• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.185-192
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• 2004

Vegetation established through the natural process, such as Quercus mongolica, Pinus densiflora, Q. variabilis, Q. acutissima, Carpinus laxiflora, Q. aliena and Q. serrata communities and artificially introduced vegetation, which are composed of Larix leptolepis and P. rigida plantations, are established in the mountainous land of the Mt. Songnisan National Park. On the other hand, the developed lands, which are consisted of agricultural folds, residential areas, commercial areas related to tourism, etc. appear in the lowland around streams. Based on the spatial distribution of vegetation, the southern district, which is attributed to Naesongni-myun by administrative system, showed higher natural degree and vegetation diversity. However, most of the other districts, which are attributed to Cheongcheon- and Chilseong-myuns, are covered with the Korean red pine forest, a product of artificial influence, and plantation also occupied higher percentage. Thereby both vegetation diversity and natural degree are lowering. A result of ordination by DCA showed that sands tended to be arranged by depending on the topographic condition. Species diversity of plant communities was higher in broad-leaved stands rather than in coniferous ones and in stands of the early stage than in ones of the late stage. The result of analysis on vegetation dynamics implied that vegetation of this region would be dominated by Carpinus laxiflora, Quercus mongolica and Pinus densiflora communities in the future. However, considered occurrence the of disturbance and response of vegetation on that, this estimation may different somewhat from an actual situation. Conservation strategies of the Mt. Songnisan National Park were discussed in viewpoints of landscape ecology, and conservation of major plant communities and biodiversity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.38-59
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• 2008

This research has a meaning to provide basic data for eco-friendly way of district unit plans and ecological landscape planning by evaluation of biotope preservation value at the level of district unit and designating land development of the site, the whole area of Sinseo-dong (Dong-gu, Daegu metropolitan city) for research site. The summary of analysis result is as follows. As a result of classification of biotope types on the research site, it is divided into 11 biotope groups such as a residential biotope group and 51 specific biotope types which is subordinate to the groups. As a result of the first value assessment on classified biotope types, there are 16 types of natural rivers which is full of vegetation as a I class. Also it is analysed as 9 types of IIclass, 14 of IIIclass, 8 of IVclass, and 4 of Vclass. In particular, in light of a wildlife habitat, EB, in case of broad-leaved tree of mixed forest assessed as a II class, was classified into Iclass which is one-step upgraded as a final class with the analysis as there is a structural characteristic (more than 71% of low density, 50 years of age-class). As a result of second assessment, it is analysed that there are 17 special sites (1a,1b) and 33 special sites (2a, 2b, 2c) respectively for preservation of species and biotope. Particularly, in case of the No. 27 space, it was assessed that it has the value of about medium (IIIclass) level, but its value was upgraded with the on-spot detailed investigation that most of Aristolochia contorta, designated as a rare plant by Ministry of Environment, is growing. It is regarded that the above-mentioned research result on evaluation of biotope preservation value is expected to provide very important basic materials for future district unit plans and smooth integration with landscape ecology plans and eco-friendly space development.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.75-82
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• 2005

To investigate the vegetation structure of the region from Dongchanggyo to Deogjusa in Woraksan National Park, 23 plots$(400m^2)$ set up with random sampling method were surveyed. Three groups Quercus mongolica-pinus densiflora community, Pinus densiflora-Quercus molica community, Mixed Broad-leaved community were classified by cluster analysis. Quercus mongolica, pinus densiflora, Quercus serrata and Fraxinus rhynchophyllai were found as a major woody plant species in Woraksan National Park region. In this area, Quercus mongolica and Pinus densiflora were dominated partially. In the future, the importance percentage of Pinus densiflora might be decreased, but those of Quercus mongolica, Quercus serrata and Fraxinus rhynchophyllai might be increased. High positive correlations were proved between Acer pic tum and Corylus heterophylla, Betula schimidtii; Acer pseudosieboldianum, Cornus controversa ; Stephanandra incisa and Symplocos sawafutagi, Lespedeza maximowixzii ; Symplocos sawafutagi and Fraxinus rhynchophyllai, Lespedeza maximowixzii; Fraxinus rhynchophyllai and Acer pseudosieboldianum, Lespedeza maximowixzii; Quercus variabilis and Fraxinus sieboldiana; Corylus heterophylla, and Rhododendron schlippenbachii; Acer pseudo sieboldianum and Lespedeza maximowixzii, and relatively high negative corrlations was proved between Quercus serrata and Betula schimidtii; Quercus mongolica and Quercus serrata; Corylus heterophylla and Lindera erythrocarpa. Species diversity(H') of investigated groups were ranged from $1.2393\~1.3674$ and it was relatively high compared to those of the ridge area of other national parks.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.107-116
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• 2020

Up to date, the majority research on the major landscape elements in organic farming has been mainly focused on the practice of seeking efficiency. The problem is that this type of study contributes to polluting the agricultural environment and damaging the ecological circulation system. As an alternative, there is a growing body of research on organic farming, but it is not widely applied that research on how to manage the landscape considering the scenic characteristics of farming villages practicing organic farming. Therefore, this study was carried out in the conservative aspects of rural landscapes in order to effectively manage the landscape of organic agriculture and, intended to be used to maintain and preserve natural and ecologically harmonious landscapes by deriving management methods suitable for landscape elements targeting the major landscape elements of the organic farming complex. To carry out, this study performed the experts survey which is composed of 13 major landscape elements, including rice paddies and fields, monoculture and diverse crops, dirt roads, windbreak trees, accent planting, dum-bung(small pond), natural small river, natural waterways, plastic film houses, one-storied houses, and pavilion. As a result, Farm land was formed in a square shape, concentrated in an independent space, planted companion plants around the crop, and covered with plants to manage the borders. As for the surrounding environment, it was analyzed that the aspart road system circulating through the village, the evergreen broad-leaved windbreak forest around the cultivated land, and the accent plant located at the entrance of the village were suitable. The hydrological environment consists of Round small pond made of stone in an open space, natural rivers around the village, and natural channels around the farmland, and The Major facilities are suitable for greenhouses that are shielded by plants in independent regions, and wooden duck houses located inside the cultivation area are suitable and The settlement facilities were analyzed to be suitable for single-story brick houses located in independent residential areas, pavilion located with greenery in the center of the village, and educational spaces shielded with wood from arable land. If supplementary evaluation criteria suitable for the management of organic farming landscape are additionally supplemented based on the results derived from this study, It is expected to enhance the landscape value of ecologically superior organic farming.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.81-88
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• 2011

This study was carried out to provide basic information for standard cultivation guideline of Korean mountain cultivated ginseng (Panax ginseng). Environmental conditions, soil properties, growth process, cultivation methods and sowing timing were investigated in cultivations of Korean mountain cultivated ginseng in Korea (18 region in 9 province). Most of Korean mountain cultivated ginseng was cultivated to north, north-east, east or north-west direction in broad-leaved forest, IV age group, and 500~1,000 trees/ha. Elevation was below 500 m and slope was below $25^{\circ}$ in cultivation. There were significant differences in soil properties by region and cultivation based on organic matter (3.43~24.07%) and pH level (3.8~5.7). Sprouting, leaf unfolding, flowering, fruiting, red ripening, fruit drop and leaf drop of Korean mountain cultivated ginseng was investigated in cultivation. The results show that it took 98 days on average for the whole growth process. There were two methods, sowing and transplant for cultivation. Sowing methods were classified in sowing after opening-testa treatment and direct sowing. and it was 70% and 30%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.52-63
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• 2019

This study analyzed the characteristics of vegetation structure of the camphor tree (Cinnamomum japonicum) community in the area of mount Tachibana, Kasuya county, Fukuoka Prefecture designated as a special natural monument in Japan. The survey showed overwhelming dominance of canopy tree in the canopy layer (about 30 m in tree heights and 92.79 cm in average breast height diameter) but no appearance in the understory layer or the shrub layer. In the understory layer and the shrub layer, Castanopsis sieboldii, Machilus thunbergii, Neolitsea sericea, and Cinnamomum yabunikkei, which were the competing species to the canopy layer and the late-successional species in the warm temperate climate zone, were mainly distributed. Moreover, the species diversity was generally low, indicating the vegetation characteristics that was not typical of evergreen broad-leaved forests. This is presumably because camphor trees were actively planted, protected, and cultivated to produce camphor which was valuable in the past. Although this site has not been artificially managed for the past 90 years as the raw materials of camphor have not been collected, vegetation transition did not proceed, which is unique. It is probably due to the fact that camphor was overwhelmingly dominant in the canopy layer so that the inflows of species were restricted, and young tree germination did not occur due to the allelopathy effects of camphor trees.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.618-638
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• 2018

This study examined the vegetation structure in the ridge of the Hannamgeumbuk-Jeongmaek and Geumbuk-Jeongmaek by selecting 7 sites(2 sites at Hannamgeumbuk-Jeongmaek and 5 sites at Geumbuk-Jeongmaek) in consideration of the environmental conditions and artificial influences and conducting the vegetation survey in the selected sites. The community classification based on TWINSPAN categorized the vegetation at Hannamgeumbuk-Jeongmaek into 8 groups: Quercus variabilis-Q. acutissima community, Pinus densiflora-Q. mongolica community, Pinus densiflora community, P. densiflora-Q. mongolica-Q. variabilis community, P. densiflora-Deciduous oaks community, P. koraiensis community, Q. mongolica-Q. variabilis community, and Larix kaempferi-P. koraiensis community. It also categorized the vegetation at Geumbuk-Jeongmaek into 9 groups: Quercus variabilis community, Deciduous broad-leaved community, Q. mongolica community, Pinus densiflora-Q. mongolica-Q. variabilis community, Q. acutissima community, P. densiflora-Q. acutissima-Q. variabilis community, P. densiflora-Q. mongolica-P. rigida community, P. densiflora-P. thunbergii-Deciduous oaks community, and P. koraiensis community. Two species, Quercus mongolica and Pinus densiflora, which are widely distributed in the ridges of the Jeongmaeks and Baekdudaegan in South Korea, were dominant in many of the surveyed sites. The appearance of planted Castanea crenata in some plots, although not in high population, suggests human intervention in most regions of the Hannamgeumbuk-Jeongmaek and Geumbuk-Jeongmaek in the past. The Gayasan area, which is part of the Geumbuk-Jeongmaek and where the maritime climate and continental climate overlap, showed Pinus thunbergii, reflecting the local climate characteristics.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.76 no.2
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• pp.109-118
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• 1987

The purpose of this study was to investigate the inhabiting ecology of wild birds using artificial nests in Gyeongnam province. The sort of birds, the utilization of artificial nests by the materials, by the sites and by the forest type, and other inhabiting ecology of birds were investigated from 1984 to 1986. The results obtained were as follows; 1. Wild birds in surveyed areas were classified into 20 families and 35 species. Among them the birds inhabiting the artificial nests were 6 species and those using them most frequently were Parus ater (17.2%), P. major (16.7%) and P. palustris (12.2%). 2. The artificial nests installed on the top and at the toot of the mountain were chiefly utilized by P. ater and P. major, but the artificial nests in park area were mostly used by Passer montanus and Sturnus cineraceus. 3. Sixty-one percent of the artificial nests were utilized by the birds; 45.5% were used for breeding and 15.6% were inhabitation only. 4. When different nest materials and shapes were tested, mixed nests (sawdust and cement) were used most frequently, and C type. (Diamond shape) of wood nests was used more frequently compared with the A (Roof shape) and B (Box shape) types of wood nests. Meanwhile, the birds prefered the 3cm hole size (81.1% of utilization) to 4cm of hole (57.8%) and 5cm of hole (24.4%). 5. The artificial nests constructed in mixed forest were more frequently inhabited (73.3%) by the birds than coniferous forest (68.3%) and broad-leaved forest (63.3%). 6. The period of egg-laying in Parus species was from late April to early May, while Eophona migratoria, Lanius bucephalus, Motacilla alba and Passer montanus laid eggs generally in the middle of May. 7. Parus species, Passer montanus and Motacilla alba laid one egg every day for 5-10days, but Eopphona migratoria laied 4 eggs in 7 days and Lanius bucephalus laid 5 eggs in 4 days. The incubation period of Parus species was 16-18 days, while the others were about 11 to 14 days. 8. Thirteen days after the hatch of Parus major, chicks reached 13.9g of body weight, 72.0mm of wing-length and 20.9mm of tarsus length. P. montanus chicks reached 20.3g of weight, 66.2mm of wing-length and 20.2mm of tarsus length during the same period. 9. Food item of feeding chicks almost consisted of creatures (98.2%) with following composition; 55.2% of insect larvae, 37.2% adult insects, 2.8% of pupae and 2.8% of spiders. Vegetable items were 2% only. Among those creature food items, 95.2% were insect pests to forest.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.8-22
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• 1998

The phytomass and productivity of the evergreen needle pines(Pinus densiflora and Pinus rigida) and of the deciduous broad- leaved oaks(Quercus acutissima, Quercus variabililis and Quercus mongolica) in the watershed forests of South Han River, central part of Korea was estimated by the allometry. The allometic relations between D$^2$H and dry weight of stem(Ws), branches(Wb) and leaves(Wl) of these forests were as follows: Pinus densiflora community : logWs=0.58482D$^2$H-0.42417 logWb=0.6234D$^2$H-1.2321 logWl=0.2247D$^2$H-0.09359 Pinus rigida community : logWs=0.9218D$^2$H-1.4692 logWb=1.0064D$^2$H-2.2278 logWl=0.6275D$^2$H-1.1715 Quercus acutissima community : logWs=0.96659D$^2$H-1.56975 logWb=0.86315D$^2$H-2.17944 logWl=0.79876D$^2$H-1.97137 Quercus variabilis community : logWs=0.4753D$^2$H＋0.20026 logWb=0.5725D$^2$H-0.92006 logW1=0.61649D$^2$H-1.4288 Quercus momgolica community : logWs=0.5526D$^2$H-0.1228 logWb=0.5188D$^2$H-0.9787 logWl=0.7754D$^2$H-2.6273 From the above formulae, the phytomass of Pinus densiflora was estimated to be much as 1,200,000 ton, Pinus rigida 610,000 ton, Quercus acutissima 289 ton, Quercus variabilis 2,800ton and Quercus mongolica 570,000 ton in the surveyed area, respectively. Accordingly, the phytomass of Pinus densiflora forest was occupied about 43.9 % in toto and was higher thanthose of other forests. The phytomass of watershed forests belonging to Degree 8 and Degree7 divided by degree of green naturality(DGN) was 74,000 ton and 2,000,000 ton, resfectively. Accordingly, the watershed forests in South Han River were mainly composed of Pinus densiflora and Quercus mongolica forests belonging to Degree 7.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.411-417
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• 2009

This research is intended to discover physiological and biochemical defense mechanisms against herbivores of 8 species of the genus Acerby examining the morphological characteristics of the leaf, the structure and number of leaf domatia, herbivores insects and mites feeding on leaves, which were collected from the trees growing in Mt. Chiak, Mt. Cheongtae, Mt. Jungwang, Mt. Bangtae, Mt. Taebaek and Wonju City. This research was conducted from May through July, 2009, and the results are as follows. The domatia of A. pseudosieboldianum, A. pictum subsp. mono and A. mandshuricum belongs to tuft type; that of A. palmatum, A. triflorum and A. tschonoskii pocket+tuft type; and that of A. tegmentosum pocket type. The number of domatia per leaf turned out to be the highest in the case of A. tegmentosum(20.2), and the lowest in the case of A. ginnala (4.2). Leaf surface trichomes of A. palmatum, A. pseudosiebotdianum, A. ginnala and A. mandshuricum are covered with villi; those of A. pictum subsp. mono and A. triflorum with soft, pilose type of hair, and those of A. tschonoskii with stiff, strigose hair. The trichome density of lower leaf surface is found to be higher than that of the upper leaf surface. Only in the case of A. palmatum, A. pseudosieboldianum, A. tegmentosum and A. tschonoskii, a small amount of nectar is found to be secreted from the distal vein parts of the leaf margin. The number of mites on each leaf are found to be significantly different among tree species, and average mites number per leaf was the highest in the case of A. tschonoskii (9.2/leaf), and A. mandshuricum, A. pseudosieboldianum, and A. triflorum follow it in decreasing order. Minute insects attacking the leaf of Acer spp. include Periphyllus californiensis, P. viridis, Psylla spp, and gall mites, and the number of these insects are found in Periphyllus californiensis, Psylla spp, P. viridis, and Cicadellidae sp. in decreasing order. The natural enemies of these herbivores insects are predatory mites, such as Chilocorus rubidus, Coccinella septempunctata and the nymph, Aphidius ervi, Poecilocoris lewisi and its larva, and Poecilocoris lewisi. Lasius japonicus and Formica japonica are symbiotic with aphids, and supports herbivores. Finally, our research confirmed that predatory mites attack Periphyllus californiensis and suck the body fluid of their victim. This proves that mites form a symbiotic relationship with plants through the mediation of leaf domatia. This also indicates that a protective mutualism may be more conspicuous in temperate broad-leaved trees.