• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제51권8호
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• pp.820-826
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• 2008

목 적 : 9개월 영아의 수유방법에 따른 철결핍빈혈의 빈도와 적혈구 혈액상을 알아보고자 이 연구를 시행하였다. 방 법 : 2007년 1월부터 12월까지 생후 9개월의 특이병력이 없는 영아 253명의 혈액검사를 시행하고 부모를 대상으로 수유방법과 이유식에 대한 설문조사를 하여 결과를 얻었다. 결 과 : 총 253명 중 모유수유 123명(48.6%), 혼합수유 69명(27.3%), 인공수유 61명(24.1%)였다. 수유방법에 따른 적혈구 혈액상은 모유수유군에서 혼합수유군이나 인공수유군에 비하여 유의하게 낮았다(P<0.05). 253명 영아 중 25명에서 철결핍빈혈로 판명되어 9.9% 빈도를 보였고 수유방법에 따라서는 모유수유군에서 18.7%, 혼합수유군에서 1.4%, 인공수유군에서 1.6%의 빈도를 보여 모유수유군에서 빈혈 발생빈도가 유의하게 높았다(P< 0.05). 이유식 시작 시기에 따른 철결핍빈혈의 빈도는 생후 6개월 이내에 이유식을 시작한 영아 113명 중 6명(5.3%), 6개월 이후에 이유식을 시작한 영아는 140명 중 19명(13.6%)로 이유식을 늦게 시작한 군에서 철결핍빈혈의 빈도가 유의하게 높았다(P<0.05). 결 론 : 생후 9개월의 영아가 내원하였을 때 수유 방법이나 이유식에 대한 문진을 통하여 철분 등을 포함한 영양 상태에 관하여 알아보고 선별적 빈혈 검사를 통하여 철결핍빈혈의 예방과 치료에 힘써야 할 것이다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.335-345
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• 1996

The solids(supplementary food) consumption of 200 healthy infants aged from 4 to 6 months have been measured. Five groups were assigned to different feeding patterns. Breastfed group(BF, n=38), formula-fed group(FF, n=102) and mixed-fed group(MF, n=14) were fed breast milk, formula and mixed(breast mile+formula) from birth until 6 months of age respectively. Convert 1 group(C1F, n=14) and convert 2 group(C2F, n=32) were fed breast milk and mixed milk at 2 months of age respectively and were switched to formula thereafter. All infants received solids form 4 months of age. The energy intake from solids at 4 and 6 months averaged 59.1 and 110.3㎉/d among BF groups vs 151.9 and 239.3㎉/d among FF groups respectively. Intakes of protein, calcium and iron were 38-46$\%$, 34-44% and 25-37$\%$ higher in the FF than in the Bf group during the first 6 months. However, no significant differences were found in the intakes of energy and nutrient intakes from solids in all 4 groups excluding BF group(39$\%$). Although BF infant's nutrient intakes from solids were lower than other group's intakes, they intaked evenly solids from various food groups. As the age of infant had increased, the energy intake ratio from solids was cereals and dairy products was increased whereas energy intake ratio from meats, eggs, fruits and vegetables was decreased. TSC4, TSC6(the frequency score for the kinds of weaning food taken) showed no significant difference among 5 feeding groups but CIF-and C2F group's scores tended to be high. Consequently, these results suggest that BF group's solid intake pattern is more desirable and that Korean lactating Mother's dependence on commercial weaning food is too high.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.151-158
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• 2010

연구목적은 모유 또는 분유 섭취 시 나타나는 유치열의 치면별 우식패턴에 차이가 없으며 수유기간에 따른 차이도 없다는 가설을 검증하는 것이었다. 익산시, 청주시, 울산광역시의 36-71개월 어린이 815명을 대상으로 구강검사로 치면별 우식경험도를 조사하고, 보호자들을 대상으로 설문지 조사법으로 모유와 분유 중에서 생후 1년간 주로 수유한 것과 수유 기간을 조사하였다. 모유군과 분유군 간 우식경험유치면수(dmf)의 차이는 유의하지 않았다. 모유군에서 분유군보다 우식경험도가 더 높았던 유치군은 상악 유전치이었고, 유치면군은 상악 유전치 협설면과 인접면이었으며, 유치는 상악 유절치와 상하악 제2유구치이었고, 유치면은 상악 유중절치의 협면과 원심면, 상악 유측절치의 협설면, 인접면, 상악 제2유구치의 설면, 인접면, 교합면, 하악 제2유구치의 협면, 원심면이었다. 모유군에서 수유기간이 증가함에 따라 우식경험유치면수가 증가한 유치군은 상악 유전치와 상악 유구치이었고, 유치면군은 상악 유전치의 인접면, 상악 유구치의 협설면, 인접면, 교합면, 하악 유구치의 인접면이었으며, 유치는 상악 유전치, 상악 유구치, 하악 제2유구치이었고, 유치면에서는 상악 유전치의 인접면, 상악 제1유구치의 협설면, 인접면, 교합면, 상악 제2유구치의 협면, 하악 제2유구치의 근심면이었다. 분유군에서는 수유기간 3년 이상에서 우식경험유치면수가 증가하였으나 차이가 유의하지 않았다. 수유와 관련되어 발생하는 상악 유절치의 중증 유아기 우식증은 분유를 수유하는 경우보다 모유를 수유하는 경우에 더 많이 발생하였다. 모유 수유를 2년 이상 하는 경우에는 상악 유절치의 우식 예방을 위한 조치가 필요하다.

• 월간산업보건
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• 통권274호
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• pp.43-48
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• 2011

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.3-11
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• 1998

This study was aimed to evaluate any influence of environmental factors associated with feeding on infants' growth. One hundred infants(62 males and 38 females) aged 4-9 months were measured for length and were weighed. Their mothers were interviewed using questionnaires including general and environmental characteristics and maternal feeding attitude, ideal body habitus, infant's food behavior, and infant's food behavior, and infant's temperament. A further study was conducted on 29 infants at the time their ages reached 12 months. Their dietary intakes were assessed, and blood hemoglobin and serum ferritin concentrations were measured. Z-scores of weight-for-age(WAZ) and Z-scores of height-for-age(HAZ) of 4-9 month- old infants were not correlated with age, education level, income, weight, and height of their parents. Formula-fed infants had significantly lower WAZ and body mass index (BMI) than those of breast fed infants. WAZ was significantly correlated with maternal feeding attitude, but not with ideal body habitus, infant's food behavior or infant's temperament. WAZ of 12-months after birth because of supplementary foods introduced from 6 months of age. WAZ and BMI were positively correlated with blood hemoglobin concentration. Therefore, to ensure proper growth of infants, efforts should be given to postental factors such as breast-feeding, maternal feeding attitude, adequate iron status as well as prenatal factors. (Korean J Community Nutrition 3(1) : 3∼11, 1998)

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.174-189
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutritional status and growth of Korean infants, who were atending peripheral community clinics in low income areas, by anthropometric measurements and estimating dietary intakes. Dietary intakes and growth were compared among different feeding patterns of 143 infants until age 9 months. The overall mean nutrient intakes of infants in this study were below the recommended allowances except the calcium intake from significant difference in each groups; however, calcium, zinc and iron intake of the formula fed infant(FF) was higher than the breast fed infant(BF) or the mixed fed infant(MF). Form ages 4-6 months, the nutrient intakes were shown to be higher in groups that were given supplementary foods than groups that were not. From ages 7-9 months, all nutrient intakes were higher in or the formula and supplementary foods fed(ESF) infants than in the breast and supplementary food(BSF) or the formula and supplementary food(FSF) groups, All subjets in this study showed a large Z-score. The growth of infants up to 6 months of age showed no significant difference in the feeding pattern, however, after 7 months of age the BSF group had significantly lower weight than the FSF or the ESF groups, There were significant positive relationships between infants weight gain at age 7-9 months from birth and the current protein or zinc intakes. As a result the average status of nutrient intakes of infants in this area was loser than the RDA, however, the growth pattern was fairly good. Although the breast milk is beneficial for infants, mothers should be educated for the importance of supplemental food and its practice to support good mutrition(Korean J Community Nutrition 3 (2) : 174-189, 1998)

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.57-65
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 초등학생들을 영아기 영양법에 따라 모유영양군, 인공영양군, 혼합영양군으로 분류하여 영아기 영양법에 따른 식습관과 영양 섭취 상태를 비교 분석함으로써 영아기 영양법이 이후의 식사법에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고자 하였으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 전체 조사대상자의 평균 연령은 9.7세였으며, 신장, 체중, 체질량지수는 각각 139.0 cm, 34.6 kg, $17.8kg/m^2$로 영아기 영양법에 따른 군간 유의한 차이가 없었다. 영아기 영양방법에 대해 조사한 결과 초유를 섭취한 비율은 모유영양군 97.2%, 혼합영양군 92.7%로 인공영양군의 40.9%보다 유의하게 높았으며(P<0.001), 이유 시기 및 첫 이유 식품에서 세 군간 유의한 차이는 보이지 않았다. 또한 식습관 조사 결과 간식을 전혀 먹지 않는다는 비율은 모유영양군 10.0%, 인공영양군 9.4%로 혼합영양군의 3.8%보다 유의하게 높았으며(P<0.05), 식사 및 외식빈도 등은 군간 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 총 식습관 점수와 에너지 및 영양소 섭취량은 영아기 영양법에 따른 군간 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 이상의 연구 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 성장기 아동에서 영아기 영양법에 따라 간식섭취 빈도, 우유 유제품 및 채소 섭취 정도 등과 같은 식습관이 다른 것으로 나타났으며, 추후 영아기 영양법에 따른 성장, 건강, 식습관 및 식사섭취상태 등에 대한 장기적인 추적조사가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.89-95
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• 2013

This research was conducted to compare the meat characteristics of Korean native duck and imported commercial duck. The Korean native ducks and imported commercial ducks (broiler duck: Grimaud) were raised under identical rearing and feeding conditions for 8 wk and 6 wk, respectively. At the end of the rearing period, ten ducks from each group were slaughtered, and breast and leg meat were obtained 24 h after slaughtering for analyses of meat characteristics. The results showed that the breast of Korean native ducks contained lower moisture and fat, and higher protein and water holding capacity (WHC) than those of imported commercial ducks (p<0.05). The breast of Korean native ducks also had higher CIE $a^*$ and lower CIE $L^*$ (p<0.05). After cooking, the breast meat of Korean native ducks had higher shear-force, sensory attributes of texture, taste and overall likeness (p<0.05). Also, the breast meat of Korean native ducks contained a higher percentage of palmitic acid ($C_{16:0}$) and arachidonic acid ($C_{20:4}$) (p<0.05) than those of imported commercial ducks. Furthermore, the leg meat of Korean native ducks contained higher percentages of total unsaturated fatty acid and lower percentages of total saturated fatty acid (p<0.05). It is concluded that the meat from Korean native ducks, especially breast meat, had better quality parameters and contained higher amounts of unsaturated fatty acids.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.644-651
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• 2013

Although there has been a significant increase in breast-feeding (BF) rate in Korea, it is plateaued since 2008 and still low compared with that of other countries. Because BF has been related to lower obesity prevalence in many studies and the increase in childhood obesity became evident in Korea, we wondered if a relatively lower BF rate has anything to do with this increase. Therefore, we looked into the relationship between mode & duration of BF during infancy and weight status of toddlers using the data from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008 through 2011. Number of 2-3 year old toddlers with complete information on BF, anthropometry and normal birth weight was 674. While 87% of them were ever-breastfed, 6.2% each of them were either obese or overweight based on the Standard Growth Chart for Korean Children. Not only the obesity prevalence was different among groups of different mode of feeding, but also the mean duration of BF was significantly longer in normal weight group (9.2 mo.) compared with obese group (5.5 mo.). Accordingly, overweight and obesity prevalence of the toddlers breast-fed for 12 months or longer was significantly lower than that of the toddlers breast-fed for less than 12 months (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.32-0.87). This study revealed that both BF and duration of BF affect the childhood obesity and, BF for 12 months or longer should be encouraged more aggressively as one of the main strategies to prevent and/or decrease childhood obesity in Korea.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.147-152
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• 2017

The rate of human milk feeding has been decreasing despite the diverse efforts of many physicians and nurses, as well as numerous professional organizations and various international health institutions. The number of physicians and nurses who can provide proper guidance for human milk feeding and offer appropriate knowledge and techniques to allow the most beneficial and convenient manner of breastfeeding is quite deficient. It is suggested that physicians and nurses be trained to teach and educate about the medical importance of human milk feeding to lactating mothers. This can be accomplished through systemic changes in medical education and clinical practice. However, the curricula of medical schools in Korea do not provide enough education and training to effect an increase in human milk feeding. The author strongly recommends that the educational objectives for medical schools and resident training offer more education and training concerning so that they are well aware of breastfeeding basics and techniques, and have ability to solve lactation-associated clinical problems.