• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제54권9호
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• pp.368-372
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• 2011

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is one of the most critical morbidities in preterm infants. The incidence of NEC is 7% in very-low-birthweight infants, and its mortality is 15 to 30%. Infants who survive NEC have various complications, such as nosocomial infection, malnutrition, growth failure, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, retinopathy of prematurity, and neurodevelopmental delays. The most important etiology in the pathogenesis of NEC is structural and immunological intestinal immaturity. In preterm infants with immature gastrointestinal tracts, development of NEC may be associated with a variety of factors, such as colonization with pathogenic bacteria, secondary ischemia, genetic polymorphisms conferring NEC susceptibility, anemia with red blood cell transfusion, and sensitization to cow milk proteins. To date, a variety of preventive strategies has been accepted or attempted in clinical practice with regard to the pathogenesis of NEC. These strategies include the use of breast feeding, various feeding strategies, probiotics, prebiotics, glutamine and arginine, and lactoferrin. There is substantial evidence for the efficacy of breast feeding and the use of probiotics in infants with birth weights above 1,000 g, and these strategies are commonly used in clinical practice. Other preventive strategies, however, require further research to establish their effect on NEC.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.881-888
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• 2013

Objectives : The purpose of the study is to investigate the risk factors of dental caries in early childhood. Methods : Subjects were 197 mothers having 5 year old children. They completed the questionnaire from June 1 to July 14, 2012. Results : At birth, the age of mother and the number of teeth experiencing dental caries showed high correlation(r=0.163, p<0.05). Early beginning(r=-0.441, p<0.05) and long period(r=0.441, p<0.05) of mix feeding were closely related to dental caries outbreak. Long period of supplementary food caused deciduous dental caries (r=0.643, p<0.001) and dental caries experience (r=0.723, p<0.001). Long period of breast feeding (r=0.261, p<0.001) also caused deciduous dental caries. Low BMI of mother was colsely related to high dental caries(r=-0.206, p<0.01). Deciduous dental caries accounted for 61.8% and the number of teeth experiencing dental caries was 68.5%. Conclusions : Appropriate breast feeding habit is the most important behavior of preventing deciduous dental caries in 5 year old children.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.66-75
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• 2023

Purpose: Supportive interventions to improve breastfeeding practice are needed in nursing. This study investigated the effects of pectoralis major myofascial release massage (MRM) on breast pain and engorgement among breastfeeding mothers and on breast milk intake and sleep patterns among newborns. Methods: Breastfeeding mothers who had delivered between 37 and 43 weeks and had 7-to 14-day-old newborns were recruited from a postpartum care center in Gunpo, Korea. Participants were randomized to the MRM or control group. The outcome variables were breast pain and breast engorgement among breastfeeding mothers and breast milk intake and sleep time among newborns. The experimental treatment involved applying MRM to separate the pectoralis major muscle and the underlying breast tissue in the chest. After delivery, the first MRM session (MRM I) was provided by a breast specialist nurse, and the second (MRM II) was administered 48 hours after MRM I. Results: Following MRM, breast pain (MRM I: t=-5.38, p<.001; MRM II: t=-10.05, p<.001), breast engorgement (MRM I: right, t=-1.68, p =.100; left, t=-2.13, p=.037 and MRM II: right, t=-4.50, p<.001; left, t=-3.74, p<.001), and newborn breast milk intake (MRM I: t=3.10, p=.003; MRM II: t=3.09, p=.003) differed significantly between the groups. Conclusion: MRM effectively reduced breast engorgement and breast pain in breastfeeding mothers, reducing the need for formula supplementation, and increasing newborns' breast milk intake. Therefore, MRM can be utilized as an effective nursing intervention to alleviate discomfort during breastfeeding and to improve the rate of breastfeeding practice (clinical trial number: KCT0002436).

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.167-173
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• 2003

목 적: 성장 장애의 비기질적 원인인 식욕부진의 원인으로 부적절한 양육, 부적절한 칼로리의 섭취, 부적절한 식이 습관 등 환경적 요인과 심리적 요인이 강조되고 있다. 이에 저자들은 영양 지도 및 평가의 기초 자료로 삼고자 성장 장애의 원인이 될 수 있는 식욕 부진이 있는 4세 이하의 영 유아에서의 식이 습관을 조사하였다. 방 법: 2002년 5월부터 2002년 8월까지 조선대학교 부속병원과 광주광역시와 전라남도의 4개의 개인 병원을 방문한 504명의 아이들의 보호자를 대상으로 하였으며 조사방법은 본 교실에서 제작한 설문지를 보호자가 기재하도록 하였다. 결과의 분석은 식욕 부진이 있는 아이 138명과 식욕 부진이 없는 아이 366명의 체중 증가의 정도, 신생아 시기의 수유 방법과 수유량, 수유시기, 이유식을 먹이는 방법과 시기 등을 비교 분석하였다. 결 과: 1) 대상아 중 식욕부진이 있는 아이는 138명(27.4%)이었고, 식욕 부진이 없는 아이는 366명(72.6%)이었다. 식욕 부진이 있는 아이 중에서 남아는 전체의 14.7%이었고, 여아는 12.7%이었으며, 식욕부진이 없는 경우는 남아가 전체의 39.1%이었고, 여아는 33.5%이었다. 2) 식욕부진이 있는 아이의 체중 분포는 3 백분위수 미만이 8.7%, 3~10 백분위수가 15.9%, 10~25 백분위수가 20.3%, 25~50 백분위수가 23.3%, 50~75 백분위수가 18.8%, 75~90 백분위수가 5.8%, 90~97 백분위수 5.1%, 97 백분위수 이상이 2.2%이었다. 3) 모유수유율은 식욕 부진이 있는 아이는 18.8%, 식욕 부진이 없는 아이는 20.3%이다. 4) 6개월 이내의 짧은 모유수유기간은 식욕 부진이 있는 아이는 70.5%, 식욕 부진이 없는 아이는 58.5%이다. 5) 이유식의 시작 시기는 식욕 부진이 있는 아이의 경우에 2~4개월 때 15.9%, 4~6개월 때 32.7%, 6~8개월 때 38.1%, 1세 이상일 때가 18.8%로 식욕 부진이 없는 아이의 경우 2~4개월 때의 5.6%와 비교하면 이유식을 4개월 이전에 너무 빨리 시작한 경우가 15.9%로 많은 수를 차지하였다. 6) 이유식을 먹이는 방법은 식욕 부진이 있는 경우는 80.4%에서 식욕 부진이 없는 경우도 66.6%에서 젖병을 이용하는 잘못된 이유 방법을 하고 있었다. 7) 식사시에 항상 다른 일을 하는 경우는 식욕 부진이 있는 경우는 17.3%, 식욕 부진이 없는 경우는 10.7%이었으며, 항상 식사에만 집중하는 경우는 식욕 부진이 있는 경우는 2%, 식욕 부진이 없는 경우는 12.7%이었다. 8) 식욕 부진으로 상담을 받았던 곳은 한방병원 68%, 소아과 20%, 내과 3%, 약국이 8% 순이었다. 9) 식욕 부진으로 복용한 약물의 종류는 한약이 77%, 영양제가 15%, 비타민제제는 8% 순이었다. 결 론: 영 유아의 식욕부진은 낮은 모유 수유율과 짧은 기간, 잘못된 이유 시기 및 방법, 식사시의 집중도, 편식의 정도와 관련이 있다. 또한 식욕 부진아의 대부분이 소아과의원 이외의 다른 기관에서 진료하고 있어 적극적인 대응책 강구와 올바른 영 유아의 영양 방법에 대한 교육이 필요하다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제48권10호
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• pp.1055-1060
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• 2005

목 적 : 모유수유아와 분유수유아의 생후 첫 일년간의 성장 패턴을 비교하기 위함이다. 방 법 : 의무 기록지를 통해 출생시, 1, 3, 6, 9 그리고 12개월의 신체 계측치(체중, 신장, 두위)가 수집되었고, 설문 조사를 통해 대상의 특징들이 모아졌다. 358명의 소아들 중 모유수유아는 161명(남아 84명, 여아 77명)이었고, 분유수유아는 90명(남아 42명, 여아 48명)이었다. 두 군 모두에서 4개월 이전에는 이유식을 공급하지 않았다. 각 연령별 체중, 신장, 두위가 계산되었다. 모유수유군은 다시 두 군(4-11개월간 모유수유를 한 군과 12개월 이상 모유수유를 한 군)으로 세분되었다. 결 과 : 엄마의 연령을 제외하면 대상의 특징들은 두 군에서 유사하였다. 모유수유군의 평균 체중은 12개월에만 분유수유군 보다 낮게 측정되었다(male : P=0.004, female : P=0.004). 하지만, 12개월 이상 모유수유만 한 군의 평균 체중은 9개월과 12개월에 분유수유군 보다 낮았다(P<0.05). 평균 신장과 두위는 두 군에서 유사하였다. 결 론 : 모유수유아와 분유수유아의 성장 지표들은 출생시에는 유사하나 생후 첫 일년간 두 군의 체중 곡선이 다르게 나타난다.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.229-235
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• 2016

Purpose: To study whether breastfeeding and breastfeeding status during gluten introduction influences the age at diagnosis of celiac disease (CD). In addition to study, whether the timing of gluten introduction influences the age at diagnosis of CD. Methods: It was a hospital based observational study. Total 198 patients diagnosed with CD as per modified European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (2012) criteria, aged between 6 months to 6 years were included. Detail history taken with special emphasis on breastfeeding and age of gluten introduction. Standard statistical methods used to analyze the data. Results: $Mean{\pm}standard$ deviation age of onset and diagnosis of CD in breastfed cases was $2.81{\pm}1.42$ years and $3.68{\pm}1.55$ years respectively as compared to $1.84{\pm}1.36$ years and $2.70{\pm}1.65$ years respectively in not breastfed cases (p<0.05). Those who had continued breastfeeding during gluten introduction and of longer duration had significantly delayed onset of disease. The age at onset of CD was under one year in 40.42% of the cases, who had started gluten before 6 months of age compared to only 12.58% of those who had started gluten later (p<0.001). The proposed statistical model showed that two variables, i.e., breast feeding status during gluten introduction and age at gluten introduction positively influencing the age at diagnosis of CD. Conclusion: Delayed gluten introduction to infant's diet along with continuing breastfeeding, delays symptomatic CD. However, it is not clear from our study that these infant feeding practices provide permanent protection against the disease or merely delays the symptoms.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.70-78
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• 2012

Objectives Recently, vitamin D supplements to breast-fed infants are being encouraged in Korea, and other countries. However, the reliability and validity assessment of supplements is insufficient. Therefore, this study suggests new Korean guidelines for vitamin D supplements of breast-fed infant. Methods The roles of Vitamin D for bone metabolism in children and the correlation between breast milk and Vitamin D were examined throughout domestic and international literature review. In addition, the efficacy and safety of vitamin D supplements were reviewed. Results Preventive effects of rickets by vitamin D supplementation remain unclear. Furthermore, concerns about the safety of vitamin D supplements intake have been raised. Korean guideline suggests breast-fed infants can get vitamin D through the skin safely, but maternal intake of vitamins through sunbath and diet is more effective and safe. Conclusions Limiting sunlight excessively and applying foreign countries' medical guideline for vitamin D supplements are not valid to apply as a domestic guideline for Korean breast-fed infants without considering ethnic and cultural characteristics.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권14호
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• pp.5633-5638
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• 2014

Purpose: Our research project aimed at presenting midwifery student self-assessment of performing the role of breast cancer prevention educator. Materials and Methods: Investigations were carried out in 2011 at the Medical University of Lublin in Poland, and Katolieke Hogeschool of Kortrijk in Belgium, after obtaining approval of the ethical committee of Polish Midwives Association (III/EC/2011/PMA). The project involved a total of 155 midwifery students, made up of 95 from Poland, and 60 from Belgium. Relations between opposing characteristics were tested with Chi-square ($x^2$) test for independent traits. To assess the dependence relation between the examined variables Pearson's corrected coefficient was used. Data base and statistics were carried out with computer software STATISTICA 9.0 (StatSoftPoland). Conclusions: Student knowledge on prevention against breast cancer was unsatisfactory. The students place of residence determined their self-estimation of personal knowledge of breast cancer prevention and diagnosing methods to assess the incidence of the disease, this knowledge being better with the students of Lublin. Better self-estimation in the students of Lublin of their personal knowledge on factors rising the risk of breast cancer, such as alimentation method, application of oral contraceptives and breast feeding was found than in Belgian students.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.89-116
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• 1991

The purpose of this study was to describe mother -infant interacting behavior patterns related to newborn infant feeding and to explore the mother's cultural belief about their infant. The data collection was conducted by observation and interview. Twenty-five mothers and their newborn infants who were normally delivered and were also planned to breast feed were comprised as the subjects of this study. All subjects were interviewed and observed individuaily at 1 to 5 days after the delivery at the hospital, mid -wife's clinic, Maternal Child Health Center and their home throughout the country from remote area to big city, The observation data were recorded with symbolic letter on a recording sheet newly developed as a result of preliminary study. The interview data were taperecorded and then recorded in narrative form. Mother - infant interaction behaviors in early feeding period were analyzed based on 19 analytic sub-categories and their composing elements. Unit of analysis were mother, infant and mother -infant dyad. 8 analytic categories draw from the data. Each were preparation, instrument, interaction inducing, evaluation referred to mother's behavior, preparation, instrument, interaction inducing referred to infant's behavior and synchronic behaviors referred to mother - infant dyad. Frequencies of behavior items based on the categories were converted to percent. The result showed that in mother's preparation behavior, the breast condition of Korean mother can be an affecting factor for mother - infant interaction during feeding, and vocalization behavior was observed most frequently in interaction inducing behavior while the least frequent behavior observed was contacting. Subcultural characteristics of mother - infant interaction behaviors were analyzed for their relationships between groups of mothers who have lived in remote area vs urban area, and who were multipara vs primipara. Using a chi -square test, there were statistically significant relationships in the activity of psychological readiness in preparation behavior and the movement of extremities for the position of instrumental behavior in both groups. However, interaction inducing behaviors were not related with statistical significance in any set of groups. Accomplishment of marriage, bonding and emotional mediation of family members were the categories related to mother's cultural belief about the infant in aspect of functional values. Infant at birth is considered little more than a biological organism without social capabilities. Although the newborn infant is still be attached to his mother, he makes his mother extend her territoriality. The mother's interacting behavior toward her infant based on those beliefs appeared task oriented, separative behavioral series. On the other hand, it was seen that infant reacted independently to his mother's behavior by the in-nate perceptual abilities. Those independent behavioral series of mother and infant on the feeding situation were synchronized at any moment. Nurses are In a unique position to teach mothers about their infant's capabilities and help reducing some of uncertainty about infant's behaviors. Study results indicated that the informations infant's social capabilities and breast feeding should be given to the mothers. The results of this study have several implications for nursing. First, the study results will be used as fundamental resources for the development of the assessment tool about the early mother - infant interaction. Second, the results could be a relevant information in the fied. I of maternal child nursing education as real and useful data. Third, the behavioral patterns of early mother - infant interaction which were classified based on the qualitative analysis could be used for nursing theory development as very fundamental data.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.12-18
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• 1983

An ecological survey of early childhood nutrition was conducted from January 23 to February 18, to study the feeding method and weaning practice in Whaseong-gun, Kyonggi-do. This study covered a total of 283 children. Seventy three percent of the subjects had been breast-fed; 10% had been bottle-fed; others had been combination-fed before the introduction of supplementary foods. Only 26.9% of the subjects began to be fed supplementary food before the age of 6 months. The supplementary food used most frequently by the majority of children at the beginning of weaning was plain cooked rice; rarely special preparation, or different from the food eaten by the family. As for age of termination of breast feeding, 42.7% of the subjects were before 12 months; 32.8% were between 13 and 18 months of age; 24.5% were more than 19 months old. As for methods of stopping breast feeding, 44.5% of the subjects were naturally terminated while 38.5% were forced to terminate by the application of sticking plaster or medicines to the mother's nipples. The results indicate a need for nutrition and hygiene intervention to improve the weaning practice of rural area through the community nutrition education.