• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.147-155
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• 1998

Dietary levels of fermented poultry manure(FPM) 0%, 5%, 10% and 20% were included in experimental diets. It is to examine the effects of diets containing different levels of FPM on the performance of broiler chicks, including the nutrient availabilities, compared with that of the commercial diet. In order to evaluate the nutritive value of FPM, feeding and metabolism trials were conducted with a total of 160 broiler chicks for a period of 4 weeks. Contents of CP, crude fat, crude ash, crude fiber and NFE of FPM were 19.43, 2.43, 15.44, 16.57 and 38.31 %, respectively. Although there were no statistical difference in the body weight gain among treatments, weight gain achieved by the group fed diets of 5% substitution of FPM was slightly better than others. The amount of feed intake was significantly higher for FPM included groups than for control group, especially in the group fed diets of 10% substitution of FPM. The feed efficiency tended to be better for the control group than the FPM groups. The feed efficiency tended to get worse as the levels of FPM increased. The digestibility of DM, CP and NFE tended to be similar among treatments, especially it was lower for the group fed diets of 20% substitution of FPM compared with that of another groups. In conclusion, up to 10% substitution of FPM to the diet can be utilized effectively as a broiler feed ingredient, without adversely affecting growth performance.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.83-92
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• 1994

In order to study performance enhancing effects of supplementary antibiotics (avoparcin, nosiheptide and enramycin), two feeding trials were conducted. In Experiment 1, 1, 040 male Arbor Acres were reared in floor pens for 6 wk. Chicks were assigned to one of the following four treatments: Basal diet(B), B+avoparcin 10 ppm, B+nosiheptide 2.5 ppm and B+enramycin 5 ppm. Each treatment had five replications of 52 chicks each. In Experiment 2, two antibiotics (avoparcin and enramycin) were compared in $2{\times}2$ (antibiotics$\times$sex) factorial design. One thousand broiler chicks were reared in floor pens for 6 wk. Each of the 4 treatments had five replications of 50 chicks each. The results of Experiment 1 showed that antibiotic treatments (enramycin, avoparcin and nosiheptide) significantly(P <0.05) improved weight gain. Feed/gain ratio of avoparcin treatment and enramycin treatment tended to he lower than the control but they were not statistically significant. Dressing percentages were high in avoparcin and enramycin treatments compared to the control and nosiheptide treatment. The number of E. coli and Cl. perfringens in ileum and cecal contents were decreased by antibiotic treatments. Moisture contents in excreta of the birds were not significantly affected by the treatments. Leg abnormality and mortality were not significaniy different among treatments. In Experiment 2, weight gain was significantly (P<0.01) different between sexes, but not between antibiotic treatments. Significant effects of antibiotics (P<0.01), sex (P<0.01) and interaction (P<0.05) were shown in feed in take. Feed/gain ratio of avoparcin treatment was significantly (P<0.01) lower than that of enramycin treatment. leg abnormality and mortality were not significantly different among treatments but those in male broiler tended to be higher than in female broilers. It was concluded that nonsystemic antibiotics supplemented to the broiler diets suppress undesirable microorganisms and improve broiler performace in general and avoparcin was most effective in improving feed/gain ratio.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.115-122
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• 1993

A study was conducted to compare the effect of feeding commercial formula ration and corn-soybean meal based rations on growth performance, feed conversion ratio, mortality percentage, dressing percentage, carcass composition and economics of raising broiler chicks at commercial farms. 3000 day old broiler chicks were randomly divided into 4 groups with 3 replicates of 250 birds in each. Four iso-nitrogenous and isocaloric rations (A, B, C and D) were prepared and randomly allotted to each group. Ration A was a commercial broiler ration whereas ration B had the same formula with the exception that all the animal protein sources were replaced with soybean meal (SBM). Ration C was based on only corn and SBM. Ration D contained corn, SBM and 25% fullfat soybean (FFSB). The birds were given the experimental rations starter from day 1 to 28 and finisher from 29 to 49. The results indicated that the birds fed on corn-soybean meal based rations gained significantly figher weights showed better feed conversion ratio, gave higher dressing percentage with better carcass composition, lower mortality and higher net profits as compared to those fed on commercial ration. The replacement of animal protein sources in commercial ration with SBM (ration B) although did not show any significant differences in the performance of birds as compared to ration A, a little improvement was visible indicating that SBM can be used as a good substitute of animal protein sources. Similarly the replacement of SBM with FFSB up to a level of 25% did not affect the broiler performance as compared to only SBM.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.192-201
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• 1985

Two experiments, utilizing 204 broiler chicks of the Maniker strain, were conducted to study the effects of dried whey and chitin on the growth of chicks. In the first experiment, diets containing 5%, 10%, or 15% dried whey, or a control diet with no whey, were fed to chicks from 1 day to 4 weeks of age. There were no significant differences among the dietary groups, with respect to the rate of growth or protein or feed efficiency. In the second experiment, chicks were fed with diets containing no whey, 2% chitin, 20% dried whey, or 20% dried whey plus 2% chitin, from 1 day to 4 weeks of age. Adverse effects (diarrhea, crooked toes and enlarged cecum) were observed in the group fed 20% dried whey. The protein efficiency ratio (PER) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) tended to improve in the dietary groups with dried whey, as compared to the control group. No significant differences were observed in the total carcass nitrogen and lipid levels of dietary groups. But the chitin-supplemented diets tended to improve on the growth rate compared to the groups without chitin. The results of the two experiments suggest that the growing broiler chick can tolerate up to 15% dried whey in the diet, without any harmful effect on growth. Also, chitin may improve the poorer growth rate of chicks fed dried whey, but not all of the adverse effects of whey.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.243-246
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• 2002

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of dietary propionic acid on inhibitory effect of Salmonella gallinarum. Day-old 144 broiler chicks were randomly distributed into four dietary treatments, three replicates per treatment. The four dietary treatments consisted of 0.0, 0.6, 1.2, and 1.8% dietary propionic acid. Chicks were challenged orally on three days of age with $10^6$ cfu Salmonella gallinarum. Sample of crop and cecal contents were obtained on Days 1, 8 and 15 post-inoculation. The pH of crop contents decreased significantly (p<0.01) for groups of chicks provided 1.2 and 1.8% propionic acid in the diet as compared with those provided 0.6% propionic acid and control group. The pH of cecal contents decreased significantly (p<0.01) for groups of chicks provided with 0.6, 1.2 and 1.8% of propionic acid as compared with control group. The number of Salmonella gallinarum positive culture in the crop and ceca of chicks, decreased significantly (p<0.01) from the groups provided with 0.6, 1.2 and 1.8% of propionic acid in the diet at day 1, 8 and 15 post-inoculation. The addition of 1.8% propionic acid in the diet provided a high level of protection against colonization than did 0.6 and 1.2%. These results indicate that the addition of propionic acid in a concentration of 1.2 or more to the diet of newly hatched chicks significantly decreases crop and cecal colonization by Salmonella gallinarum.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.772-775
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• 1999

A six week growth performance trial involving 450 birds was conducted to determine the dietary requirement of broiler chicks for available methionine (AM). Body weight gain was significantly (p<0.01) lower on high AM diet (1411 g/bird) than low AM (1470 g/bird) and normal AM (1466 g/bird) diets. The feed intake by birds ranged from $3241{\pm}25.69$ in high AM diet to $3321{\pm}25.69g/bird$ in low AM diet. The feed efficiency for the three diets having low, normal and high level of AM were $2.26{\pm}0.02$, $2.24{\pm}0.02$ and $2.30{\pm}0.02$, respectively. The results indicated that the birds fed high AM diet consumed significantly (p<0.01) more feed per unit body weight gain as compared to birds on low and normal AM diets.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.111-116
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• 1996

An experiment was carried out to study the effect of environmental color on the eating behaviour in broiler chicks. A total of ninety broilers with average 350g of initial body weight were randomly assigned in the $3{\times}3$ randomized complete block design with 3 treatments(yellow, blue, red) and 10 birds per replication of various environmental color at walls, feeders and electric bulbs. The results obtained from these experiments are summarised as follows: 1. Feed Intake and average daily gain were significantly(P<0.05) increased by yellow colored environment. 2. Eating time and eating rate were significantly higher in the red colored than the other, indicating that yellow colored environment would maximize body weight gain and feed conversion for broiler chicks.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.9
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• pp.1198-1204
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with multiple enzymes composed of phytase plus carbohydrolases (ROVABIO$^{(R)}$ Max, RM) on growth performance, nutritional availability and intestinal viscosity in broiler chicks. A total of one thousand, one-day-old male broiler chicks were randomly allotted into treatment groups that received one of five experimental diets for 32 days. Each group consisted of 40 birds and all experiments included five replicates. The dietary treatments included PC (a positive control diet), NC1 (65 kcal/kg, 0.15% and 0.10% less ME, available phosphorus and calcium levels, respectively, than the PC diet), NC2 (85 kcal/kg, 0.20% and 0.10% less ME, available phosphorus and calcium levels, respectively, than the PC diet), NC1+RM (NC1 plus ROVABIO$^{(R)}$ Max) and NC2+RM (NC2 plus ROVABIO$^{(R)}$ Max). The average body weights, daily body weight gains and feed conversion rates of the chicks fed a diet containing RM improved significantly or tended to improve. The treatments also had no effect on the carcass characteristics or blood parameters, but the viscosity of the intestinal contents of the chicks fed the diet containing RM was significantly lower than that of chicks in the NC without RM groups. Additionally, chicks fed the dietary RM showed increased breaking strength and ash content of the tibia when compared to chicks that received the non-RM diets. Taken together, the results of the present study indicated that the addition of multiple enzymes consisting of phytase plus NSP enzymes improved the growth performance and mineral status of the tibia in broiler chickens fed corn-wheat-soybean meal-based diets with reduced levels of nutrients. Further, these findings suggest that the improved animal performance is associated with reduced intestinal viscosity by the dietary enzyme complex.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.954-961
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• 2007

The experiments were conducted to determine effects of a mixture of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers on T cell subpopulations and responsiveness to mitogen of splenocytes in male broiler chicks. In experiment 1, birds (8-d old) were fed basal, CLA-(CLA) and safflower oil-supplemented (SA) diets which were formulated by supplementary 10 g CLA or safflower oil/kg to the basal diet for 14 d. Broiler starter diet, which mainly consisted of corn and soybean meal, was served as the basal diet. Proliferative response and interleukin (IL)-2-like activity stimulated by concanavalin (Con) A at a concentration of $10{\mu}g/ml$ of splenocytes in chicks fed the CLA diet were greater than in chicks fed the SA diet, but not at $20{\mu}g$ Con A/ml. Percentage of CD3-positive T cells in splenocytes did not differ between chicks fed the SA diet and CLA. Ratio of CD4-positive T cells to CD8- positive T cells was significantly affected by dietary fat source. In experiment 2, broiler chicks (1-d old) were fed the same diets as in experiment 1 for 14 d. Results of splenocyte proliferation to Con A were similar to those in experiment 1, but phytohemaggulutinin (PHA)- or pokeweed mitogen (PWM)- induced splenocyte proliferation did not differ between the CLA and SA fed groups. Supplementation with SA or CLA to the basal diet tended to have a depressive effect on the proliferation, with the greater effect being that of SA. In experiment 3, effect of an addition of CLA to splenocyte culture medium on splenocyte proliferation was determined. An addition of CLA to the culture medium resulted in reduction of the splenocyte proliferation to Con A, but an addition of linoleic acid. When PWM and PHA were used as mitogen, the inhibitory effect of CLA and linoleic acid on the proliferation did not differ. The results suggested that the effect of dietary CLA on splenocyte proliferation was similar to that of SA, although the effect of dietary CLA on sub-populations was slightly different from that of dietary SA. Further studies are needed to clarify whether use of CLA would be beneficial for maintaining or enhancing T cell immunity in chicks.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.233-238
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• 2006

In order to study the effect of feeding rare earth(RE) on growth of broiler chicks, feed conversion ratio, and probable harmfulness of feeding high levels of RE, two feeding trials with broiler chicks were conducted; one using a commercial broiler compound feed and the other using a self mixed feed excluding any growth stimulating feed additives. The the first trial used three hundred sixty of one day old Cobb broiler chicks for six levels of dietary supplementation of RE : 0, 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1,600 mg/kg. There were significant effect of RE stimulating broiler chick growth and improving feed conversion ratio, The dietary supplementation of RE at a level of 100 mg/kg was the best of all and increased body weight gain by 8.9% (p<0.05). Chicks fed RE at a level of 1,600 mg/kg grew as good as chicks fed feeds without RE and did not show my abnormalities. The second feeding trial was conducted in the same manner as the first trial using Ross broiler chicks and self-mixed experimental diets supplemented with RE at levels of 0, 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg. Differently from Results of the first trial, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio of were the best at the level of 50 mg/kg RE supplementation(p<0.05). In this trial all the birds fed RE showed significantly lower ratio of abdominal fat against live weight than those of the control group birds. Overall, it can be said that dietary supplementation of RE will improve broiler growth and feed conversion ratio and the proper dietary level would be $50\sim100mg/kg$. These results suggested that the proper level of RE for broiler chicks would be 50 to 100 mg/kg and its effectiveness is varied depending upon RE mixture. There appears abdominal fat of broiler chicks is decreased by feeding RE but further investigation is in need.