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Studies on the Development of Food Resources from Waste Seeds -II. Chemical Composition of Apple Seed- (폐기종실(廢棄種實)의 식량자원화(食糧資源化)에 관(關)하여 -제(第) 2 보(報) : 사과씨의 화학적(化學的) 조성(組成)-)

  • Yoon, Hyung-Sik;Choi, Cheong;Oh, Man-Jin
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.15 no.2
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    • pp.128-132
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    • 1983
  • The apple seed contained 25.96% of crude fat and 37.62% of crude protein. The lipid fractions obtained by cilicic column chromatography were mainly composed of about 93.52% neutral lipid, whereas compound lipid was only 6.48% level. Among the neutral lipid separated by thin layer chromatography, triglyceride was 92.17%, sterol ester, sterol, diglyceride and free fatty acid were 3.53, 2.25, 1.44 and 0.56, respectively. The predominent fatty acids of total and neutral lipids were linoleic acid (59.79-69.37%) and oleic acid (20.04-29.82%), but those of glycolipid and phojspholipid were linoleic acid (29.20-36.04%). The major fatty acids of triglyceride separated from neutral lipid were oleic acid (44.31%), linoleic acid (36.66%) and palmitic acid (12.48%). The salt soluble protein of apple seed was highly dispersible in 0.02M sodium phosphate buffer containing about 1.0M $MgSO_4$, and the extractability of seed protein was 37%, Glutamic acid was the major amino acid in salt soluble protein, followed by arginine and aspartic acid. The eletrophoretic analysis showed three bands in apple seed protein, and the collection rate of the main protein fraction purified by Sephadex G-100 and G-200 was 76.6%. Glutamic acid, aspartic acid and arginine were the major amino acids of the main apple seed protein. The molecular weight for the main protein of the apple seed was estimated to be 45,000.

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Environmental Equity Analysis of the Accessibility of Urban Neighborhood Parks in Daegu City (대구시 도시근린공원의 접근성에 따른 환경적 형평성 분석)

  • Seo, Hyun-Jin;Jun, Byong-Woon
    • Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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    • v.14 no.4
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    • pp.221-237
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    • 2011
  • This study aims to investigate the environmental equity of the accessibility to urban neighborhood parks in the city of Daegu. The spatial distribution of urban neighborhood parks was explored by spatial statistics and the spatial accessibility to them was then evaluated by both minimum distance and coverage approaches. Descriptive and inferential statistics such as proximity ratio, Mann Whitney U test, and logistic regression were used for comparing the socioeconomic characteristics over different accessibilities to the neighborhood parks and then testing the distributional inequity hypothesis. The results from the minimum distance method indicated that Dalseo-gu had the best accessibility to the neighborhood parks while Dong-gu had the worst accessibility. It was apparent with the coverage method that Dalseo-gu had the best accessibility whereas Dong-gu and Nam-gu had the worst accessibility to the neighborhood parks at 500m and 1,000m buffer distances. There existed the spatial pattern of environmental inequity in old towns with respect to population density and the percentage of people under the age of 18. The spatial pattern of environmental inequity in new towns was explored on the basis of the percentage of people over the age of 65, the percentage of people below the poverty level, and the percentage of free of charge rental housing. These results were closely related to the development process of urban parks in Daegu stimulated by the quantitative urban park policy, urban development process, and residential location pattern such as permanent rental housing and free of charge rental housing. This study further extends the existing research topics of environmental justice related to the distributional inequity of environmental disamenities and hazards by focusing on environmental amenities such as urban neighborhood parks. The results from this study can be used in making the decisions for urban park management and setting up urban park policy with considering the social geography of Daegu.

Glass Dissolution Rates From MCC-1 and Flow-Through Tests

  • Jeong, Seung-Young
    • Proceedings of the Korean Radioactive Waste Society Conference
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    • 2004.06a
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    • pp.257-258
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    • 2004
  • The dose from radionuclides released from high-level radioactive waste (HLW) glasses as they corrode must be taken into account when assessing the performance of a disposal system. In the performance assessment (PA) calculations conducted for the proposed Yucca Mountain, Nevada, disposal system, the release of radionuclides is conservatively assumed to occur at the same rate the glass matrix dissolves. A simple model was developed to calculate the glass dissolution rate of HLW glasses in these PA calculations [1]. For the PA calculations that were conducted for Site Recommendation, it was necessary to identify ranges of parameter values that bounded the dissolution rates of the wide range of HLW glass compositions that will be disposed. The values and ranges of the model parameters for the pH and temperature dependencies were extracted from the results of SPFT, static leach tests, and Soxhlet tests available in the literature. Static leach tests were conducted with a range of glass compositions to measure values for the glass composition parameter. The glass dissolution rate depends on temperature, pH, and the compositions of the glass and solution, The dissolution rate is calculated using Eq. 1: $rate{\;}={\;}k_{o}10^{(ph){\eta})}{\cdot}e^{(-Ea/RT)}{\cdot}(1-Q/K){\;}+{\;}k_{long}$ where $k_{0},\;{\eta}$ and Eaare the parameters for glass composition, pH, $\eta$ and temperature dependence, respectively, and R is the gas constant. The term (1-Q/K) is the affinity term, where Q is the ion activity product of the solution and K is the pseudo-equilibrium constant for the glass. Values of the parameters $k_{0},\;{\eta}\;and\;E_{a}$ are the parameters for glass composition, pH, and temperature dependence, respectively, and R is the gas constant. The term (1-Q/C) is the affinity term, where Q is the ion activity product of the solution and K is the pseudo-equilibrium constant for the glass. Values of the parameters $k_0$, and Ea are determined under test conditions where the value of Q is maintained near zero, so that the value of the affinity term remains near 1. The dissolution rate under conditions in which the value of the affinity term is near 1 is referred to as the forward rate. This is the highest dissolution rate that can occur at a particular pH and temperature. The value of the parameter K is determined from experiments in which the value of the ion activity product approaches the value of K. This results in a decrease in the value of the affinity term and the dissolution rate. The highly dilute solutions required to measure the forward rate and extract values for $k_0$, $\eta$, and Ea can be maintained by conducting dynamic tests in which the test solution is removed from the reaction cell and replaced with fresh solution. In the single-pass flow-through (PFT) test method, this is done by continuously pumping the test solution through the reaction cell. Alternatively, static tests can be conducted with sufficient solution volume that the solution concentrations of dissolved glass components do not increase significantly during the test. Both the SPFT and static tests can ve conducted for a wide range of pH values and temperatures. Both static and SPFt tests have short-comings. the SPFT test requires analysis of several solutions (typically 6-10) at each of several flow rates to determine the glass dissolution rate at each pH and temperature. As will be shown, the rate measured in an SPFt test depends on the solution flow rate. The solutions in static tests will eventually become concentrated enough to affect the dissolution rate. In both the SPFt and static test methods. a compromise is required between the need to minimize the effects of dissolved components on the dissolution rate and the need to attain solution concentrations that are high enough to analyze. In the paper, we compare the results of static leach tests and SPFT tests conducted with simple 5-component glass to confirm the equivalence of SPFT tests and static tests conducted with pH buffer solutions. Tests were conducted over the range pH values that are most relevant for waste glass disssolution in a disposal system. The glass and temperature used in the tests were selected to allow direct comparison with SPFT tests conducted previously. The ability to measure parameter values with more than one test method and an understanding of how the rate measured in each test is affected by various test parameters provides added confidence to the measured values. The dissolution rate of a simple 5-component glass was measured at pH values of 6.2, 8.3, and 9.6 and $70^{\circ}C$ using static tests and single-pass flow-through (SPFT) tests. Similar rates were measured with the two methods. However, the measured rates are about 10X higher than the rates measured previously for a glass having the same composition using an SPFT test method. Differences are attributed to effects of the solution flow rate on the glass dissolution reate and how the specific surface area of crushed glass is estimated. This comparison indicates the need to standardize the SPFT test procedure.

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Effect of L-ascorbic acid on the degradation of aflatoxin $B_1$ (아스콜빈산에 의한 Aflatoxin $B_1$의 파괴에 관한 연구)

  • Park, Kun-Young;Kweon, Mee-Hyang
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.16 no.1
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    • pp.1-9
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    • 1987
  • Large amount of aflatoxin $B_1(AFB_1)$ is disappeared in the presence of L-ascorbic acid(AA) in buffer solution at pH values from 1 to 7 during 5 days of Incubation at $37^{\circ}C$. $AFB_1$ was quite stable at pH's between 5 and 7 when AA was absent(control), however, $50{\sim}60%$ of APB, was degraded in its presence after 5 days. The rate of disappearance of $AFB_1$ increased with a decreasing of pH in the presence of AA, even though $AFB_1$ in the control degraded increasingly with the decrease in $pH(pH{\leq}4)$. The level of $AFB_1$, decreased as the reaction temperature increased when $AFB_1$ reacted with AA. The aflatoxin could not be detected at all after 3 days when the reaction occurred at $60^{\circ}C$, while the aflatoxin was stable at $5^{\circ}C$ thoughout the reaction period. $90{\sim}96%$ of $AFB_1$ was found to be degraded in a far when $AFB_1$ reacted with AA plus different concentrations of $CuSO_4{\cdot}5H_{2}O$, showing remarkably faster rate than the control; however, different concentrations of L-cysteine instead of $CuSO_4\;5H_{2}O$ protected the degradation of aflatoxin and no $AFB_1$ was degraded for a day and resulted in less $AFB_1$ disappeared than the control. The degradation of $AFB_1$ was dependent on AA concentration and the rate of disappearance as the concentration of AA decrease, but $AFB_1$ concentration did not influence the rate. The product formed when $AFB_1$ reacted with AA was identified to $AFB_{2a}$ by using HPLC chromatographic examinations, and by UV spectrum of $AFB_1$ reacted with AA. The disappearance of $AFB_1$ was correlated well in the appearance of $AFB_2a$. From the results, the degradation of $AFB_1$ in the presence of AA is probably due to one or more of the oxidative products of AA which was produced during the AA oxidation.

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Studies on the Development of Food Resources from Waste Seeds -I. Chemical Composition of Grape Seed- (폐엽종실(廢棄種實)의 식량자원화(貪糧資源化)에 관(關)하여 -제(第) 1 보(報) : 포도씨의 화학적(化學的) 조성(組成)-)

  • Yoon, Hyung-Sik;Kwon, Joong-Ho;Hwang, Joo-Ho;Choi, Jae-Chun;Shin, Dae-Hyn
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.14 no.3
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    • pp.250-256
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    • 1982
  • A series of studies were conducted to find out the possibility of utilizing grape seed as resources of food fats and proteins, and the results of the studies are as follows: The grape seed contained 25.1%, of crude fat and 12.0% of crude protein. The lipid, fractions obtained by silicic acid column chromatography were mainly composed of about 95.5% neutral lipid, whereas compound lipid was only 4.5% level. Among the neutral lipid by thin layer chromatography, triglyceride was 91.89%, sterol ester, sterol, diglyceride and free fatty acid were 3.24%, 2.87%, 1.20% and 0.80%, respectively The predominant fatty acids of total and neutral lipids were linoleic acid $(69.72{\sim}71.72%)$ and oleic acid $18.09{\sim}19.46%)$, but those of glycolipid and phospolipid were linoleic acid $(31.49{\sim}38.18%)$, oleic acid $(20.20{\sim}35.27%)$ and palmitic acid $(26.80{\sim}39.98%)$. The major fatty acids of triglyceride separated from neutral lipid were oleic acid (43.08%), linoleic acid (38.42%) and palmitic acid (11.60%). The salt soluble protein of grape seed was highly dispersible in 0.02M sodium phosphate buffer containing about 1.0M $MgSO_4$, and the extractability of seed protein was 31%. Glutamic acid was the major amino acid in salt soluble protein, followed by arginine and aspartic acid. The electrophoretic analysis showed 3 bands in grape seed protein, and the collection rate of the main protein fraction purified by Sephadex G-100 and G-200 was 82%. Glutamic acid, aspartic acid and arginine were the major amino acids of the main grape seed protein. The molecular weight for the main protein of the grape seed was estimated to be 81,000.

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Effect of Dietary Vitamin E on the Microsomal Mixed Function Oxidase System of Liver and Lung in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats (식이 Vitamin E가 Streptozotocin 유발 당뇨쥐의 간 및 폐조직에서의 Microsomal Mixed Function Oxidase System에 미치는 영향)

  • 박영란;이순재;임영숙;주길재
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.25 no.6
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    • pp.969-975
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    • 1996
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary vitamin E on microsomal mixed function oxidase system of liver and lung in streptozotocin(STZ) induced diabetic rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 140 $\pm$ 10mg were randomly assigned to one control and three STZ-diabetic groups. Diabetic groups were divided into DM-0E(vitamin E free diet), DM-40E(40mg vitamin E kg/diet) and DM-400E(400mg vitamin E kg/diet) according to the level of vitamin E supplementation. Diabetes was experimentally induced by intravenous administration of 55mg/kg b.w of STZ in citrate buffer(pH 4.3) after 4 week feeding of three experimental diets. Animals were sacrificed at the 6th day of diabetic state. The contents of cytochrome P$_{450}$ in DM-0E, DM-40E and DM-400E groups of liver were increased by 162%, 150% and 56%, respectively, compared with that of control. Also the contents of cytochrome P$_{450}$ in lung were similar to liver. The activities of cytochrome bs in DM-0E and DM-40E groups of the liver were increased by 70% and 53%, respectively, compared with that of control, but not in DM-400E group. The activities of bs in DM-0E, DM-40E and DM-400E groups of lung were signficantly increased. Activity of cytochrome P$_{450}$ reductase in DM-0E, DM-40E of liver and lung were higher than that of control group, but the activity of DM-400E group was not different from that of control. The lipid peroxide values of DM-0E, DM-40E and DM-400E groups were 143%, 95% and 31% higher than those of control. It was concluded that dietary vitamin E had protective effects on lipid peroxidation accompanied with increased mixed function of oxidase activity in diabetic rats.

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Alveolar bone turnover during experimental tooth movement in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat (스트렙토조토신 유발 당뇨병 백서에서 실험적 치아이동중의 치조골 교체)

  • Lee, Ki-Soo;Lee, Taek-Woo;Kim, Sung-Jin
    • The korean journal of orthodontics
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    • v.31 no.3 s.86
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    • pp.357-367
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    • 2001
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate the alveolar bone turnover in diabetic rat, and to compare the alveolar bone turnover during tooth movement in diabetes with that in normal control Eighty Male Sprague-Dawley strain rats(8th week) were divided into normal control(N), normal-tooth movement (N-tm), diabetes(D), and diabetes-tooth movement(D-tm) groups. Eighteen days before the start of the experiment, diabetes was induced with a single injection of streptozotocin 50 mg/kg of body weight in citrate buffer as vehicle via the tail vein. Maxillary first molars of rats were moved mesially by 40 grams of the closed coil spring. Experimental animals were sacrificed after 1d, 3d, 7d, and 14d experimental period, and the alveolar bone around the maxillary first molars were assayed biochemically for acid phsophatase(ACP) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) as bone resorption markers, and alkaline phosphatase(ALP) and osteocalcin(OC) as bone formation markers. TRAP and OC concentration in serum and alveolar bone of D group were lower than those in N group, and especially OC concentration decreased mote following diabetes prolonged, which showed the decreased skeletal and alveolar bone resorption and formation potential in diabetic rats. In N-tm group compared with N group, alveolar bone ACP and TRAP concentrations were highest at 1d and 3d(p<0.01), decreased after then, and showed lowest at 14d, and alveolar bone OC concentration was higher at 3d, 7d, and 14d(p<0.001) and showed a tendency of peak level at 7d. which showed the peak of concentration of bone resorption markets at 1d-3d and those of bone formation markers at 7d. In D-tm group compared with N group, alveolar bone ACP and TRAP concentrations were higher at 3d, 7d and 14d(p<0.001), and tended to reach peak value at 7d and persisted through 14d, and alveolar bone ALP and OC concentration increased but not different from that of N group. The amount of tooth movement in D group were greater than that of N group at all experimental period. Those results were suggested that during diabetes, the alveolar and skeletal bone undergo low bone turnover and the mote amount of tooth movement, hut because the peak time of alveolar bone resorption activity was delayed and sustained in longer period of tooth movement and alveolar bone formation activity is lower than that of normal tooth movement, the periodontal space is supposed to be larger doting tooth movement.

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Effects of YK-209 Mulberry Leaves on Disaccharidase Activites of Small Intestine and Blood Glucose-Lowering in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats (YK-209뽕잎이 Streptozotocin 유발 당뇨쥐 소장의 이당류분해 효소 활성과 혈당강하에 미치는 영향)

  • 유수경;김미지;김진원;이순재
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.31 no.6
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    • pp.1071-1077
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    • 2002
  • The purpose of this study was investigated the effects of YK-209 mulberry leaves on disaccharidase activites of small intestine and blood glucose-lowering in diabetic rats induced with streptozotocin (STZ). Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 100$\pm$10 g were randomly assigned to one normal and four STZ-induced diabetic groups; YK-209 0% mulberry leaves diet (DM group),0.1% YK-209 mulberry loaves diet (DM-0.1Y group),0.2% YK-209mulberry leaves diet (DM -0.2Y group), and 0.4% YK-209 mulberry leaves diet (DM -0.4Y group). Diabetes was induced by intravenous injection of 55 mg/kg body weight of STZ in sodium citrate buffer (pH 4.3) via tail vein after 3 weeks feeding of experimental diets. Rats were sacrificed at the 9th day of diabetic states. The functional ingredients in the mulberry leaves, the 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) contents of YK-209 mulberry leaves was higher than those of the Cheongil mulberry leaves. ${\gamma}$ -Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and rutin contents of YK-209 mulberry leaves were 1.3 and 1.4 times higher than those of the Cheongil mulberry leaves, respectively, and vitamin C contents of YK-209 mulberry leaves were also higher than those of the Cheongil mulberry leaves. Intestine index was increased in all diabetic groups, compared with normal group but not significantly different among all diadetic groups. Level of blood glucose was decreased in diadetic rats by supplementation YK-209 mulberry leaves. The disaccharidase activities in proximal part of intestine such as maltase, sucrase, and lactase in YK-209 mulberry leaves supplementation groups were significantly lower than those of DM group, In conclusion, this research indicated that the functional ingredients of YK 209 mulberry leaves were higher than those of the Cheongil leaveses, and YK-209 mulberry leaves has the hypoglycemic effect in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

Effect of Tea Fungus/Kombucha Beverage on Lipid Metabolism in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Male Rats (발효홍차가 당뇨숫쥐의 지질 대사에 미치는 영향)

  • 고진복;최미애
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.28 no.3
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    • pp.613-618
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    • 1999
  • This study investigated the effect of tea fungus/kombucha(TF) beverage on body weights, pancreas weights, serum glucose and lipid concentrations of both normal and diabetic male rats. Sprague Dawley male rats weighing $140{\pm}10g$ were randomly assigned to one control and five streptozotocin(STZ) diabetic groups. Diabetic groups were divided into D control(TF free water), 20% TFD(20% TF in water), 40% TFD(40% TF in water), 20% TFSD(20% TF disinfection in water) and 40% TFSD(40% TF disinfection in water) according to the level of TF supplementation. Diabetes was experimentally induced by intraperitoneally administration of STZ in citrate buffer(pH4.3) after 3 week feeding of four experimental water. Animals were sacrificed at the 4 week of diabetic state. The diabetic groups showed significant decrease of body weight(-29.4~48.6g) compared with the control group(72.4g). Pancreatic weights relative to body weights in all diabetic groups were heavier than those of the control group. The levels of fasting serum glucose were higher in all diabetic groups than that of the control group. The concentrations of triglyceride in serum was lower in 20% TFD and 20% TFSD groups than in those D control group. The levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol in serum and atherogenic index were significantly decreased in all(20 or 40%) TFD and TFSD groups than in those D control group, but those were similar to control group. The levels of HDL cholesterol in serum was similar to all groups, but HDL cholesterol/total cholesterol ratio were significantly increased in all(20 or 40%) TFD and TFSD groups than in those D control group. Liver triglyceride concentration of the all diabetic groups significantly decreased compared with the control group. Liver total cholesterol and phospholipid were not affected by TF and TFS feeding. The results indicated that tea fungus/kombucha beverage feeding improved the cholesterol, triglyceride and atherogenic index levels in diabetic rats.

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Superiority of Modifiled University of Wiscinsin Solution in the Prolonged Preservation of Isolated Rat Heart (적출 쥐 심장의 장시간 보존에 있어서 University of Wisconsin 수정 용액의 우수성)

  • Lee, Jae-Seong;Kim, Song-Myeong;Kim, Gyu-Tae
    • Journal of Chest Surgery
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    • v.26 no.6
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    • pp.427-440
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    • 1993
  • The paucity of donor hearts for transplantation can be remedied by distant heart procurement. Prolonging donor heart preservation is essential for successful clinical cardiac transplantation. Thirty-two isolated rat hearts were perfused with Krebs-Henseleit buffer solution for 15 minutes, arrested and preserved at 4 oC for 4 hours, and then reperfused for 25 minutes. The following three groups were prepared and hemodynamic changes, creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme levels and ultrastructural changes of the myocardium were analysed before and after cardiac arrest. ; Group I : the heart was arrested with the cardioplegic solution [Plegisol, potassium : 16 mM, sodium : 120 mM] and then stored in a solution with ionic compositions of the extracellular fluid [Hartman, potassium : 4 mM, sodium : 130 mM] ; Group II : the heart was arrested with the cardioplegic solution and stored in a solution with ionic compositions of the intracellular fluid [Modified Euro-Collins, potassium : 108 mM, sodium : 10 mM] ; Group III : the heart was arrested with the cardioplegic solution containing adenosine 20 uM, and then stored in a solution with ionic compositions of the intracellular fluid [Modified University of Wisconsin solution, potassium : 119 mM, sodium: 23 mM]. Left ventricular developed pressure at 20 minutes of the reperfusion was significantly higher in group III [64.3 $\pm$ 3.12 mmHg, p<0.01] and group II [58.3 $\pm$ 1.55 mmHg, p<0.05] as compared with group I [51.4$\pm$ 2.78 mmHg]. The time to induce cardiac arrest after infusion of cardioplegic solution with adenosine 20 uM [5.3 $\pm$ 0.30 second, p<0.005] was significantly shorter than without adenosine [10.6$\pm$ 0.55 second]. Coronary flow at 20 minutes of the reperfusion was augmented significantly in group III [9.6$\pm$ 0.50 ml/min, p<0.05, p<0.05] as compared with group I [8.0 $\pm$ 0.41 ml/min] and group II [8.1$\pm$ 0.51 ml/min]. Percentage recovery of left ventricular developed pressure at 20 minutes of the reperfusion was significantly higher in group III [94.6$\pm$ 2.51 %, p<0.005] as compared with group II and in group II [83.1 $\pm$ 1.22 %, p<0.005] as compared with group I [69.9 $\pm$ 1.73 %], and also percentage recovery of coronary flow at 20 minutes of the reperfusion was significantly higher in group III [82.3 $\pm$ 3.86 %, p<0.05] as compared with group II [71.4 $\pm$ 3.46 %] but there was no significant difference between group I and group II. Measured level of creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme at 15 minutes of the reperfusion was significantly lower in group III [1.23 $\pm$ 0.16 ng/ml, p<0.025] and group II [1.42$\pm$ 0.10 ng/ml, p<0.05] as compared with group I [1.79 0.14 ng/ml]. In the semiquantitative evaluation of the ultrastructural changes of the myocardium, mitochondrial score was lower in group III [0.7 $\pm$ 0.21] than in group I [3.1$\pm$ 0.28] and group II [1.7 $\pm$ 0.19], and also the other structural score was lower in group III [2.7$\pm$ 0.99] than in group I [7.9 $\pm$ 0.89] and group II [5.0 $\pm$ 1.22]. In conclusion, the solution with ionic compositions of the intracellular fluid is appropriate for prolonged cardiac preservation, and it appears to be better preserving method for distant procurement when the donor heart is rapidly arrested with cardioplegic solution containing adenosine 20 uM, and then stored with Modified University of Wisconsin solution.

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