• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권9호
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• pp.1337-1344
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• 2000

Differences in the physical structure and chemical composition of sorghums result in different nutritional values. Sorghums with high in vitro nutrient digestibility tend to have greater ileal and total tract nutrient digestibilies. Soft endosperm can improve growth and nutrient digestibility in nursery pigs and broiler chicks. However, finishing pigs respond less to endosperm hardness. Chicks benefit from waxy sorghums, but responses of swine to waxy sorghum remain controversial. Reduction of particle size benefits nursery pigs more than finishing pigs, while age of chicks affects the coarseness preference. Nutritional benefits of thermal processing in sorghum remain unclear in chicks and pigs. Although experiments have demonstrated increased efficiency with processed sorghum, processing provided only an immediate solution to the problem of reduced utilization. Long-term, solutions will be genetic improvement of physical and on chemical characteristic.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권12호
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• pp.1732-1741
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• 2013

Two experiments were conducted to determine physical and chemical properties of vermicelli waste (VW) and effect of VW inclusion levels on growth performance of broilers. In experiment 1, VW samples were randomly collected from vermicelli industry in Thailand to analyze nutritional composition. Vermicelli waste contained 9.96% moisture, 12.06% CP, 32.30% crude fiber (CF), and 0.57% ether extract (EE), as DM basis. The ratio of insoluble:soluble non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) was 43.4:8.9. A total of 120 chicks (6 pens per treatment and 10 chicks per pen) were fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet or 20% VW substituted diet to determine the apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen retention ($AME_n$) of VW. The $AME_n$ of VW was $1,844.7{\pm}130.71$ kcal/kg. In experiment 2, a total of 1,200 chicks were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments for 42-d growth assay. There were 300 chicks with 6 pens per treatment and 50 chicks per pen. The dietary treatments contained 0%, 5%, 10%, or 15% VW, respectively. All diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous. From 0 to 18 d of age chicks fed VW diets had higher (p<0.001) feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared with those fed the control diet. No difference was observed during grower and finisher phase (19 to 42 d). Chicks fed VW diets had lower relative weight of abdominal fat (p<0.001) but higher relative weight of gizzard (p<0.05) than those of chicks fed the control diet. Increasing VW inclusion levels increased ileal digesta viscosity (p<0.05) and intestinal villus height of chicks (p<0.001). For apparent total tract digestibility assay, there were 4 metabolic cages of 6 chicks that were fed experimental treatment diets (the same as in the growth assay) in a 10-d total excreta collection. Increasing VW inclusion levels linearly decreased (p<0.05) apparent total tract digestibility of DM and CF.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권12호
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• pp.1805-1811
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• 2016

The goal of this study was to estimate the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG), namely methane ($CH_4$), nitrous oxide ($N_2O$), and carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) from poultry and pig production in South Korea over the last 10 years (2005 through 2014). The calculations of GHG emissions were based on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines. Over the study period, the $CH_4$ emission from manure management decreased in layer chickens, nursery to finishing pigs and gestating to lactating sows, but there was a gradual increase in $CH_4$ emission from broiler chickens and male breeding pigs. Both sows and nursery to finishing pigs were associated with greater emissions from enteric fermentation than the boars, especially in 2009. Layer chickens produced lower direct and indirect $N_2O$ emissions from 2009 to 2014, whereas the average direct and indirect $N_2O$ emissions from manure management for broiler chickens were 12.48 and $4.93Gg\;CO_2-eq/yr$, respectively. Annual direct and indirect $N_2O$ emissions for broiler chickens tended to decrease in 2014. Average $CO_2$ emission from direct on-farm energy uses for broiler and layer chickens were 46.62 and $136.56Gg\;CO_2-eq/yr$, respectively. For pig sectors, the $N_2O$ emission from direct and indirect sources gradually increased, but they decreased for breeding pigs. Carbon dioxide emission from direct on-farm energy uses reached a maximum of $53.93Gg\;CO_2-eq/yr$ in 2009, but this total gradually declined in 2010 and 2011. For boars, the greatest $CO_2$ emission occurred in 2012 and was $9.44Gg\;CO_2-eq/yr$. Indirect $N_2O$ emission was the largest component of GHG emissions in broilers. In layer chickens, the largest contributing factor to GHG emissions was $CO_2$ from direct on-farm energy uses. For pig production, the largest component of GHG emissions was $CH_4$ from manure management, followed by $CO_2$ emission from direct on-farm energy use and $CH_4$ enteric fermentation emission, which accounted for 8.47, 2.85, and $2.82Gg-CO_2/yr$, respectively. The greatest GHG emission intensity occurred in female breeding sows relative to boars. Overall, it is an important issue for the poultry and pig industry of South Korea to reduce GHG emissions with the effective approaches for the sustainability of agricultural practices.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.415-427
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• 2021

본 연구는 육계에서 동물복지농장의 스트레스 저감효과를 과학적인 지표를 통해 확인하고자 시행되었다. 농장 내 gas 농도를 비교한 결과 일반농장에서 육계에 부정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있는 CO₂와 NH₃의 농도가 높았다. PCO₂는 일반농장에서, PO₂는 동물복지농장에서 유의하게 높았다. 일반농장의 육계에서 혈중 CREA, GLU, AST, CK가 유의적으로 높았으며, TP, GLOB는 유의하게 낮았다. 또한 혈중 corticosterone과 norepinephrine이 일반농장에서 유의하게 높은 값을 나타내었다. 이러한 결과를 통해 동물복지농장에 비해 일반농장 육계의 스트레스 수치가 더 높은 것으로 판단되며, 동물복지농장이 스트레스가 감소된 사양 환경을 제공하고 있다는 것을 의미한다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.23-33
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• 2010

은행잎 및 호박 분말 첨가가가 육계의 성장, 혈액내 생화학분석, 체 조직내에 항산화 방어 체계 및 소장내 미생물 균총에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 3일령 육계 120수를 각 처리구당 24수씩 대조구(CON) 및 은행잎 2.5%(GK2.5), 5.0%(GK5.0)와 호박 2.5%(PK2.5), 5.0%(PK5.0) 등 5처리구에 완전 임의 배치하여 사양 시험을 실시하였다. 전체 시험 기간(3∼35일령)의 사료 섭취량은 PK2.5구에서 GK5.0 및 PK5.0 구들에 비해 유의하게(P<0.05) 낮았으며, 사료 요구율은 은행잎과 호박을 각각 5.0% 급여한 GK5.0구와 PK5.0구가 다른 처리구들과 비교하여 유의적으로(P<0.05) 증가되었다. 혈액내 중성지방은 PK5.0구가 다른 첨가구들보다 높았으며(P<0.05), ALT는 GK5.0 및 PK5.0구에서 GK2.5구보다 현저히(P<0.05) 높았다. 소장점막세포의 SOD 및 GSH-Px 활성도는 은행잎 및 호박 첨가 급여구가 대조구보다 유의적으로증가되었다(P<0.05). 간 조직에서는 GK2.5구에서 대조구에 비해 SOD, GST 및 GSH-Px 활성도가 유의적으로(P<0.05) 증가되었다. 또한 근육조직에서도 GST 활성도는 은행잎 및 호박 첨가 급여구가 대조구보다 유의적으로(P<0.05) 높았다. 그러나 소장점막세포 및 근육조직의 지질과산화(MDA) 수준은 PK5.0구에서 타 처리구에 비해 증가되는(P<0.05) 결과를 보였다. 장내 소화물의 총 E. coli 균총(CFU)은 은행잎이나 호박을 첨가한 급여구에서 대조구에 비해 현저히(P<0.05) 감소되었다. 이상의 결과를 보아, 은행잎 및 호박 분말 2.5% 수준은 육계의 소장 점막세포, 간 및 근육조직의 특정 항산화효소 활성도를 증가시키며, 대장에서 대장균 총균수를 감소시켜 육계의 사료내 천연 항산화 소재로서 이용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.167-178
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• 1995

The purpose of this research was to get basic information for the development of Korean native chicken industry by reviewing the current native chicken farm management and marketing situation of native chicken products(meat and eggs). The research was carried on the basis of the farm field survey covering 210 native chicken feeders out of 9 different local areas, and the results were as follows ; 1. Average raising size of native chicken flocks of sample farms was 1,787 heads and about 50% of those farms raised less than 500 heads chickens for self-sufficiency or on the side. 2. Most farmers made the decision to start on feeding native chickens in small scale with small amount of capital without sound feeding program, and their decision was mainly influenced by recommendation of mass-media( 19.5%) and neighbors (17.2%). 3. The average income per farm earned by raising the native chickens was 13,719 Won, and income per head of chicken was 8,800 Won. 4. About 40% of feeders expressed that the poor marketing management and lack of capital were the bottleneck to native chicken farm management. 5. About 70% of feeders evaluated the prospect of native chicken industry positively and so, about 60% of feeders hoped to expand the raising size in the future. 6. Most farmers directry made a bargain with marketer including middleman and enduser in selling the chicken products because there was not established special marketing system for native chicken products. 7. The sales age of native broiler was about 16~20 weeks and average body weight of broiler was 1.5~2.0 kg. And farm recieved price was not decided on the basis of each body weight or meat quality but only number of heads. 8. The average first egg-laying age of chickens was about 165 days and average annual laying rate was only about 56%. 9. In order to develop the successful Korean native chicken industry, followings are recommended ; 1) Reducing the production costs and increasing the productivity of native chickens should be carried out through technological research and development for sound feeding program of native chickens and sufficient fund supply. 2) Orderly native chicken marketing and pricing system should be established to give good vision about native chickens to farmers and to delight the consumers. 3) The measures for product differentiation including meat quality and nutritional value of native chicken products against other improved chickens should be actively taken by feeders and government.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권10호
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• pp.1479-1485
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• 2008

Two completely randomized block design experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of gamma irradiation processing of canola meal on performance parameters of broiler chicks (Ross 308) and protein quality of canola meal. Protein efficiency ratio (PER) and net protein ratio (NPR) were measured as indices of canola meal protein quality. Samples of canola meal were tested for nutritional value after being irradiated at dose levels 10, 20 and 30 kGy. Glucosinolate content was reduced 40, 70 and 89 percent at irradiation dose levels of 10, 20 and 30 kGy respectively (p<0.01). Percent of erucic acid in total fatty acid content increased 44, 58 and 48% as a function of radiation dose (p<0.01). Dose levels did not affect feed conversion ratio (FCR) and body weight gain of chicks (p>0.05). Liver weight was decreased by irradiation dose (p<0.05). The same trend was observed for kidney weights, but this trend was not significant (p>0.05). Gamma irradiation processing of canola meal had no significant effect on $T_3$ level in blood of chickens that consumed canola meal, but $T_4$ level of chicken blood at the 30 kGy dose decreased significantly (p<0.05). PER and NPR were not affected by radiation dose level (p>0.05). Gamma irradiation seems to be a good procedure to improve the nutritional quality of canola meal.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권8호
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• pp.1186-1194
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• 2019

Objective: The influence of broiler carcass scalding conditions on chicken breast meat quality parameters was investigated. Methods: Two hundred and seventy Cobb broiler chickens from 42 to 48 days old were slaughtered according to the standard industry practice and scalded in five temperature/time combinations-$T_1$, $54^{\circ}C/210s$; $T_2$, $55^{\circ}C/180s$; $T_3$, $56^{\circ}C/150s$; $T_4$, $57^{\circ}C/120s$; $T_5$, $58^{\circ}C/90s$. Results: Scalding temperature increase resulted in higher values of external and ventral lightness and in protein functionality reduction-determined by emulsification capacity and protein denaturation-in chicken breast fillets 24 h post-mortem. Protein secondary structures had conformational changes, with a decrease of the ${\alpha}$-helix and an increase of the ${\beta}$-sheet and ${\beta}$-turn proportions, mainly in $T_1$ and $T_5$ samples, determined by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy in an attenuated reflectance mode analysis. The chemical composition, pH, water holding capacity and Warner-Bratzler shear force did not differ among the treatments. In the fatty acid profile, the 18:1n-9 was lower in $T_5$, which suggested that the high scalding-temperature could have caused the lipid oxidation. The values of the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), such as 22:2, 20:4n-6, and 22:6n-3, were highest in the $T_5$, thus being related to the phospholipid cellular membrane collapse in this experimental condition and subsequent release of these PUFA. Conclusion: Intermediate scalding-parameters avoided the negative changes in the chicken meat quality.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.199-210
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• 2020

발바닥 피부염은 발바닥 표면에 생기는 상처로 세계 가금산업에서 더욱 중요한 문제가 되고 있다. 발바닥 피부염은 닭의 복지뿐만 아니라, 닭발의 품질과 생산성에도 영향을 미치기 때문이다. 아시아 먹거리 시장에서 닭발에 대한 소비자 수요가 증가함에 따라 발바닥 피부염을 줄이기 위한 방법을 찾는 양계업체의 관심이 증가하고 있다. 발바닥 피부염은 깔짚 수분함량에 직접적인 영향을 받아 생기는 것으로 영양, 급수기 형태 및 관리, 환경 상태(온도, 상대습도, 암모니아 수준, 환기량 등), 계군의 건강 등 다양한 요인들이 복합적으로 연관되어 있다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 발바닥 피부염의 특징, 생성 원인, 발바닥 피부염 평가시스템, 최근 연구 등 발바닥 피부염에 대한 전반적인 사항을 다루고, 이를 통해 발바닥 피부염에 대한 이해와 향후 연구 수립에 도움을 주는 기초 자료로써 활용하고자 한다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.803-810
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• 1998

Pullorum disease caused by Salmonella pullorum, has been considered as one of the most important diseases in both clinically and economically in poultry industry since it had been firstly reported in 1925 in Korea. This disease is still problem in the industry in this country even though several attempts have been made to eradicate the disease. As one of the trials to solve the problem, we investigated the pattern of the outbreak of the disease, isolated the causative agent, S pullorum and tested biochemical properties, antimicrobial susceptibility and plasmid profiles of the isolates. Outbreak of the disease based on the species was the highest in layer followed by in Korean native chick, and broiler. Daily mean mortality in vertical transmission (0.90%) was higher than that in horizontal (0.14%). There was no seasonal difference in the outbreak. Also, biochemical properties and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the isolates were same. However four different plasmid profiles of the isolates were observed. These results suggested that S pullorum isolates were different in the genotype while they were same in phenotypes.