• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.38-44
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different postural correction in the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the trunk and hip muscles during bridging exercises. Twenty-four healthy subjects volunteered for this study. The muscle activity was recorded with surface electrodes over the erector spinae, multifidus, gluteus maximus (GM), and hamstring (Ham) muscles; it was measured by using surface EMG equipment under the following 3 experimental conditions: manual postural correction, verbal correction, and no correction. The maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) was determined for each muscle group in order to represent each exercise as a percentage of MVIC and allow for standardized comparison between subjects. A one-way analysis of variance was used to determine significant differences in the EMG activities of each muscle between the 3 experimental groups. During bridging exercises, the manual postural correction on normalized EMG activity of the GM muscle during manual guiding was significantly higher than during verbal guiding and without guiding (p<.05). Furthermore, the GM/Ham ratio was significantly higher during manual guiding than during verbal guiding and without guiding (p<.05). These findings suggest that the activities of the hip and trunk muscles may be favorably modified with manual guiding during bridging exercises.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.71-78
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• 2017

Background: Muscle weakness and impaired trunk muscle control are common in stroke patients. The bridging exercise (BE) is generally used for trunk stabilization and improving the overall function of stroke patients. The effectiveness of the BE with hip adductor contraction (BEHA) in facilitating trunk muscle activation has been well studied in healthy adults. However, the impact of BEHA in sub-acute stroke patients has not yet been investigated. Objects: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of BEHA on the electromyography (EMG) activities and the asymmetry of the rectus abdominis (RA), external oblique (EO) and internal oblique (IO) abdominal muscles. Methods: Twenty participants with sub-acute stroke (11 males and 9 females) were recruited. Each participant was asked to perform bridging exercises for five seconds under three different conditions: BE in a neutral position (BEN), BEHA with a large ball (BEHAL) and BEHA with a small ball (BEHAS). The EMG amplitudes of the bilateral RA, EO and IO and the asymmetry of the EMG activity between the sound and affected sides were compared among the conditions. The significance level was set at ${\alpha}=.05$. Results: The EMG activities of RA, EO and IO were significantly greater during BEHAL and BEHAS than during BEN (p<.05); the asymmetry of the RA, EO and IO decreased significantly during BEHAL and BEHAS compared to BEN (p<.05). However, no measured variables showed any significant differences between BEHAL and BEHAS (p>.05). Conclusion: This study compared the EMG activities of the RA, EO and IO on both sides and the asymmetry of the RA, EO and IO during BEN, BEHAL and BEHAS. Our findings suggest that BEHA was more effective for individuals with hemiplegic stroke at facilitating and normalizing abdominal muscle control than BEN.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.221-229
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• 2009

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of bridging stabilization exercises of trunk muscles activity on a Swiss ball according to change of position. Methods：30 healthy university students volunteered to participate in this study. Subjects were required to complete following three exercise positions. Exercise position 1; Supine bridge with Swiss ball, Exercise position 2; Side bridge with Swiss ball, Exercise position 3; Prone bridge with Swiss ball. Surface electromyography from selected trunk muscles was normalized to maximum voluntary isometric contraction. Results : A repeated measures of ANOVA with Duncan's correction was used to determine the influence of exercise type on muscle activity for rectus abdominis, external oblique, erector spinae. The erector spinae of exercise position 1 showed significantly higher muscle activity than exercise position 2, 3(p<.05). The external oblique of exercise position 2, 3 showed significantly higher muscle activity than exercise position 1(p<.05). The rectus abdominis of exercise position 3 showed significantly higher muscle activity than exercise position 1, 2(p<.05) Conclusion： These results indicate that muscle activity can be influenced by addition of a Swiss ball in bridging exercises. It is recommend to use a Swiss ball for trunk stabilization exercise.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.49-58
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of bridging stabilization exercise on balance ability and gait performance in elderly women. The subjects of this study were thirty-one elderly women over 65 years old in HongSung-Gun Senior Citizen Welfare Hall. The subjects were randomly assigned into one of three groups (trunk stabilization exercise on the mat, whole body vibration, and Swiss ball) and participated in each exercise program three times a week for 4 weeks. Each exercise began in the bridging position. The dynamic balance and gait were measured by limit of stability area using force plate, Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and Timed Up and Go Test (TUG). The results were as follows: 1) The limit of stability in three groups increased significantly in anterior-posterior and medial-lateral lean after 4-weeks intervention (p<.05). 2) There were no significant differences in the limit of stability among three groups after 4-weeks intervention (p>.05). 3) The BBS and TUG in three groups increased significantly after 4-weeks intervention (p<.05). 4) There were significant differences among three groups in BBS. Post-hoc test showed that Swiss ball exercise group was significantly higher than the mat and whole body vibration groups. 5) There were no significant differences TUG among three groups after 4-weeks intervention (p>.05). In conclusion, this study suggested that 4 weeks of the bridging stabilization exercises were effective on balance and gait in all three groups. Particularly Swiss ball exercise group showed higher improvement than two other exercise groups (mat, whole body vibration group).

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.59-63
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• 2016

Purpose: The objective of this study was to identify determine the effect of the strap height on muscular activity of trunk and lower limbs muscles during bridging exercise with a sling. Methods: The subjects of the study were 17 healthy male adults. In order to For measurement of muscular activity, body surfaces electrodes were placed on areas including erector spinae, multifidus muscles, gluteus maximus, and hamstring and the results was were recorded based on three different heights of strap, which are Levels 1, 2, and 3. Results: The muscular activities in erector spinae, multifidus muscle, and gluteus maximus were significantly different in at all three heights (p<0.05)., Level 3 showed the highest the compared to Levels 1 and 2. In hamstring muscle, there was significant difference in levels 1 and 2, also and levels 1 and 3 (p<0.05),. Bbut there was no significant difference between 2 and 3. The ration of muscular activities in multifidus muscles/erector spinae and gluteus maximus/hamstrings were significantly different for all three strap heights (p<0.05). Also, Level 3 showed higher than 1 or 2. Conclusion: The results of this study suggests to adjustment of the level III, that which has high activity level of multifidus and gluteus maximus affecting trunk stability during bridging exercise using a sling.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.189-194
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• 2019

Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine comparison of tension according to the type of sling cord during the bridging exercise with sling in stroke patients. Methods Twenty six stroke patients were recruited for this study. Subjects were randomly performed sling bridging exercise with three types of sling cords such as nonelastic cord with affected side-nonelastic cord with non affected side (NC-NC), nonelastic cord with affected side-elastic cord with non affected side (NC-EC), and elastic cord with affected side-nonelastic cord with non affected side (EC-NC). They were measured tension with a tensiometer of sling cord during the bridging exercise with sling. Results The tension of sling cord was significantly different in affected side, non affected side, and tension ratio of affected side/non affected side. There were significant differences tension in NC-EC from NC-NC and EC-NC and the NC-EC method was increased tension of affected side and decreased tension of non affected side. Conclusions These results showed that the NC-EC method was improved the symmetry of affected side and non affected side. Sling exercise with appropriate type of sling cord should be increased activities of affected side and improved recovery in stroke patients.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.228-234
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• 2020

Objectives: The number of patients undergoing oral anticoagulant therapy for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease is increasing. However, the risk of bleeding after tooth extraction in patients receiving warfarin is unclear. Here, we assess the risk of bleeding after tooth extraction in patients on warfarin. Materials and Methods: The study included 260 patients taking warfarin who underwent tooth extraction (694 teeth). The patients were divided into those whose teeth were extracted while they were taking warfarin, those who discontinued warfarin before extraction, and those who underwent extraction while receiving heparin bridging therapy. Bleeding complications in the two groups were compared. Results: Of the 260 patients, 156 underwent extraction while taking warfarin, 70 stopped taking warfarin before extractions, and 34 received heparin bridging therapy and stopped taking either medication before extractions. Bleeding complications occurred in 9 patients (3.5%) and 9 tooth sites (1.3%). Among the 9 patients with bleeding complications, 6 underwent extraction while taking warfarin, 2 stopped warfarin before extraction, and 1 underwent extraction after receiving heparin bridging therapy. No significant difference was seen between patient groups regarding bleeding after extractions (P=0.917). Conclusion: Warfarin use does not increase the risk of post-extraction bleeding and can therefore be continued during tooth extraction.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.1-8
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• 2013

This study analyzes how different knee flexion angles affect the abdominal and pelvic muscle activity during supine bridging. Twenty healthy subjects participated in the study. We used surface electromyography (EMG) to measure how three different knee flexion angles ($100^{\circ}$, $70^{\circ}$, and $40^{\circ}$) affected the activity of the transverse abdominis/internal oblique (TrA/IO), external oblique (EO), biceps femoris (BF), rectus femoris (RF), and gluteus maximus (GM) muscles on the dominant side during supine bridging. The one-way repeated analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the statistical significance of TrA/IO, EO, BF, RF and GM muscle activity and the GM/BF activity ratio. For the TrA/IO, EO, BF, and GM muscles, supine bridging with different knee flexion angles resulted in significant differences in abdominal and pelvic muscle activity. For the TrA/IO muscles, the post-hoc test demonstrated that muscle activity significantly increased at $40^{\circ}$ compared to $70^{\circ}$; however, there were no significant differences between $100^{\circ}$ and $70^{\circ}$ or $100^{\circ}$ and $40^{\circ}$. For the EO muscle, the post-hoc test demonstrated that muscle activity significantly increased at $40^{\circ}$ compared to $100^{\circ}$ and $70^{\circ}$; no significant difference was observed between angles $100^{\circ}$ and $70^{\circ}$. For the BF muscle, the post-hoc test demonstrated that muscle activity significantly increased according to the knee flexion angle ($40^{\circ}$ > $70^{\circ}$ > $100^{\circ}$). For the GM muscle, the post-hoc test demonstrated that muscle activity significantly increased according to the knee flexion angle ($100^{\circ}$ > $70^{\circ}$ > $40^{\circ}$). However, for the RF muscle, there was no significant difference. Additionally, the GM/BF activity ratio significantly increased according to the knee flexion angle ($100^{\circ}$ > $70^{\circ}$ > $40^{\circ}$). From these results, we can conclude that bridging with a knee flexion of $100^{\circ}$ can strengthen the GM muscle, whereas bridging with a knee flexion of $40^{\circ}$ is recommended to strengthen the IO, EO, and BF muscles. We can also conclude that knee flexion angles should be modified during supine bridging to increase the muscle activity of different target muscles.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1077-1083
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of stable and unstable bridging exercises on the EMG activity of abdominal muscles. Twenty healthy women participated in this study and the muscle activities of left-right rectus abdominis (RA), external oblique (EO), and internal oblique (IO) muscles were recorded during 4 bridging exercises (unilateral/ bilateral, stable/unstable). The activity of the right EO muscle was the highest during unilateral exercise in unstable condition, and left EO muscle also produced the same result. The activity of the right IO muscle was the highest during unilateral exercise in an unstable condition, and left IO muscle also produced the same result. The activity of the right RA muscle was the highest during unilateral exercise in a stable condition, and left RA muscle produced the same result. Unstable/unilateral (USUL) represented the highest activity among the 4 exercises. EO/IO muscles represented the highest activity during the USUL exercise, and RA did so during the stable/unilateral exercise. These results suggest that specific posture (USUL) can be administered targeting a specific side of abdominal muscles.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.51-56
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the PNF stabilization technique for the hip joint and the bridging exercise on the trunk stabilizer muscles in healthy adults. Methods: Twenty-eight healthy adults were randomly allocated to either a PNF stabilization exercise group (n = 12) or a bridging exercise group (n = 16). The outcome measures included the contraction thickness ratio in the transversus abdominis (TrA), internal oblique (IO), and external oblique (EO), and the TrA lateral slide was assessed during the abdominal drawing-in maneuver using b-mode ultrasound. The researcher measured the abdominal muscle thickness of each participant before the therapist began the intervention and at the moment that the intervention was applied. Between-group comparisons were performed using the Mann-Whitney U test. The level of statistical significance was set at 0.05. Results: The PNF intervention program showed a significant increase in the trunk stabilizer muscle. The percentage of change in the TrA thickness showed a significant interaction between intervention. However, there were no significant differences in the IO and EO between the two groups. Conclusion: The PNF stabilization technique for the hip joint can be used effectively to improve the IO and TrA muscles in healthy adults.