• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.394-401
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• 2006

Forty Clostridium perfringens isolates were obtained from twelve animal products, following the examination of eighty six beef, pork, broiler chicken and salami meat products, and eleven milk powder products. There were 21 isolates from salami stored at $25^{\circ}C$, 3 isolates from pork, 4 isolates from beef, 9 isolates from broiler chicken, and 3 isolates from milk powder. Only the cpa gene encoding a toxin among the 5 toxin genes tested (cpa, cpb, etx, iap, and cpe) was detected in all forty isolates, suggesting contamination with C. perfringens type A. DNA fingerprinting analysis using PCR of the tRNA intergenic spacer (tDNA-PCR) and the 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer (ITS-PCR), and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis were attempted to differentiate the isolates. RAPD analysis was the most discriminating method among the three PCR analyses. Isolates from the same products tended to show similar RAPD patterns. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests showed that some isolates from broiler chickens had the same antibiogram with multiple resistance to streptomycin, colistin, and ciprofloxacin. Antibiograms were similar between isolates from the same livestock products, but differed considerably between the products.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.327-333
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• 2009

한국의 닭고기 가격은 관행적으로 전날 생닭 가격 시세와 운반 비용을 합한 값을 육계 수율로 나누고 여기에 도축 제비용을 합하여 계산, 이를 고시하고 이 고시된 가격이 유통 당사자들의 거래 가격을 결정하는 기준이 된다. 그런데 한국의 육계는 85% 정도가 계열화 생산으로 이루어지므로 생닭 시세는 계열 주체와는 무관한 가격이다. 이러한 여건 하에서 닭고기 유통 단계별 이해 당사자의 손익을 따져 보면 생닭 가격이 낮으면 계열 주체는 적자를 보지만, 대리점 마진은 상대적으로 높아진다. 반대로 생닭 가격이 높으면 계열 주체는 흑자를 보지만, 대리점 마진은 상대적으로 낮아진다. 생닭 가격 인상폭을 그대로 소비자 가격에 반영하지 못하기 때문이다. 결국 생닭 가격과는 관련이 없는 계열 주체가 생닭 가격 등락에 따라 그들의 손익이 좌우되는 모순을 들어낸다. 따라서 닭고기 가격은 생닭 가격과는 무관하게 닭고기 생산 원가를 기준으로 하고 여기에 적정 이윤을 붙여 공장도 가격을 결정 대리점으로 넘기는 가격 결정 시스템이 정착되어야 한다. 이를 위하여 경매 가격이 없는 닭고기 시장에서 거래에 기준이 될 만한 가격을 정하고 이를 널리 고시해야 한다. 일본에서는 일본 젠노 치킨푸드사와 같이 공공적인 특징을 가진 경영체로 하여금 시장 상황을 종합적으로 판단하여 매일 닭고기 희망 가격을 발표케 하고 이를 닭고기 거래에서 참고하도록 하고 있다. 한국도 생닭 가격을 기준하여 계산한 닭고기 가격 결정 방식을 버리고 NH사로 하여금 매일 닭고기 희망 가격을 발표케 함으로써 닭고기 거래의 기준이 되게 하는 방안을 제안한다. 물론 NH사의 닭고기 시장 점유율은 5%에 지나지 않지만 그 공공성을 인정하여야 할 것이다. NH사는 농협중앙회 자회사이기 때문이다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.77-84
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• 2009

본 실험은 녹차 산물의 수준을 달리하여 닭에게 급여한 후 계육의 육질과 저장성을 살펴보고자 하였다. 그 결과 일반 성분 중 수분이 73.98~75.2%로 나타났으며 녹차 1%를 급여한 처리구가 유의적으로 높았고(P<0.05). 녹차 3% 급여한 처리구가 유의적으로 낮았지만(P<0.05) 급여 수준에 따라서 특정 유형이 나타나지는 않았다. 또한, 조수분과 조회분의 함량은 녹차 급여에 따른 처리구들간의 일정한 패턴을 보이는 것이 아니라 그와는 상관없이 나타났다. 이러한 결과들은 일반적인 함량에 포함이 되므로 녹차 급여가 크게 육질 영향은 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 이러한 결과는 녹차를 급여하여 나타난 결과보다 개체들에 의한 차이로 인하여 나타난 결과이므로 녹차 급여가 육계 육질에 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 녹차 계육의 저장성을 알아보기 위해 지방산패, 단백질 변성 및 총균을 조사하였고, 그 결과 녹차에 따라서 큰 영향이 나타나지 않았다. 본 연구에서는 녹차산물 급여 시 천연 물질이 아주 미미하여 계육에 큰 영향을 미치지 못하는 것으로 판단되었고, 만약 녹차에 있는 특정물질들을 추출하여 축종들에게 급여 실험한다면 그 결과가 달라질 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.13-19
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• 2010

To investigate the differences in the quality characteristics between commercial Korean native chicken (KNC) and broiler (CB), nutritive and quality parameters of the two chicken species were determined. The KNC thigh muscle had a lower content of crude fat and higher crude ash than the CB thigh. In regards to the fatty acid composition, KNC breast muscle had a higher content of arachidonic acid (C20:4) than CB. The level of inosine was higher in the CB thigh muscle than KNC but there was little difference in other nucleotide compounds. The KNC breast had higher amounts of glycine, alanine, and proline than CB, which are closely related to high quality meat flavor. The sensory acceptance was not significantly different between the breast and thigh of KNC and CB. However, KNC had higher cohesiveness, chewiness and gumminess than CB, which are indicative of a unique texture property. Based on these results, commercial KNC may have superior nutritional quality, taste, and unique texture when compared with CB. Thus, the consumer preference for KNC may be partially explained by these distinctive quality characteristics.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.603-616
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• 2023

This study was conducted to investigate the productivity, meat quality, blood variables, stress responses, and litter quality of broilers offered feed with different levels of Glycine (Gly) supplementation under heat stress condition. A total of 760 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler males were randomly assigned to one of the four dietary treatment groups: (1) basal diet (control; CON); (2) basal diet + Gly 0.1% (Gly 0.1%); (3) basal diet + Gly 0.2% (Gly 0.2%); and (4) basal diet + Gly 0.3% (Gly 0.3%). The environments for all the treatments groups were maintained according to broiler rearing guidelines from day 1 to day 21, and heat stress condition (32 ± 1℃, 60 ±5%) was created from day 22 to the end. The addition of Gly increased weight gain and affected feed intake (p < 0.05). Gly 0.1% group had higher pH and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) in the chicken meat and lower heterophil (HE)/lymphocyte (LY) ratio in the blood (p < 0.05). In particular, Gly 0.2% treatment group had lower serum corticosterone level (p < 0.05) than other groups. For jejunum morphology, the addition of Gly 0.2% significantly reduced the depth of the crypts (p < 0.05). However, the addition of Gly did not significantly affect litter quality (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the addition of glycine improved productivity and meat quality, alleviated heat stress, and improved intestinal function. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal level and mechanism of action of the additive when ingested.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권7호
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• pp.987-997
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• 2016

The objective of the study was to compare the carcass characteristics, meat quality, and blood parameters of slow and fast grown female broiler chickens fed in organic or conventional production system. The two genotypes tested were medium slow-growing chickens (SG, Hubbard Red JA) and commercial fast-growing chickens (FG, Ross 308). Both genotypes (each represented by 400 chickens) were divided into two sub-groups fed either organic (O) or conventional (C) systems. Chickens of each genotype and system were raised in a semi environmentally controlled poultry house until 21 d of age and were assigned to 5 pens of 40 chickens each. Then, O system chickens were transferred into an open-side poultry house with an outdoor run. At 81 d of age, 10 female chickens from each genotype and from each production system (n = 40) were randomly chosen to provide material for analysis, and were weighed and brought to the slaughterhouse to assess carcass characteristics and meat quality. The blood parameters were determined by using 5 female chickens from each genotype and from each production system (n = 20). FG had the higher live weight, along with carcass, breast, and thigh-drumstick weights compared to SG (p<0.05). FG had the higher breast yield, whereas SG had the higher thigh-drumstick yield (p<0.05). The O system resulted in a higher amount of abdominal fat (p<0.05). In addition, the O system values were higher for dry matter, crude ash, crude protein, and $pH^{15}$ values in breast meat, and for crude ash, crude protein, and $pH^{15}$ values in drumstick meat (p<0.05). In addition, total saturated fatty acids, total mono-unsaturated fatty acids, and total omega 3 were significantly higher in the O system than in the C system. Thus, the O system showed a positive advantage compared to the C system regarding female chicken meat quality, primarily within the ash, protein, and total omega 3 fatty acid profiles. In conclusion, the present study indicated that the main factor affecting the carcass characteristics of female chickens was genotype, whereas the organic system contributed to enhanced meat quality. These findings provide a better understanding of the relative roles of genotype and production systems in female broiler characteristics, and might aid producers in designing their facilities to optimize yield and quality while maintaining acceptable animal welfare standards.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.239-253
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• 2021

본 연구는 Cobb종 및 Ross 308종 육계가 동물복지 사육환경에 따라 나타내는 대사체학적 변화를 연구하기 위하여 수행되었다. 일반농장과 동물복지농장(사육면적, 사육밀도, 암모니아 농도, 볏짚 등 제공)에 1일령의 Cobb종 및 Ross종 육계를 35일간 사육하고, 도계 후 가슴육과 다리육을 채취하여 분석에 이용하였다. 대사체 분석은 one-dimensional ¹H 핵자기공명분광법을 이용하였고, 직교부분최소자승판별분석(OPLS-DA)과 대사경로 분석을 함께 수행하였다. OPLS-DA 결과 육계 가슴육은 Ross종에 한하여 사육농장간 뚜렷한 구분이 가능하였다. 동물복지농장 유래 Ross종 육계 가슴육은 acetate, anserine, creatine, inosine monophosphate 함량이 일반농장 닭가슴육에 비해 유의적으로 높았다(P<0.05). 반면 육계 다리육은 OPLS-DA 결과 Cobb종 육계에서만 사육농장에 따른 구분이 뚜렷하게 나타났는데, glucose와 lactate를 포함한 5종의 대사체 함량은 동물복지농장에서 사육된 경우에 높았으나 7종의 유리아미노산을 포함한 9종의 대사체 함량은 낮았다(P<0.05). 대사경로 분석 결과 Ross종 육계 가슴육에서는 4종, Cobb종 육계 다리육에서는 glycolysis/gluconeogenesis를 포함한 20종의 대사경로에서 사육농장 간 유의적인 차이(P<0.05)가 나타났다. 동물복지농장에서 사육된 Ross종 육계 가슴육과 Cobb종 육계 다리육은 일반농장에서 사육된 경우와는 다른 대사체학적 특성을 나타냈으며, 특히 풍미 물질에의 뚜렷한 차이를 보여 관능적 특성에 영향을 미칠 수 있으리라 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.13-18
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• 2018

Objective: Meat quality including muscle color in chickens is an important trait and continuous selective pressures for fast growth and high yield have negatively impacted this trait. This study was conducted to investigate genetic variations responsible for regulating muscle color. Methods: Whole genome re-sequencing analysis using Illumina HiSeq paired end read method was performed with pooled DNA samples isolated from two broiler chicken lines divergently selected for muscle color (high muscle color [HMC] and low muscle color [LMC]) along with their random bred control line (RAN). Sequencing read data was aligned to the chicken reference genome sequence for Red Jungle Fowl (Galgal4) using reference based genome alignment with NGen program of the Lasergene software package. The potential causal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) showing non-synonymous changes in coding DNA sequence regions were chosen in each line. Bioinformatic analyses to interpret functions of genes retaining SNPs were performed using the ingenuity pathways analysis (IPA). Results: Millions of SNPs were identified and totally 2,884 SNPs (1,307 for HMC and 1,577 for LMC) showing >75% SNP rates could induce non-synonymous mutations in amino acid sequences. Of those, SNPs showing over 10 read depths yielded 15 more reliable SNPs including 1 for HMC and 14 for LMC. The IPA analyses suggested that meat color in chickens appeared to be associated with chromosomal DNA stability, the functions of ubiquitylation (UBC) and quality and quantity of various subtypes of collagens. Conclusion: In this study, various potential genetic markers showing amino acid changes were identified in differential meat color lines, that can be used for further animal selection strategy.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.731-739
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• 2023

Objective: This study was to evaluate the interaction of three different light-emitting diode (LED) light colors (white, green, and blue) and three intensities (5, 10, and 15 lx) on slaughter performance, meat quality and serum antioxidant capacity of broilers raised in three-layer cages. Methods: A total of 648 (8-days-old) male broiler chicks (Cobb-500) were randomly assigned in 3×3 factorially arranged treatments: three light colors (specifically, white, blue, and green) and three light intensities (namely, 5, 10, and 15 lx) for 35 days. Each treatment consisted of 6 replicates of 12 chicks. The test lasted for 35 days. Results: The semi-eviscerated weight percentage (SEWP) in 5 lx white was higher than that in 15 lx (p<0.01). The eviscerated weight percentage (EWP) (p<0.05) and water-loss percentage (WLP) (p<0.01) decreased in 10 lx white light than those in green light. Under blue light, the content of hypoxanthine (Hx) in muscle was lower than that under white and green light (p<0.01). The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in 15 lx blue light was higher than that in 10 lx green light (p<0.05). Light color had an extremely significant effect on thigh muscle percentage, WLP, Hx, and crude protein content (p<0.01). Light intensity had a significant effect on SEWP (p<0.05), EWP (p<0.05), lightness (L^*) value (p<0.05), WLP (p<0.01), and the contents of superoxide dismutase (p<0.05), MDA (p<0.01), glutathione peroxidase (p<0.01). Conclusion: Using white LED light with 10 lx light intensity can significantly improve the chicken quality of caged Cobb broilers, improve the content of inosine acid in chicken breast and enhance the antioxidant capacity of the body. We suggest that the broiler farm can use 10 lx white LED light source for lighting in 8 to 42 days.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권9호
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• pp.1309-1314
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• 2004

The red carotenoid, astaxanthin was studied to improve the meat quality of broiler chickens. Astaxanthin pigmented chickens and delayed oxidation of lipid in them. Two sources of astaxanthin were used to pigment broiler chickens in a five-wk feeding trial: biological astaxanthin (BA) from the red yeast, Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, and chemical astaxanthin (CA) from chemical synthesis. The concentrations of CA (45 mg/kg feed) and BA (22.5 mg/kg feed) were set to give similar levels of pigmentation. The colorimetric values (a and b) of breast muscles were significantly changed by astaxanthin (p${\leq}$0.01). Absorption and accumulation of BA were higher than those of CA, probably due to the high contents of lipids in the yeast (17%). Lipid peroxide formation in skin was significantly decreased by astaxanthin (p${\leq}$0.05). This result indicated that the production of lipid peroxides in the carcasses of broiler chickens during storage could be delayed by astaxanthin. Therefore, astaxanthin could be used as an antioxidant as well as a colorant for broiler chickens.