$ tablet.