• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.181-189
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• 2013

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effect of cortical bone on acoustic properties of trabecular bone, such as speed of sound (SOS) and normalized broadband ultrasound attenuation (nBUA), in bovine femur in vitro. Twelve trabecular bone samples and three cortical bone plates with thicknesses of 1.00, 1.47, and 2.00 mm were extracted from the proximal end of two bovine femurs. The correlations between acoustic properties and trabecular apparent bone density were also examined before and after attaching a cortical bone plate to the trabecular bone samples. SOS increased linearly with increasing thickness of the cortical plate attached to one side of ultrasonic incidence of the trabecular bone samples, whereas nBUA showed a nonlinear dependence on the thickness of the cortical plate. All the SOS (r = 0.95-0.97) and nBUA (r = 0.53-0.73) measurements with and without the cortical bone plate with various thicknesses were found to exhibit high correlations with the trabecular apparent bone density. These results imply that the acoustic properties measured in the femur with lateral cortical layers in vitro can be useful indices for the prediction of trabecular bone mineral density.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.312-323
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• 2013

Variables affecting bone heath of growing children were analyzed among forty nine 10-12 year old elementary students in three rural regions of north west Chungnam area. Information on age of the parents, duration of breast feeding and birth weight were collected from the guardians of the participants and nutrient intake and diet quality were assessed by average of three-day food records of participants with the help of dietitians. Bone health status was measured by calceneal broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) using quantitative ultrasound (QUS). Results showed that anthropometic indexes and nutrient intake levels were not different between boys and girls. However, iron intake was significantly lower in girls than in boys. Girls after menarche showed lower intake levels for thiamin, riboflavin, pyridoxine and niacin than girls before menarche. z-scores of BMI were lower than -1 and higher than +1 showed shorter breast feeding period than others but the difference was statistically non-significant. Overall, the subjects did not consume enough s of calcium, vitamin C and folic acid. Zinc intake and BMI were the most significant factors affecting BUA by the results of backward elimination in multiple regression models. Phosphorous and beta-carotene intakes showed significant negative relation with BUA. This study showed that children living in the rural area of Chungnam need extra care to keep their health and nutrient intakes especially for the nutrients known to affect growth. Tailored nutrition education needs to be more focused on the improvement of bone health status of children.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.20-27
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• 2005

Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mass and the microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue with a consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture. It has been suggested that speed of sound (SOS) and broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) of quantitative ultrasound sonography (QUS) may provide information about not only bone density but also the microarchitecture and elastic properties of bone. Physical inactivity reduced mechanical usage and it made process to the bone changes. This study aimed to association between the physical activity and the QUS parameters in 1305 (593 men, 712 women) aged 20 years over in a rural population. Two QUS parameters, BUA (p=.23) and SOS(p=.73) were measured at the right calcaneus of postmenopausal women, no significant associations were observed between sports index and SOS and BUA. These results suggest that work, non-sports leisure physical activity (p<.01) have a significant influence on QUS parameters in a rural population. Physical activity are meaningful predictor of QUS parameters of the calcaneus in a rural population.

• Journal of the Korean Physical Society
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• v.73 no.12
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• pp.1849-1854
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• 2018

The present study aims to investigate the feasibility of using a simple nonlinear acoustic method for the assessment of bone status and osteoporosis in trabecular bone. Correlations of linear and nonlinear ultrasound parameters with the apparent bone density were obtained in 32 bovine femoral trabecular bone samples. Highly significant positive correlations were observed between the apparent bone density and the two linear ultrasound parameters, the speed of sound (SOS) and the normalized broadband ultrasound attenuation (nBUA), with Spearman's correlation coefficients of r = 0.85 and 0.77. In contrast, the apparent bone density was found to be negatively correlated with the nonlinear ultrasound parameter introduced in the present study, the logarithmic difference between the power spectrum levels of the fundamental frequency and the second harmonic (PSL1-PSL2), with the highest correlation coefficient of r = -0.92. These results suggest that the PSL1-PSL2, in addition to the SOS and the nBUA, may be useful for the assessment of bone status and osteoporosis.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.534-540
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• 2006

Recent studies have shown that environmental, biochemical, nutritional or genetic factors affect bone mineral density (BMD). The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gentotype and nutritional status on BMD of elderly women living in a rural area. Three hundred thirty five elderly women over 65 years in Asan participated the study. Data for demographic and nutrient intakes were obtained by survey with a two day 24 hr recall method. BMD was measured by broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) using quantitative ultrasound (QUS). VDR genotypes of the subjects analyzed with Bsm I restriction enzyme were bb (92%), Bb (7%) and BB (1%). No differences were found between genotypes bb and Bb/BB in age, menopausal age, body mass index and body fat. BUA of bb genotype was higher (62.5 $\pm$ 15.6 dB/MHz) than Bb/BB genotype (56.1 $\pm$ 17.6 dB/MHz) by Student's t-tests. Correlation analyses showed strong negative correlation of BMD and age, but positive correlation with BMI, energy and calcium intake. When subgroup analyses were conducted after stratification by the median calcium intake level (412.9 mg/d), the above median calcium intake group showed significant difference in BUA by VDR genotype while the lower median calcium intake group did not show significant difference. The current study confirmed interaction of calcium intake and VDR genotype in association with BMD. Further nutritional intervention will be needed to improve calcium status of the elderly women living in rural areas.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.171-176
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• 1998

The objective of this study was to re-evaluate ultrasound attenuation as an indicator of bone properties. Ultrasound attenuation(BUA), were measured in the three orthogonal directions of trabecular bone cubes, Measurements of bone mineral density(BMD) were made using quantitative computed tomography and apparent density by weighing bone specimens and measuring their volume. Ultrasonic modulus was calculated from the standard equation with apparent density and ultrasound velocity. Ultrasound attenuation at a frequency of 0.5 MHz and BUA were correlated with BMD and ultrasonic modulus in the anterior/posterior, medial/lateral, and superior/inferior directions. Analysis of correlations demonstrated that attenuation at 0.5 MHz was superior to BUA in describing both BMD and elastic modulus of trabecular bone. This result may be used to improve current ultrasound diagnostic techniques for assessing bone status.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Developmental Biology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.119-119
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• 2003

분만후 젖소의 자궁내 미생물상을 조사하고 미생물로부터 분리한 Lipopolysaccharide를 적용하여 소의 번식효율 증진에 기여하고자 분만후 젖소의 도축장 유래 자궁을 채취하여 혐기적 상태에서 균분리 동정을 실시하였다. 균분리 동정을 위하여, 시료를 1cm$\times$1cm로 채취하여 혐기상태에서 거품이 생길 때까지 vortexing한 후 균액 300$\mu l$를 뽑아 혐기배지에 도말하였고 도말한 plate는 $37{\circ}C$ 혐기chamber에서 24시간 배양하였다. 혐기배지에서 자란 균의 colony를 따서 Mac, BHI+B, BHI 배지에 배양한 후 Gram stain을 실시하였다. BHI 배지에서 자란 균의 colony를 따서 BUA+B 배지에 계대배양하였고 BUA+B 배지에서 자란 균중에 가장 마지막으로 자란 균을 따서 An-IF에 넣고 탁도를 63%T로 맞춘 후 An micro plate에 100$\mu l$씩 분주하였다. 분주한 plate를 $37{\circ}C$ 혐기 chamber에서 20~24시간 동안 배양한 후 Biolog를 실시하였다. 시료의 UV측정을 위하여 Sonic Processor로 세포를 분쇄하였고 분쇄한 세포를 $4{\circ}C$에서 10,000rpm으로 10분간 원심분리한 후 상층액을 분리하여 0.45$\mu m$ 필터로 여과한 다음 여과액을 취하여 UV로 standard(E.coli O26 B6 LPS)와 sample(10배 및 20배 희석액)을 측정하였다. (중략)

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.172-178
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• 2007

An ultrasonic bone densitometer has been developed by measuring speed of sound signal transmitted and received on the skin, not through the horizontal axis but through the vertical one in tissue. The SOS(speed of sound) method measuring the time difference between the ultrasound signals reflected from the both sides of surface of bone could produce more precise result compared with the BUA(broadband ultrasound attenuation) method measuring the frequency difference. Middle finger is selected to be the best measurement position in order to increase the accuracy, after due consideration that the thickness of flesh at the down part of thumb shows too much variation although the ratio of the receiving signal is higher than the other fingers. The measured value by using SOS method shows almost the same result as compared with the conventional DEXA method.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.243-249
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• 2011

The genetic diversity and population history of the Asian shore crab, Hemigrapsus sanguineus, were investigated with a nucleotide sequence analysis of 536 base pairs (bp) of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) in 111 samples collected from four populations in Korea and one in Japan. In total, 28 haplotypes were defined by 27 variable nucleotide sites in the COI region examined. The observed haplotypes had a shallow haplotype genealogy and no geographical associations. Most of the populations had high haplotype diversity (0.656-0.788) and low nucleotide diversity (0.00165-0.00244), and significant negative values for Fu's $F_S$, suggesting rapid and recent population growth from an ancestral population and sudden population expansion. The pairwise fixation indices ($F_{ST}$) estimated with the exact test and the migration rates indicate that substantial gene flow occurs among these populations as a result of sea currents, except between the Yellow Sea coast of Korea (BUA) and the Pacific Ocean coast of Japan (JPA). These two populations (BUA and JPA) showed significant genetic differentiation and low migration rate.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.53-60
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was investigating the effect of 3D printing technology that changes the speed of sound (SOS) and the broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) by controlling the density of the media phantom. We used 3D printers which called additive manufacturing (AM) by using material with polylactic acid (PLA). The inside of the medium phantom was filled crossly with 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, and 50% of the material. The ultrasonic instrument measured the SOS and the BUA using a 0.55 MHz ultrasound output in opposing mode with a pair of transducers. As a result, the density of the medium phantoms with the SOS showed very high correlation (r = 0.944), but the SOS showed very low correlation (r = 0.500). It is expecting that the manufacturing and measurement method of the medium phantom using 3D printing technology will be used as basic data for ultrasonic bone mineral density.