• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권11호
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• pp.1642-1649
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• 2003

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of phytase supplementation on the growth performance, nutrients utilization and bone mineralization in broiler chickens. Day-old broiler chicks (n=480) were equally devided into eight treatment groups and fed maize or wheat based isocaloric, isonitrogenous and isocalcium diets having two non phytate phosphorus (NPP) concentrations (0.50% and 0.30%) and two phytase levels (0 and 500 phytase units/kg diet) in a 42 days growth trial. Maize based dietary treatments were MC (NPP 0.50%, MN (NPP 0.30%), MNP (MN+500 units of phytase) and MCP (MC+500 units of phytase), whereas wheat based experimental diets were WC (NPP 0.50%), WN (NPP 0.30%), WNP (WN+500 units of phytase) and WCP (WC+500 units of phytase). The NPP levels were maintained by dicalcium phosphate. Reduction in dietary NPP depressed live weight gain and feed intake and increased feed conversion ratio (FCR). Phytase supplementation to low NPP (0.30%) diets significantly (p<0.05) improved the growth performances of broilers. The supplementation to low NPP diets allowed complete, safe and economic replacement of dietary inorganic P (dicalcium phosphate) to reduce feed cost per kg live weight gain of broilers. Reduction in dietary NPP did not affect retention of nutrients except phosphorus (P) but had a significant (p<0.05) depression in tibia ash and minerals (Ca, P) concentration in serum and tibia ash. Phytase supplementation at low NPP level was effective (p<0.05) in improving the retention of dry matter, Ca and P and Ca and P concentration in serum and tibia ash. However, the supplementation was not effective at high level of NPP (0.50%). There were no significant (p>0.05) differences in carcass quality among dietary treatments. The response of phytase was greater in low NPP and maize based diets as compared with high NPP and wheat based diets, respectively. The results show that phytase supplementation to low NPP (0.30%) diets improved the growth performance, relative retention of nutrients (N, Ca and P) and minerals (Ca, P) status of blood and bone in broiler chickens, with a better efficacy in maize based diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.1501-1509
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• 2003

The simultaneous addition of xylanase (5,600 EXU/kg) and phytase (500 FTU/kg) feed enzymes to wheat-based broiler diets was investigated. Starter, grower and finisher diets, with three tiers of nutrient specifications, were fed to 1,440 broiler chicks kept on deep litter from 1-42 days post-hatch, without and with xylanase plus phytase, to determine the effects of diet type and enzyme supplementation on growth performance. The nutrient specifications of type A diets were standard; energy density and protein/amino acid levels were reduced on a least-cost basis to formulate type B diets and further reduced to type C diets. Phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) levels were adjusted in supplemented diets. From 1-42 days post-hatch, diet type significantly influenced growth performance. Birds on type C diets had lower growth rates (2,429 vs. 2,631 g/bird; p<0.001), higher feed intakes (4,753 vs. 4,534 g/bird; p<0.005) and less efficient feed conversion (1.96 vs. 1.72; p<0.001) than birds offered type A diets. Enzyme supplementation increased growth rates by 3.2% (2,580 vs. 2,501 g/bird; p<0.005) and improved feed efficiency by 2.7% (1.80 vs. 1.85; p<0.05) over the entire feeding period. There were no interactions between diet type and enzyme supplementation. At 21 days, 5 out of 30 birds per pen were transferred to cages to ascertain treatment effect on apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and nitrogen (N) retention. Xylanase plus phytase enhanced AME (13.48 to 13.91 MJ/kg DM; p<0.001) and N retention (56.3 to 59.7%; p<0.005). Carcass and breast weights of the caged birds were determined following commercial processing. Diet type significantly influenced breast weight, carcass weight and yield. Birds offered Type A diets, in comparison to Type C diets, supported heavier breast (467 vs. 424 g; p<0.001) and carcass weights (1,868 vs. 1,699 g; p<0.001) with superior carcass yields (71.8 vs. 70.6%; p<0.005). Enzyme addition increased carcass weight by 3.9% (1,752 vs. 1,821 g; p<0.005) and breast weight by 5.8% (431 vs. 456 g; p<0.01) without influencing yields. Feed ingredient costs per kg live weight gain and per kg carcass weight indicated that enzyme addition was economically feasible, where supplementation of Type A diets generated the most effective results. Importantly, soluble and total non-starch polysaccharide and phytate contents of the wheat used were typical by local standards. This study confirms the potential of supplementing wheat-based broiler diets with xylanase plus phytase but further investigations are required to define the most appropriate inclusion rates and dietary nutrient specifications in this context.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.981-991
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• 2020

Objective: To evaluate calcium stearoyl-2 lactylate (CSL) performance as an exogenous emulsifier together with lipase for broiler diets. Methods: In total, 252 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were allocated in a completely randomized design to give 6 replications per treatment with 7 birds in each cage. There were six dietary treatments representing a 2×3 factorial arrangement consisted of two energy levels (standard energy [positive control, PC] and -100 kcal/kg of the requirement level [negative control, NC]) and three dietary treatments (without additives [CON], CON+CSL [CSL], and CON+CSL+lipase [CSL-Lipase]). Corn and soybean meal-based experimental diets containing vegetable oil were formulated. Growth performance, blood parameters, visceral organ weights, ileal morphology, nutrient digestibility, and cytokine gene expression were measured. Results: Birds fed a diet including CSL increased (p<0.05) lipase level in blood compared to birds fed a diet including CSL-Lipase on day 21. Similarly, higher (p<0.05) liver weight was observed in birds fed a diet including either CSL or CSL-Lipase on day 21. Birds fed NC diet with CSL improved (p<0.05) nutrient digestibility compared to the NC diet on day 21. However, birds fed a diet supplemented with CSL or CSL-Lipase did not affect (p>0.05) the weight gain, feed efficiency, ileal morphology, and cytokine concentrations during the experiment period, regardless of dietary energy levels. Conclusion: Our results indicated that CSL has a role in improving nutrient digestibility in young birds when supplemented to a corn-soybean meal based broiler diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권8호
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• pp.1143-1149
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• 2017

Objective: The objective of the present study was to determine whether mango saponin (MS) could be used as a feed additive in broiler chicks by evaluating growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, and plasma biochemical indices. Methods: A total of 216 1-d-old Arbor Acres male broiler chicks were randomly assigned into three dietary treatments supplemented with 0 (control), 0.14% (MS 0.14%), or 0.28% (MS 0.28%) MS. Each treatment had six replicates (cages) with 12 chicks each. The feeding trial lasted for six weeks. Results: Compared with the control, dietary supplemented with 0.14% or 0.28% MS increased average daily weight gain of chicks in the grower (22 to 42 d) and the whole (1 to 42 d) phases, and the final body weight of chicks on d 42 was higher in MS supplemented groups (p<0.05). Lower $L_{45min}{^{\star}}$ (lightness) and $L_{24h}{^{\star}}$ values, lower $b_{24h}{^{\star}}$ (yellowness) value, and higher $a_{45min}{^{\star}}$ (redness) and $a_{24h}{^{\star}}$ values of the breast muscle were observed in chicks fed with 0.28% MS on d 42 (p<0.05). The total antioxidant capacity in plasma increased in MS 0.14% group on d 21 (p<0.001). Lower contents of plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride were observed in chicks fed with 0.28% MS on d 21 and d 42, whereas the group supplemented with 0.14% MS only decreased plasma triglyceride content on d 21 (p<0.05). The glucose content in plasma decreased in MS 0.28% group on d 42 (p<0.001). Conclusion: Overall, MS could be used as a feed additive in broiler chicks, and the supplemental level of 0.28% MS in diet could improve growth performance, meat quality, and plasma lipid metabolism in broiler chicks.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.211-220
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• 2017

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of yeast with bacteriocin and Lactobacillus cultures (mixture of Lactobacillus agilis BCRC 10436 and Lactobacillus reuteri BCRC 17476) supplements, alone or in combination, on broiler chicken performance. Methods: A total of 300, 1-d-old healthy broiler chickens were randomly divided into five treatment groups: i) basal diet (control), ii) basal diet+0.25% yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (YC), iii) basal diet+0.25% yeast with bacteriocin (BA), iv) basal diet+Lactobacillus cultures (LAB), and v) basal diet +0.25% yeast with bacteriocin+Lactobacillus cultures (BA+LAB). Growth performance, cecal microbiota, cecal fermentation products, and blood biochemistry parameters were determined when chickens were 21 and 35 d old. Results: The supplementation of YC, BA, and BA+LAB resulted in a significantly better feed conversion rate (FCR) than that of the control group during 1 to 21 d (p<0.05). The LAB supplementation had a significant effect on the presence of Lactobacillus in the ceca at 35 d. None of the supplements had an effect on relative numbers of L. agilis and L. reuter at 21 d, but the BA supplementation resulted in the decrease of both Lactobacillus strains at 35 d. The BA+LAB supplementation resulted in higher short chain fatty acid (SCFA) in the ceca, but LAB supplementation significantly decreased the SCFA at 35 d (p<0.05). All treatments tended to decrease ammonia concentration in the ceca at 21 d, especially in the LAB treatment group. The BA supplementation alone decreased the triacylglycerol (TG) concentration significantly at 21 d (p<0.05), but the synergistic effect of BA and LAB supplementation was required to reduce the TG concentration at 35 d. The YC supplementation tended to increase the plasma cholesterol at 21 d and 35 d. However, the BA supplementation significantly decreased the cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol level at 35 d. In conclusion, the BA+LAB supplementation was beneficial to body weight gain and FCR of broiler chickens. Conclusion: The effect of BA and LAB supplementation may be a result of the growth of lactic acid bacteria enhancement and physiological characterization of bacteriocin, and it suggests that the BA and LAB supplementation level or Lactobacillus strain selection should be integrated in future supplementation designs.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.329-335
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• 2009

본 연구에서는, 3개의 다른 색(white, blue 및 red/ 23L-1D)의 조명이 육계 암수별 행동 및 생산성에 미치는 영향에 대해서 조사하였다. 시험계는 초생추 육계를 6개 pan(pan당 암컷 16수, 수컷 16수)으로 나누어서, 3가지 색의 조명에서 실험이 실시되었다. 실험계는 3일간의 조명에 대한 적응 기간을 거친 후, 동일한 사양 조건에서, 암수 각각 3수씩, pan당 6마리의 focal birds를 중심으로 pecking, resting, standing 및 walking 행동이, 1일 120분간(pan당 20분/일), 주 5일간, 직접관찰법으로 5주간 시행되었다. 뿐만 아니라 증체량과 사료 섭취량 등은 주별로 계산되었고, 시험계 19일령과 33일령의 2회에 걸쳐서 TI-반응과, 33일령의 1회에 걸쳐서 gait score, foot pad score 및 horn burn score가 조사되었다. 조명의 색은 증체량, 사료 섭취량에는 유의한 영향을 미치지 않았다(P>0.05). 그러나 사료 효율에는 유의한 영향을 미쳐서(P<0.05), blue 조명의 경우가 white 및 red 조명의 경우보다 높았다(P<0.05). Resting 행동 빈도는 전체의 행동 빈도에서 주요한 행동으로 나타났으며, 이는 암수간 또는 조명의 색깔에 따라서 영향을 받지 않았다. 성장 초기에는 red 조명에서 resting 행동 빈도가 낮게 나타나는 경향이 있었다. 뿐만 아니라 standing 행동 빈도는 4~18일령에, walking 행동 빈도는 전 시험 기간 동안 red 조명에서 높게 나타나는 경향이 있었다. 본 연구 결과로부터 육계 사육장내 조명의 색은 생산성, 행동 빈도 및 복지에 영향을 미칠 가능성이 생각되었다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.133-139
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• 2006

본 시험은 육계 사료내 Biotite V의 첨가가 육계의 성장 능력, 영양소 소화율, 혈청 및 육내 콜레스테롤 함량에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 실시하였다. 총 480수의 2 일령된 Arbor Acre Broiler(male) 병아리를 공시하였고 사양시험은 5주간 실시하였다. 시험 설계는 육계 전기 사료로서 1) CON (basal diet), 2) BV200 (basal diet+200 mesh Biotite V 1.5%) 및 3) BV325 (basal diet+325 mesh Biotite V 1.5%) 를 첨가하여 제조하였다. 처리당 8반복, 반복당 20수씩 완전 임의 배치하였다. 개시시부터 1주까지의 증체량에서는 Biotite V를 첨가한 처리구가 대조구에 비하여 유의적인 증가를 보였다(P<0.05). 전체 시험기간 동안의 증체율, 사료 섭취량과 사료효율에 있어서는 Biotite V 를 첨가한 처리구간에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다(P>0.05). 건물과 질소 소화율에서는 처리구간의 차이를 보이지 않았다(P>0.05). Biotite V 첨가구에서 복강내 지방 무게, 혈청과 육내 콜레스테롤 함량이 대조구에 비해 유의적인 차이는 없었다(P>0.05). 결론적으로, 육계 사료내 Biotite V의 첨가는 성장율, 영양소 소화율, 혈청 및 육내 콜레스테롤 함량에 영향을 미치지 않았다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.81-88
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 농산부산물의 사료첨가 급여가 육계의 생산성과 혈액성상에 미치는 효과를 메타분석이라는 통계적 방법을 이용하여 조사하였다. 본 분석에 사용된 연구논문들은 모두 대한민국에 소재한 일반 상업 육계농가에서 사양시험을 수행하였고, 농산부산물의 사료첨가 급여 효과를 조사하였다. 총 11개의 연구논문에서 32개의 실험들을 메타분석에 이용하였다. 사양 단계는 총 사육일수를 기준으로 두 단계로 구분하였고, 생산성으로는 체중, 증체량, 사료섭취량 그리고 사료요구율을 평가하였다. 그리고 도체중, 도체율, 간장 및 비장 무게에 대한 효과를 평가하였다. 혈액성상으로는 혈중 포도당, 콜레스테롤, 중성지방, 고밀도지방단백 및 저밀도 지방단백함량에 대한 효과를 조사하였다. 농산부산물의 사료첨가 급여는 육계의 출하체중을 유의적으로 증가시키는 결과를 나타내었다. 사료요구율도 농산부산물을 사료첨가하여 급여한 처리구에서 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다. 즉, 농산부산물의 사료첨가급여는 육계 생산성을 개선할 수 있는 가능성이 존재함을 확인할 수 있었다. 도체중, 도체율, 간장 및 비장 무게에서는 유의적인 처리효과를 관찰할 수 없었으나, 복강지방은 농산부산물 급여 처리에 의해 유의적으로 감소하는 것을 확인하였다. 혈액성상에 있어서는 총 콜레스테롤 함량 및 중성지방 수치가 처리효과에 의해 유의적으로 감소하였고, 고밀도지방단백은 유의적으로 증가하였다. 일련의 결과를 통하여 농산부산물의 사료첨가 급여는 육계의 혈액성상 개선과 복강내 지방 침착 억제를 통한 생산성 개선의 효과를 갖는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.27-40
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• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding various Lactobacillus on performance, nutrients digestibility, intestinal microflora, and fecal noxious gas of broiler chicks. One thousand eighty one dat old male broiler chicks were fed into Lactobacillus crispatus avibrd 1(LCB), Lactobacillus reuteri avibro 2(LRB), Lactobacillus crispatus avihen 1(LCH), and Lactobacillus vaginalis avehen 2(LVH) at the level of $10^{4}$ and 10(sup)7cfu/g diet. There were four replicates with thirty chicks per pen. Diets contained ME 3,100, 3,100kcal/kg, and CP 22.0, 20.0% for starting and finishing period, respectively. Weight gain of checks fed Lactobacillus spp. tended to increase from the first week and was higher from 50 to 100g in Lactobacillus treatments than control. Feed intake and feed conversion were not statistically different of all treatments. Dry Matter(DM) digestibility of Lactobacillus treatments was tended to improve compared to that of control, but was not significantly different. Protein and Ca digestibility were also tended to improve in Lactobacillus treatments relative that of control. Lactobacillus treatments showed improved tendency in crude ash and fat compared to those of control, whereas phosphorus digestibility was not consistency. Nutrients digestibilities of bird fed LCH were superior to those of other treatments. It showed significantly higher in Ca and P digestibility than control(P〈0.05). Total Lactobacillus spp. of birds fed various lactobacillus was significantly higher in ileum for five weeks(P〈0.05), but was not different at cecum. Yeast was thought to be not completely attached to intestinal lumen for one week. However, total number of yeast was significantly increased in cecum and ileum from three weeks old chicks(P〈0.05). The number of anaerobes exhibited to tendency the increase in Lantobacillus treatments from one week old of age at both ileum and cecum. Moisture contents of birds fed Lactobacillus spp. was shown from 27 to 30% at five weeks old, whereas it was 38.2% in control. It decreased approximately 25% in Lactobacillus treatments relative to that of control and showed significance between them(P〈0.05). Fecal $NH_{3}$ gas emission was significantly decreased in Lactobacillus treatments and maintained $\frac{1}{3}$to $\frac{1}{2}$ of control(P〈0.05). LCH and LVH treatments were most effective to decrease fecal $NH_{3}$ gas and especiallt impreved ti significantly at the level of the level of 10(sup)7cfu/g diets covpared to that of $10^{4}$ cfu/g diets and control(P〈0.05). In conclusion, feeding Lactobacillus spp. increase performance and nutrients digestibilities of broiler chicks and improve environments of house. Proper supplemental level of Lactobacillus spp. is considered more than $10^{4}$ cfu/g diet.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.171-176
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• 2004

본 연구는 두 가지 화학제제(A1Cl$_3$, Alum+CaCO$_3$)를 깔짚에 첨가하였을 때 육계생산성과 계사내 이산화탄소($CO_2$)발생에 어떠한 영향을 주는지 알아보기 위해서 수행하였다. 2가지 실험은 42일 동안 이용한 깔짚에서 발생되는 이산화탄소($CO_2$) 가스 함량을 측정하였다. 깔짚 kg 당의 화학제제는 200 g A1Cl$_3$ㆍ6$H_2O$, 200g $Al_2$(SO$_4$)$_3$ㆍ14$H_2O$＋50g CaCO$_3$의 비율로 첨가하였다. 시험 결과 육계생산성은 각 대조구와 처리구간에 차이가 없었지만, 화학제제를 처리한 육계 깔짚에서 생성된 이산화탄소($CO_2$) 발생량은 대조구보다 낮았다(P < 0.05와 0.01). 본 연구는 화학제제를 처리한 구(A1Cl$_3$, Alum+CaCO$_3$)가 화학제제를 처리하지 않은 구(대조구)보다 이산화탄소($CO_2$) 발생량이 현저하게 감소되었다.