• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.205-214
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• 2021

The use of the supernatant from a Bacillus subtilis culture mixed with sodium bicarbonate was explored as a means of controlling stem brown spot disease in dragon fruit plants. In in vitro experiments, the B. subtilis supernatant used with sodium bicarbonate showed a strong inhibition effect on the growth of the fungus, Neoscytalidium dimidiatum, the agent causing stem brown spot disease and was notably effective in preventing fungal invasion of dragon fruit plant. This combination not only directly suppressed the growth of N. dimidiatum, but also indirectly affected the development of the disease by eliciting the dragon-fruit plant's defense response. Substantial levels of the pathogenesis-related proteins, chitinase and glucanase, and the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway enzymes, peroxidase and phenyl alanine ammonia-lyase, were triggered. Significant lignin deposition was also detected in treated cladodes of injured dragon fruit plants in in vivo experiments. In summary, B. subtilis supernatant combined with sodium bicarbonate protected dragon fruit plant loss through stem brown spot disease during plant development in the field through pathogenic fungal inhibition and the induction of defense response mechanisms.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.110-113
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• 2001

Post-harvest diseases of kiwifruit caused severe damages on the fruits during storage, transportation, marketing and consumption. Phomopsis sp. was reported to be one of the major causal organisms of post-harvest fruit rots of kiwifruit. Symptoms of stem-end rot caused by Phomopsis sp. appeared at the stem-end area of the fruit as it ripened. The brown pubescent skin at the area became soft and lighter in color than the adjacent firm healthy tissues. A watery exudate and white mycelial mats were frequently visible at the stem-end area forming a water-drop stain down the sides on the dry brown healthy skin. When the skin was peeled back, the affected flesh tissue was usually watersoaked, disorganized, soft and lighter green than the healthy tissue. Phomopsis sp. was consistently isolated from the diseased fruits, and its pathogenicity was confirmed by an artificial inoculation test on healthy fruit of kiwifruits. The mycological characteristics of the telemorph state of the fungus produced on potato-dextrose agar were in accordance with those of Diaporthe actinidiae. This is the first report on the occurrence of a telemorph state of D. actinidiae as the causal organism of stem-end rot of kiwifruit in Korea.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.167-172
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• 2006

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of substrate water content and electrical conductivity (EC) on the incidence of brown fruit stem and blossom end rot in glasshouse sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum cv. Special). Three levels of water content and EC had been treated since the first fruit reached 3cm in diameter: that is, 49 (low), 65 (medium), and 86% (high) for water content, and 2.4 (low), 4.2 (medium) and $6.3dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$(high) for EC. Shoot growth was reduced with decreasing water content, and it was lower in both high and low EC treatments than medium EC treatment. Fruit weight at harvest was greater in both medium and hish water content treatments than low water content treatment (158g vs 146g). High EC reduced fruit weight compared to or low EC treatments. The incidence of brown fruit stem increased with increasing water content and with decreasing EC. The highest incidence was shown in the high water content/low EC treatment (38%), which was considerably higher than 2.4% of the low water content/high EC treatment. Blossom end rot occurred in general in the low water content and/or high EC conditions. These results indicated that substrate water content and EC should be controlled differently according to the growth stage, to reduce the incidence of blossom end rot and brown fruit stem in glasshouse sweet pepper. First, to reduce blossom end rot incidence, water content should be maintained high (86%) and EC low ($2.4dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$) until Sweets after fruit set. Secondly, to reduce brown fruit stem incidence, water content should be maintained low (49%) and EC high ($6.3dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$), especially after completion of fruit growth.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.164-184
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• 2003

Objectives : This study was designed to establish a characteristic discrimination of internal and external morphological standard of original plants and herbal states in Pogostemonis and Agastachis Herba. Methods : In this studies, the external-internal morphological standards were determined by using stereoscope and butanol series. Results : 1. The external characteristics: Pogostemon cablin has hairs and brown-like in stem, elliptical fruit. On the other hand, Agastache rugosa has no hairs and red-like in stem, obovatic trigone fruit. 2. The physical characteristics: Pogostemon cablin is gray in whole, has hairs in stem and numerous hairs of ash in leaf. On the other hand, Agastache rugosa is yellow-green in whole, has no hairs in stem. Specially the latter has deep-green colour and numerous hairs presenting mostly at lower epidermis in leaf. 3. The physical characteristics in currents: Pogostemon cablin is brown, has hairs and round-like stem. On the other hand, Agastache rugosa is green or yellow-green, has no hairs and tetragon in stem. 4. The internal characteristics: Pogostemon cablin has progressed spongy tissue in epidermal cell of leaf and many rank of epidermal cell in stem. On other hand, Agastache rugosa has I rank palisade tissue in leaf and few rank of epidermal cell in stem. In the external shape, it was possible that herbs were distinguished according to artificial cIassification and that same genus-degree of relatedness among herbs could be distinguished by more precise and active observation. In the shape of real herbs, I compared current herbs in market with original herbs which were just collected or were on the course of drying. In addition, it was possible that the internal shape could be identified by using microscope after butanol series. Conclusion : Though it was impossible to make distinction of herbs which are not current in my search contents, this search contents will be a standard for applying herbs in the future. An Additional standard establishment including physiochemical reaction and gene research is required in order to supplement the fault of this search.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.305-310
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of air humidity and water content of medium on the growth and physiological disorder of paprika in summer hydroponics. Treatments were composed of air humidity of control (over 90%) and dehumidification (low 90%) and water content of 80% and 50%. Time domain reflectometry (TDR) sensors and dehumidifier were used in a drip irrigation system and control system of air humidity, respectively. The early growth of paprika was not affected by air humidity but increased by high water content (80%) of medium. Mean fruit weight was reduced at high air humidity and low water content (50%) of medium, but the fruit number per plant and yield were increased at low air humidity. The incidence of brown fruit stem increased with increasing air humidity and water content of medium. Rate of blossom end rot increased in the low water content medium compared with the high water content medium. The nitrogen (N) was higher content in brown fruit stem than normal stem, but calcium (Ca) was lower.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.258-262
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate the effect the water content in substrates as according to growth stage on the growth and yield of paprika in summer hydroponics. Treatments of I, II and III were composed of 55-65-60, 50-60-55 and 45-55-50 % in water contents of growth stages, respectively. Time domain reflectometry (TDR) sensors were used in a drip irrigation system. The early growth of paprika was increased by high medium water content of treatment I. Mean fruit weight was not affected by medium water content, but the fruit number per plant and yield were increased at high medium water content of treatment I. The yield of treatment I was higher than that of treatment II and III. The incidence of brown stem fruit, blossom end rot and sunburn was decreased with increasing water content of medium. Occurred in the low water content of medium. The nitrogen (N) was higher content in brown stem fruit than normal stem, but mineral contents such as potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) etc. were not affected.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.413-413
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• 2021

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.184-188
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• 2001

Phytophthora-induced diseases on citrus in Jeju island have been considered of minor importance because of the use as root stock of trifoliate orange, which is immune to Phytophthora. However, brown rot on fruit, which severely occurred in 1998 and 1999, has become a great threat to citrus production in the island. About one-half of the surveyed orchards were infected in 1998 and 4 out of 19 infected fields showed over 20% fruit infection rate. The disease was less severe in 1999, with an estimated infected area and total fruit reduction of 3,155 ha and 15,300 tons, respectively. Typical gummosis was also occasionally observed on cv. Shiranugi, which is mostly cultivated under plastic film houses. Two types of Phytophthora were consistently isolated from various plant parts, identified as P. citrophthora and P. nicotianae. The former was isolated from the aerial parts of the fruit, young leaf, and shoot in the fields. Meanwhile, the latter was only isolated from the basal stem showing gummosis in plastic film houses.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.12 no.2 s.17
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• pp.75-83
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• 2006

Pogostemonis and Agastachis Herba are the whole of Pogostemon cablin (BLANCO) BENTH or Agastache rugosa (FISCHER et MEYER) O. KUNTZE (family Labiatae) which is produced in all part of Korea and China. This drug is used for removing dampness by means of aromatics in oriental medicine. The standard formula of this drug is important from the viewpoint of the quality control. A characteristic discrimination of internal and external morphological standard in original plants and herbal states of Pogostemonis and Agastachis Herba are as follows. 1. The external characteristics: Pogostemon cablin has hairs and brown-like in stem, elliptical fruit. In the other hand, Agastache rugosa has no hairs and red-like in stem, obovatic trigone fruit. 2. The physical characteristics: Pogostemon cablin is gray in whole, has hairs in stem and numerous hairs of ash in leaf. In the other hand, Agastache rugosa is yellow-green in whole, has no hairs in stem. Specially the latter has deep-green colour and numerous hairs presenting mostly at lower epidermis in leaf. 3. The physical characteristics in currents: Pogostemon cablin is brown, has hairs and round-like stem. In the other hand, Agastache rugosa is green or yellow-green, has no hairs and tetragon in stem. 4. The internal characteristics: Pogostemon cablin has progressed spongy tissue in epidermal cell of leaf and many rank of epidermal cell in stem. In other hand, Agastache rugosa has 1 rank palisade tissue in leaf and few rank of epidermal cell in stem. In the external shape, it was possible that herbs were distinguished according to artificial classification and that same genus-degree of relatedness among herbs could be distinguished by more precise and active observation. In the shape of real herbs, I compared current herbs in market with original herbs which were just collected or were on the course of drying. In addition, it was possible that the internal shape could be identified by using microscope after butanol series. Though it was impossible to make distinction of herbs which are not current in my search contents, this search contents will be a standard for applying herbs in the future. An Additional standard establishment including physiochemical reaction and gene research is required in order to supplement the fault of this search.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.162-166
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• 2006

The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of cultivation time on the incidence of brown fruit stem (BFS) in glasshouse sweet pepper (cv. Special) and to investigate environmental causes of this disorder. The plants transplanted on 31 August (T1) showed more incidence of BFS than those on 24 November (T2) (6.1% vs.2.9%; P<0.01). The BFS symptom began to appear after completion of fruit enlargement, more often around fruit coloring period. Comparing the environmental factors between T1 and T2, with their data collected for 3 weeks around fruit coloring period, the factor that was most likely responsible for BFS incidence was found to be the night-time humidity deficit (HD) ($1.9g{\cdot}m^{-3}\;vs\;2.9g{\cdot}m^{-3}HD$). These results were reconfirmed as T1 was compared to the plants (T3) that were transplanted at a similar time of the following year to T1, but designed to reduce BSF by increasing air HD via heating at night. That is,T3 had much higher night-time HD than T1 ($5.9g{\cdot}m^{-3}\;vs\;1.9g{\cdot}m^{-3}HD$), and showed no incidence of BFS. These results indicated that, to prevent BFS incidence in the winter-harvesting sweet pepper plants, air humidity at night should be controlled low, especially for the fruit coloring period after fruit enlargement period is completed.