• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권7호
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• pp.987-997
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• 2016

The objective of the study was to compare the carcass characteristics, meat quality, and blood parameters of slow and fast grown female broiler chickens fed in organic or conventional production system. The two genotypes tested were medium slow-growing chickens (SG, Hubbard Red JA) and commercial fast-growing chickens (FG, Ross 308). Both genotypes (each represented by 400 chickens) were divided into two sub-groups fed either organic (O) or conventional (C) systems. Chickens of each genotype and system were raised in a semi environmentally controlled poultry house until 21 d of age and were assigned to 5 pens of 40 chickens each. Then, O system chickens were transferred into an open-side poultry house with an outdoor run. At 81 d of age, 10 female chickens from each genotype and from each production system (n = 40) were randomly chosen to provide material for analysis, and were weighed and brought to the slaughterhouse to assess carcass characteristics and meat quality. The blood parameters were determined by using 5 female chickens from each genotype and from each production system (n = 20). FG had the higher live weight, along with carcass, breast, and thigh-drumstick weights compared to SG (p<0.05). FG had the higher breast yield, whereas SG had the higher thigh-drumstick yield (p<0.05). The O system resulted in a higher amount of abdominal fat (p<0.05). In addition, the O system values were higher for dry matter, crude ash, crude protein, and $pH^{15}$ values in breast meat, and for crude ash, crude protein, and $pH^{15}$ values in drumstick meat (p<0.05). In addition, total saturated fatty acids, total mono-unsaturated fatty acids, and total omega 3 were significantly higher in the O system than in the C system. Thus, the O system showed a positive advantage compared to the C system regarding female chicken meat quality, primarily within the ash, protein, and total omega 3 fatty acid profiles. In conclusion, the present study indicated that the main factor affecting the carcass characteristics of female chickens was genotype, whereas the organic system contributed to enhanced meat quality. These findings provide a better understanding of the relative roles of genotype and production systems in female broiler characteristics, and might aid producers in designing their facilities to optimize yield and quality while maintaining acceptable animal welfare standards.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.239-253
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• 2021

본 연구는 Cobb종 및 Ross 308종 육계가 동물복지 사육환경에 따라 나타내는 대사체학적 변화를 연구하기 위하여 수행되었다. 일반농장과 동물복지농장(사육면적, 사육밀도, 암모니아 농도, 볏짚 등 제공)에 1일령의 Cobb종 및 Ross종 육계를 35일간 사육하고, 도계 후 가슴육과 다리육을 채취하여 분석에 이용하였다. 대사체 분석은 one-dimensional ¹H 핵자기공명분광법을 이용하였고, 직교부분최소자승판별분석(OPLS-DA)과 대사경로 분석을 함께 수행하였다. OPLS-DA 결과 육계 가슴육은 Ross종에 한하여 사육농장간 뚜렷한 구분이 가능하였다. 동물복지농장 유래 Ross종 육계 가슴육은 acetate, anserine, creatine, inosine monophosphate 함량이 일반농장 닭가슴육에 비해 유의적으로 높았다(P<0.05). 반면 육계 다리육은 OPLS-DA 결과 Cobb종 육계에서만 사육농장에 따른 구분이 뚜렷하게 나타났는데, glucose와 lactate를 포함한 5종의 대사체 함량은 동물복지농장에서 사육된 경우에 높았으나 7종의 유리아미노산을 포함한 9종의 대사체 함량은 낮았다(P<0.05). 대사경로 분석 결과 Ross종 육계 가슴육에서는 4종, Cobb종 육계 다리육에서는 glycolysis/gluconeogenesis를 포함한 20종의 대사경로에서 사육농장 간 유의적인 차이(P<0.05)가 나타났다. 동물복지농장에서 사육된 Ross종 육계 가슴육과 Cobb종 육계 다리육은 일반농장에서 사육된 경우와는 다른 대사체학적 특성을 나타냈으며, 특히 풍미 물질에의 뚜렷한 차이를 보여 관능적 특성에 영향을 미칠 수 있으리라 사료된다.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.248-253
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• 2006

This study examined the effects of vacuum packaging and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on the meat quality of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol supplemented broiler chicks after prolonged refrigeration. The supplemented ${\alpha}$-tocopherol levels had no effect on the body weight and feed efficiency. The dietary treatments and packaging methods had no significant effects on the level of microbial growth, lightness, and the metmyoglobin content. The vacuum packaging showed the highest level of purge loss. The broilers supplemented with either 200 or 400 IU of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol had a lower level of malondialdehyde than the control group. The vacuum packaged meats from chicks fed the control diet showed the highest levels of lipid oxidation. The lipid oxidative stability was most improved in modified atmosphere (20% $CO_2$ + 80% $N_2$) packaged breast meat from the broilers supplemented with either 200 or 400 IU of ${\alpha}$-tocopheryl acetate.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.709-716
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to compare the characteristics that define the quality of Woorimatdag$^{TM}$ (WM, a certified meat-type commercial Korea indigenous chicken breed) and a commercial broiler breed (Ross, CB). Two hundred WM and 200 CB chickens that were 1-d-old and mixed sex were obtained from a commercial hatchery and randomly assigned to floor pens (20 chickens per pen, $3.0{\times}2.0m$) and raised under the same environmental conditions. WM breast meat contained significantly higher crude protein and ash as well as lower crude fat than CB breast meat (p<0.05). WM breast meat had slightly higher alanine, histidine, isoleucine, and glycine as well as lower phenylalanine content than CB breast meat (p<0.05), and the WM breast meat had a low ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acid composition (p<0.05). However, arachidonic acid composition was higher in the WM than the CB breast meat. In addition, the inosin-5'-monophosphate content was also higher in the WM compared with the CB breast (p<0.05). The WM breast meat had higher total collagen content compared with CB breast meat. WM soup taste received higher scores with regard to sensory evaluation compared with CB soup (p<0.05). From these results, we conclude that higher amount of protein and flavor precursors and lower amount of fat in the breast meat of WM could be attractive by consumer when compared with CB.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.695-701
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• 2016

This study was conducted to observe antioxidant enzyme activity, iron content and lipid oxidation of Korean native chickens and other poultry. The breast and thigh meat of three Korean native chicken breeds including Woorimatdak, Hyunin black and Yeonsan ogye, and three commercial poultry breeds including the broiler, White Leghorn and Pekin duck (Anasplatyrhyncos domesticus) were studied. The analyses of the antioxidant enzymes activity, iron content and lipid oxidation were performed in raw and cooked samples. The activity of catalase (CAT) in the thigh meat was higher than that of the breast meat of three Korean native chickens and the broiler, respectively. The activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the uncooked thigh meat of three Korean native chickens was higher than that of the breasts. The breast meat of Woorimatdak and Pekin duck had higher superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity than the others, while only the thigh meat of Pekin duck had the highest activity. Cooking inactivated CAT and decreased the activity of GPx and SOD. The thigh meat of Woorimatdak, White Leghorn, Yeonsan ogye and Hyunin black contained more total iron than the breast meat of those breeds. The heme-iron lost during cooking ranged from 3.2% to 14.8%. It is noted that the thigh meat had higher thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values than the breast in all chicken breeds. Though Woorimatdak showed higher antioxidant enzyme activity and lower released-iron percentage among Korean native chickens, no differences were found on lipid oxidation. We confirm that the dark meat of poultry exhibited higher antioxidant enzyme activity and contained more iron than the white meat.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권11호
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• pp.1585-1591
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• 2001

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of early feed restriction on growth, fat accumulation and meat composition in unsexed broiler chickens. Five hundred 7-day old unsexed broiler chickens were distributed into ten treatment groups with 5 pens of 10 broilers each group. One group was fed ad libitum as the control group and other nine groups were fed 25% ad libitum for 3, 6 or 9 days, 50% ad libitum for 3, 6 or 9 days, and 75% ad libitum for 3, 6 or 9 days, respectively. Thereafter, they were fed ad libitum to 56 days of age. The present results showed that broilers showed compensatory growth when they were restrict-refed. Feed conversion ratio was significantly lower in broilers fed 25% ad libitum for 9 days (p<0.05). Triglyceride concentration of serum was significantly lower in restricted unsexed broilers (p <0.01), whereas cholesterol concentration was not significantly different. Abdominal fat was significantly lower in broilers fed 25% ad libitum for 9 days, 50% ad libitum for 3 days and 75% ad libitum for 6 or 9 days (p<0.05). Moisture and protein contents of meats were not significantly affected. Ash content of meat was significantly higher in restricted broilers. Fat content of meat was lower in broilers fed 25% ad libitum for 9 days, 75% ad libitum for 3 to 9 days. In conclusion, broilers showed compensatory growth when they were restrict-refed at an early age. In order to achieve the success of early feed restriction (namely reduce fat accumulation and improve feed conversion ratio with comparable body weight at market age), unsexed broilers should be fed at level of 25 ad libi=tum for 9 days starting at 7 days of age.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권8호
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• pp.1215-1222
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• 2022

Objective: A feeding trial was carried out to determine the effect of dietary inclusion of silymarin seed extract on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, excreta microbiota, excreta gas emission, blood profiles, and meat quality in broilers. Methods: A total of 1,088 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks (mixed-sex) with an initial body weight of 42.34±0.82 g, were randomly allocated into 1 of 4 dietary treatments with 17 replicates of 16 chicks per cage and fed a basal diet supplemented with 0%, 0.02%, 0.04%, and 0.06% of silymarin. Results: The inclusion of silymarin supplementation linearly increased the body weight of broilers during days 7 to 21 and 1 to 35 days. On day 35, broilers fed a diet containing graded levels of silymarin supplementation linearly increased the nutrient digestibility of dry matter, gross energy, and nitrogen and cecal Lactobacillus counts (p = 0.038). While silymarin supplement linearly reduced the methyl mercaptans (p = 0.039) and acetic acid (p = 0.007) emission in broilers. No significant effects were observed on the blood profile. Relative weights of organs such as breast muscle, bursa of fabricius were increased (linear effect, p<0.05), water holding capacity was enhanced by increasing the silymarin level from 0% to 0.06%. A linear reduction (p>0.05) in drip loss from meat samples during days 1, 3, 5, and 7 by the addition of graded level of silymarin to the diet. Conclusion: An increasing level of silymarin supplementation to the diet of broiler would be beneficial to enhance growth performance, nutrient digestibility, excreta microflora, blood profile, and meat quality traits.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권10호
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• pp.1482-1498
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• 2000

This paper reviews the meat-type chicken breeding with local breeds in China. The quality chickens are defined as purebred final products of local breeds, and semi-quality chickens as crossbreds of local breeds with specialized broiler (sire or dam) lines from western breeding organizations. The present status of the chicken production and the market in China, in comparison with the western countries, is reviewed, indicating that there is large market demand for (semi-) quality chickens in the present and future China. Breeding for (semi-) quality chickens emphasizes the sensory quality of chicken meat. The present status of breeding for (semi-) quality chickens with the local breeds is illustrated, including breeding goals and the existing breeding programs. The potential role of local breeds in breeding programs in China is discussed in relation to both providing higher quality (than commercial hybrid broilers) of chicken meat for the local market and meeting the objectives of genetic resource conservation. Besides, further research topics on breeding for (semi-) quality chickens are suggested.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.151-158
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 산삼의 조직 배양 후 폐기되는 산삼 배양액을 육계에 음수를 통하여 다양한 농도로 급여한 후 계육의 일반 성분, 물리화학적인 성상 및 이화학적 성상 변화를 분석하여 산삼 배양액의 효능과 첨가제로서의 가능성을 규명하였다. 산삼 배양액을 급여한 육계 가슴육의 수분 함량, 조단백질과 조지방의 함량에 유의적인 차이는 보이지 않았지만 조회분의 함량은 산삼 배양액 32 mL/L 급여군이 다른 처리군에 비하여 유의적으로 증가하는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 또한, 산삼 배양액 급여군에서 육즙 손실, 조리 감량, 전단력과 저장성은 감소되는 경향을 보이나 유의적인 차이는 보이지 않았지만 산삼 배양액 급여군의 가슴육 pH는 유의성 있게 감소하였다. 이러한 결과는 산삼 배양액의 급여에 의해 육제품에서 미생물의 번식을 억제하고 보존이나 내구성을 강화시키거나, 육계의 골격 형성과 육질 내 삼투압이나 항상성 유지에 도움을 줄 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권7호
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• pp.995-1002
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• 2013

The effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) feeding on growth performance and fatty acid profiles in thigh meat of broiler chicken was investigated using meta-analysis with a total of 9 studies. Overall effects were calculated by standardized mean differences between treatment (CLA fed) and control using Hedges's adjusted g from fixed and random effect models. Meta-regression was conducted to evaluate the effect of CLA levels. Subgroups in the same study were designated according to used levels of CLA, CP levels or substituted oils in diets. The effects on final body weight, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were investigated as growth parameters. Total saturated and unsaturated fatty acid concentrations and C16:0, C18:0, C18:2 and C18:3 concentrations in thigh meat of broiler chicken were used as fatty acid profile parameters. The overall effect of CLA feeding on final weight was negative and it was only significant in fixed effect model (p<0.01). Significantly lower weight gain, feed intake and higher feed conversion ratio compared to control were found (p<0.05). CLA feeding on the overall increased total saturated fatty acid concentration in broilers compared to the control diet (p<0.01). Total unsaturated fatty acid concentration was significantly decreased by CLA feeding (p<0.01). As for individual fatty acid profiles, C16:0, C18:0 and C18:3 were increased and C18:2 was significantly decreased by CLA feeding (p<0.01). In conclusion, CLA was proved not to be beneficial for improving growth performance, whereas it might be supposed that CLA is effective modulating n-6/n-3 fatty acids ratio in thigh meat. However, the economical compensation of the loss from suppressed growth performance and increased saturated fatty acids with the benefit from enhanced n-6/n-3 ratio should be investigated in further studies in order to propose an appropriate use of dietary CLA in the broiler industry.