• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.363-370
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• 2006

Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze breast cancer screening behaviors in working women. Method: A total of 354 women over 20 years of age were recruited from three major occupational settings by convenience sampling. The Champion's Health Beliefs Model Scale-Korean version and a structured questionnaire for measuring regularity and accuracy of breast self-examination(BSE) were used. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, $x^$-test, ANOVA, and Duncan post hoc tests. Result: Women who have performed BSE and had both BSE and clinical tests were 49.2% and 32.8%, respectively, while 36.7% of the participants had none of the screening. The screening patterns were significantly different by individual characteristics of age, occupation, experiences of breast disease, education at workplace, and by the level of confidence in health beliefs (p<.01, p<.05). Only 4 % of women performed BSE regularly and the level of accuracy of the BSE was very low as well. Conclusion: Education at the workplace needs to emphasize the recommended guidelines and further increase the quality and results of the BSE for women's health.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.99-103
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• 2018

Mammary Paget's disease (MPD) is usually accompanied by underlying breast malignancy; however, a few cases have been reported as only skin lesions without any evidence of malignancy of the breast on imaging tests and microscopic examination of surgical specimen. Here, we describe a 47-year-old woman who visited our hospital who had an eczematous lesion on right nipple and areola for over 10 years. The lesion was diagnosed as Paget's disease by punch biopsy; however, imaging studies demonstrated no breast malignancy or lymph node metastasis. The patient underwent surgery of on the nipple and areola including underlying breast tissue. No underlying malignancy was found upon microscopic examination, except for Paget's disease. Immunohistochemical stains revealed that the tumor cells were positive for cytokeratin 7, and negativity for p63, cytokeratin 5/6, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. We report a case of MPD without underlying malignancy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the third case reported in Korea.

• 성인간호학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.397-408
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• 2001

Currently, breast cancer ranks third among women' s cancers, and as its incidence is increasing, the incidence age is also becoming lower. Therefore it is necessary to address breast cancer for women in their twenties. As there is no way presently to prevent breast cancer, it is imperative that women take available interventions against predisposing factors. It is thus advisable that women acquire the necessary skills to recognize their own health status. The purposes of this study were to identify the effects of education on breast self-examination (BSE) through supportive education among college women during the period from August 2000 to February 2001, and to attempt to design an effective BSE educational program. The first class was implemented through lectures, pamphlets, videotapes, breast palpation on cloths, demonstration and practice for identification of breast masses through palpation using breast model. Supportive education was implemented bimonthly to the experimental group, and effects of the education between experimental and control groups were compared 6 months later. The results of this study are summarized as follows: 1. The effects on supportive education of college women in BSE 1) The mean score of retained knowledge about breast cancer and BSE was 30.88 in the experimental group, and 29.66 in the control group and significantly greater in the experimental group than in the control group (t= -2.062, p= 0.041). 2) Frequency of BSE practice was significantly greater in the experimental group than in the control group($\chi^2=0.045$, p=0,012). 3) The mean accuracy score in BSE practice was 19.10 in the experimental group, and 18.29 in the control group; accuracy was higher in the experimental group than in the control(t= -2.035, p= 0.444). 4) The mean score of self-efficacy was 35.05 in the experimental group, and 31.22 in the control group. The experimental group mean score was higher(t=-3.016, p=0.003). 2. There was a statistically significant correlation between self-efficacy and accuracy of BSE(r=0.447, p=0.000), knowledge of breast cancer and BSE(r= 0.306, p=0.000) and frequency of BSE(r=0,259, p=0,002) but no significant correlation between knowledge of breast cancer and BSE and frequency of BSE (r=0.071, p=0.403). On the basis of this study, periodic supportive education can increase knowledge of breast cancer and BSE, frequency of BSE, accuracy of BSE and self-efficacy. Suggestions: 1. There is a need to compare the effects of individual programs to acquire BSE behaviors in the young. 2. Further research is needed to test the continuity of the effects of BSE education.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권19호
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• pp.8115-8119
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• 2014

Background: Breast cancer continues to be the most common type of cancer afflicting many women worldwide. Presently, educational campaigns and research target only women as if men have no role in the management of this disease. The study examined the willingness of male partners to assist in early female breast cancer detection as well as their awareness and knowledge levels. Materials and Methods: Using a semi-structured questionnaire, data was collected from 500 public servants within the Tamale Metropolis and analyzed in SPSS. Results: The level of awareness of breast cancer was very high (98.8%) but there was a low level of knowledge of breast cancer among the male population. Marital status and religion had no effect on attitude, but increasing educational status significantly increased knowledge and positive attitude towards breast cancer examination (${\chi}^2$=4.255, p=0.0391). The majority (92.0%) agreed that men can assist in early breast cancer detection and 96.2% were willing to be provided with breast examination skills. Conclusions: Although level of awareness on female breast cancers among the men was high, they generally lack knowledge of the disease. Majority of male partners want to assist in early breast cancer detection if provided with the necessary skills.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.281-293
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• 1996

Breast cancer ranks as one of the major health problems of adult women. Studies have shown that Breast Self-Examination (BSE) is effective in detecting breast cancer in its early stages. To motivate women BSE practicing, a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design was conducted. Women 40 years or older who participated in the public education program for BSE from March 11 to April 6, 1996, were randomized in an experimental group(N=50) which received a letter about the Breast Cancer Risk Appraisal and in a control group(N=50) which didn't received a letter about the Breast Cancer Risk Appraisal. After 6 months, a follow-up phone survey was taken on all participants to measure the effectiveness of the intervention. Collected data was analyzed by one, two, and three-way ANOVA with an SAS program. The results are summarized as follows : 1. The level of the Breast Cancer Risk Appraisal of the subjects is high risk(17%), moderate risk(12%), boderline risk(14%), no increased risk (57%). 2. The intervention was effective in increasing the practice scores of BSE for women(F=5.12, P<.05). 3. BSE practice scores according to breast cancer risk appraisal level of the experimental group was not significantly increased after the intervention as contrasted with the control group (F=2.33, P>.05). 4. BSE practice scores according to educational level of the experimental group was significantly increased after the intervention, as contrasted with that of the control group (F=10.09, P<.001) .On the basis of this study it can be concluded that the Breast Cancer Risk Appraisal increases practice of BSE.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.472-480
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore differences in health belief by compliance level with breast self-examination (BSE) and the predictors of BSE compliance among women. Method: Using a convenience sampling method, 163 women were selected for the sample. Data were measured for each participant during the period between December 2008 and February 2009, and analyzed by chi-square test, t-test, Kruskal-Wallis test with post hoc, and logistic regression analysis. Samples were categorized into three groups by the compliance level of BSE for the last 6 months: Never-performers (i.e, women who had never performed BSE), irregularly-performers (i.e, women who performed BSE at least once), and regularly-performers (i.e, women who performed monthly BSE). Result: Significant differences were reported among never-performers, irregularly-performers and regularly-performers correlated to age, level of education, mammography, ultrasonography, clinical examination, benefit, and confidence. There was no significant difference between irregularly-performers and regularly performers. The significant factor influencing compliance with BSE was 'confidence', which explained 33.7% of the variance in compliance with BSE. Conclusion: Women who had more confidence in their ability to perform BSE were more likely to practice BSE. It is necessary to develop the strategy to enforce woman's confidence in complying with BSE.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권13호
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• pp.5243-5251
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• 2015

Background: To assess women's awareness from diverse sections of society in Delhi regarding various aspects of breast cancer (BC) - perceptions, signs and symptoms, risk factors, prevention, screening and treatment. Materials and Methods: Community-level survey was undertaken in association with the Indian Cancer Society (ICS), Delhi during May 2013-March 2014. Women attending BC awareness workshops by ICS were given self-administered questionnaires before the workshop in the local language to assess BC literacy. Information provided by 2017 women was converted into awareness scores (aware=1) for analysis using SPSS. Awareness scores were dichotomized with median score=19 as cut off, create more aware and less aware categories. Bivariate and multivariate analysis provided P-values, odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Broadly, 53.4% women were aware about various aspects of BC. Notably, 49.1% women believed that BC was incurable and 73.9% women believed pain to be an initial BC symptom. Only 34.9% women performed breast self-examination (BSE) and 6.9% women had undergone clinical breast-examination/mammography. 40.5% women had higher awareness (awareness score > median score of 19), which was associated with education [graduates (OR=2.31; 95%CI=1.78, 3.16), post-graduates (OR=7.06; 95%CI=4.14, 12.05) compared to ${\leq}$ high school] and socio-economic status (SES) [low-middle (OR=4.20; 95%CI=2.72, 6.49), middle (OR=6.00; 95%CI=3.82, 9.42) and upper (OR=6.97; 95%CI=4.10, 11.84) compared to low SES]. Conclusions: BC awareness of women in Delhi was suboptimal and was associated with low SES and education. Awareness must be drastically increased via community outreach and use of media as a first step in the fight against BC.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권12호
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• pp.5133-5138
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• 2016

Background: Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers and a major public health problem in developing countries. However, early detection and treatment may be achieved by breast self-examination (BSE). Despite the importance of BSE in reducing the incidence of breast cancer and esultant deaths, the disease continues to be the most common cause of cancer death among women in Iran.This study aimed to determine the effects of self-care education on performance of BSE among women referring to health centers in our country. Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental interventional study with pretest/posttest control group design was conducted on 168 women referred to health centers. The data were collected using a validated researcher-made questionnaire including demographic variables and trans-theoretical model constructs as well as a checklist assessing BSE behavior. The instruments were administered to groups with and without self-care education before, a week after, and 10 weeks after the intervention. Then, the data were entered into the SPSS statistical software (version 19) and analyzed using independent sample t-tests, paired sample t-test, repeated measures ANOVA, Chi-square, and Friedman tests (p<0.05). Results: The results showed an increase in the intervention group's mean scores of trans-theoretical model constructs (stages of change, self-efficacy, decisional balance, and processes of change) and BSE behavior compared to the control group (p<0.001). Conclusion: The study confirmed the effectiveness of aneducational intervention based ona trans-theoretical model in performing BSE. Therefore, designing educational interventions based on this model is recommended to improve women's health and reduce deaths due to breast cancer.

• 성인간호학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.580-592
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors related to Breast cancer Screening using Mammography and CBE of Korean women over 40 years of age. Methods: The participants for this study were 183 Korean women living in 3 urban cities and aged from 40 to 75. The data were collected using structured questionnaires which included sociodemographic factors (11 items), frequency and regularity of mammography and clinical breast examination (7 items), knowledge (16 items), health belief model scale (28 items), and family support (4 items) about breast cancer and breast cancer screening. Frequencies, Chronbach's alpha for reliability, Chi-square, t-test and logistic regression with the SPSS/WIN 12 program were used to analyze the data. Results: The percentages of Korean women who had a mammography and CBE for breast cancer screening were 60.1 and 31.1, respectively. Logistic regression analyses demonstrated that regular check ups and perceived barriers were significant predictors of mammography and CBE use for breast cancer screening. Conclusion: In order to increase the frequency of breast cancer screening practices, educational support and a health care delivery system is needed to improve the chance of regular health check ups.

• 재활간호학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.225-233
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to determine the need of education about BSE for the medical members, to survey about the performance and the knowledge of BSE in patients who operated on subtotal and total mastectomy and to compare the regularity of BSE with the severity of breast cancer. The subjects were 163 patients with operated on mastectomy who participated were interviewed in the S university Hospital. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and t-test, One-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation with SPSSWIN program. Results were obtained as follows: 1. There was no statistical difference between in the regular group of the mammography and the regular BSE group(F=0.558, P=0.458). 2. There was statistical difference between the method of detection and the severity of the breast cancer(F=3.359, P=0.011). 3. There was statistical difference between regularity of the BSE and the severity of breast cancer(F=3.301, P=0.019). 4. There was showed higher severity of the breast cancer in the elderly patients(r=0.172, P=0.019). 5. There was showed higher severity of the breast cancer in the lower educational level(r=-0.170, P=0.033). According to this study need to the development of the educational program about the BSE and the future research about the regular BSE of the high risk group in the breast cancer.