• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.49-66
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• 1986

The purpose of this study was to investigate nutrition intake of high school girls related to food habit, physical status, family environmental factor. The survey of 216 high school girls, aged 15 to 17 years old in Seoul area was conducted from April, 21 to 30, 1986. Food habit and family environmental factor were researched by means of questionnaires and nutrition intake was surveyed. by recording the kinds, amounts and ingredients of foods taken by the girls for two days, and height and weight were also measured during the period. The findings are summarized as follows: 1. Mean value of height and weight of the girls were 157.6cm and 50.9kg. 2. Number of family members per household was 5.2. Mean value of father's age was 47.1 and mean value of mother's age was 43.6. 44.9% of the girls had fathers who graduated the college, 41.6% of the girls had mothers who graduated the high school and 29.2% of the girls had mothers who had the job. 3. Breakfast missing rate was high, most of the reason for breakfast missing was 'have no time to eat' and time for breakfast was short. 64.4% of the girls had meal irregularly. 4. Mean daily intake of all nutrients except vitamin A and riboflavin was higher than Recommended Dietary Allowances. Mean caloric intake was 89.8% of R.D.A.. Breakfast intake of energy and most of nutrients was less than snack. Mean meal balance score was 47.9 and mean food diversity score was 13.4. 5. Mother's education level was related to intake of protein and calcium and height. Breakfast and lunch missing and number of snack intake were related with nutrition intake.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.277-285
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among nutrient intake, life style, and serum lipids level in 108 healthy middle-aged men in Taegu. A convenient method was to assess nutritional intake. Anthropometric measuement of body weight and hight were measured and average energy expenditure was calculated. The mean body mass index(BMI) was 22.8$\pm$2.4 and it was in the middle of the mean BMI of Korean men. Obesity rate of study subject were 13.2%. Daily energy intake was not sufficient as 88.4% of recommended dietary allowances and the energy percentage of carboydrate, fat protein was 65 : 21 : 14. Mean intake of vitamin A, B1, C and Ca were lower than RDA. There was a highly significant negative correlation between the systolic blood pressure and calcium intake(r=-0.28, p<0.05). Smokers showed significantly higher blood glucose than non-smokers. Skipping meals and uneven diurnal distribution(no breakfast and large evening meals) are associated with high triglyceride level in this population. There was a highly significant correlation between body weight and plasma lipids. Energy expenditure was negatively correlated with plasma triglyceride level. Especially, atherogenic index was significantly lower in job-time physically active worker than that in sedentary worker. Above data provides valuable imformation to the community for program planning as well as to health providers who work individual male adults to meet their nutrition needs and to control blood lipids.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.451-462
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• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate breakfast consumption pattern in relation to diet quality and health outcomes of Korean adults. Data are from 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey. Dietary information of 3406 adults aged $30{\sim}49$ years and their socio-demographic characteristics, blood lipid profile, fasting blood glucose, blood pressure, anthropometric measurements were analyzed. According to the breakfast consumption of the subjects, they were classified to breakfast skippers and eaters and the eaters' breakfast staple types were defined as RICE, BREAD, NOODLES, MIXED (mixed types including several grain-based dishes), and OTHERS. The proportions of breakfast consumption patterns were 18.4% for skippers, 71.1% for RICE, 2.6% for BREAD, 1.6% for NOODLES, 4.0% for MIXED, and 2.4% for OTHERS. Breakfast skippers had lower daily nutrients intake than breakfast eaters but their health outcomes did not differ from those of eaters. Instead, men with BREAD pattern had higher blood cholesterol and women in NOODLE pattern had higher blood glucose and lower HDL cholesterol. The BREAD pattern breakfast had higher energy contribution from fat and lower nutrient densities and the subjects in BREAD pattern had higher level of household income. Men's BREAD pattern breakfast consisted more animal products than that of women. There was high probability of undernutrition among women in NOODLE pattern and their mean household income was the lowest. From these results, in Korea, breakfast staple types have different food patterns and there was need for developing healthy food patterns appropriate to each staple type. The breakfast consumption pattern had influences on nutrient adequacy of the diet and health outcomes and seemed to represent socio-economic status. These could be used in doing nutrition education in community.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.59 no.2
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• pp.65-73
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• 2016

Purpose: Only a few studies have explored nationwide trends in lipid profiles among Asian adolescents. We aimed to assess trends in lipid profiles and the associated lifestyle factors among Korean children. Methods: We analyzed data for 2,094 adolescents who were aged 10-18 years and had participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys in 1998 and 2010. Results: During 1998-2010, the prevalence of obesity significantly increased in boys, but no changes were observed in girls. Over this period, there was a small but significant decrease in the mean lowdensity lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol level in boys (1998, 87.5 mg/dL; 2010, 83.6 mg/dL; P=0.019) and mean triglyceride levels in girls (1998, 90.8 mg/dL; 2010, 85.8 mg/dL; P=0.020). There were no significant changes in the prevalence of dyslipidemia in boys, but a modest decrease was noted in girls (1998, 25.1%; 2010, 18.3%; P=0.052). During the study period, the prevalence of breakfast skipping decreased, whereas that of regular exercise increased in both groups. Daily total energy intake did not change between these years. In multivariable logistic regression analyses, breakfast skipping was associated with increased risk of hyper-LDL-cholesterolemia in boys (odds ratio [OR], 5.77) and hypertriglyceridemia (OR, 2.27) in girls. Regular exercise was associated with decreased risk of hypo-HDL-cholesterolemia (OR, 0.40) in boys. Conclusion: Although the prevalence of obesity in boys increased, favorable or constant trends in lipid profiles were observed among Korean adolescents during 1998-2010. Decrease in breakfast skipping and increase in regular exercise may have contributed to these trends.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.70-83
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• 1989

A nutrition survey of 209 children, 6 to 13 years old, in the namgok elemetnary school at Namsamyun, Yongin-gun, Kyonggi province, was undertaken in July of 1987, to investigate dietary and nutritional status. Mean value of hight was 98% of the Korean standard established by the Korean Standards Research Institute. However, in these terms, 7.7% of the subjects were proven to be short, mean value of weight was 94.5 of the Korean standard. However, in these terms, 9.3% of the subjects were proven to be moderatly underweight ; whereas 10.4% of the subjects were proven to be over weight. By the WHO criterion, 18.4% of the subjects showed lower figures of hemoglobin than anemic level of 12gm%/이. Mean urinary urea nitogen/creatinine ratio was 9.1$\pm$5.0 Carbohyudrate provided 68% of total energy intake ; protein accunted for 13% ; fat provided 19%. Energy intake was divided among breakfast, lunch, dinner and snacks in a percentage ratio of 22 : 44 : 24 : 13. The survey clarified that the elementary school feeding largely supplemented the inadequate intake of these chidren at home.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.560-568
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• 2002

This study was carried out to compare the dietary behaviors and the nutrient intake of a middle school and a high school girls in Iksan. The subjects consisted of 132 middle school girls and 122 high school girls in Iksan. The proportion of subjects eating meals irregularly was higher in the high school girls (98.6%) than in the middle school girls(78.7%). The proportion of subjects skipping a meal also was higher in the high school girls(61.5%) than in the middle school girls(53.8%) and most of them (65.8%) skipped breakfast though they thought breakfast was the most important meal of a day (87.4%). The subjects tended to overeat at lunch (38.6%), and at dinner (55.9%). The main reasons of skipping a meal were 1. They had no time (49.3%), and 2. They had poor appetite (24.7%) Mean daily energy intake was 2198.5Kcal in the middle school girls and 2150.5Kcal in the high school girls and mean daily intake of protein, iron, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$ and niacin was significantly higher (p<0.05, p<0.01) in the middle school girls than in the high school girls. Mean daily calcium, iron, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin A and C intake of middle school girls were lower than those of RDA and all nutrients intake of high school girls except for phosphorus was lower than those of RDA. The index of nutritional quality (INQ) was under 1.0 for calcium, iron, vitamin A, $B_1$ and C. Mean blood level of cholesterol, triglyceride, Hb, Hct, GOT, GPT were 170.9mg/dl, 78.9mg/dl, 13.1g/dl, 39.5%, 18.8mg/d and 15.7mg/dl, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.17-27
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• 1999

This study was performed to investigate the dietary habits, nutrient intake, and health status and to explore the relationship between dietary habits and health status in the middle-aged men and women. The subjects consisted of 220 men and 220 women aged 40-59 years old. Dietary habits and nutrient intake were assessed by self-administered questionnaire and 24 hours dietary recall method by personal interview. Percent of body fat, serum cholesterol, and serum triglyceride level were measured. The middle aged adults who had breakfast and meals irregularly were more than 60% of the study subjects. The middle aged men had meals habits significantly more irregularly than the middle aged women. The middle aged men had high fat meat intake more frequently than the middle aged women. The middle aged men had significantly high energy and protein intake more than the middle aged women but the middle aged women had significantly high carbohydrate intake more than the middle aged men and tended to consume milk higher than the middle aged men. The middle aged adults who had high body fat tended to overeat food, to have high fat meat and processed food intake more frequently than those who had low body fat. The middle aged adults who had high serum cholesterol and triglyceride level tended to overeat food and to have processed food intake more frequently than those who had low serum cholesterol and triglyceride level. The middle aged adults who had regular meals habits. tended to have low serum triglyceride level than those who had irregular meals habits.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.635-645
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of smoking on nutrient intake and blood mineral status. The subjects were composed of two groups.55 smokers and 52 non-smokers. A 24-hour recall method was used along with questionnaires and serum mineral levels were analyzed by ICP spectrometer. The average ages of the smokers and non-smokers were 55.5 and 59.3 years old, respectively. The height, obesity degree, BMI, and WHR of the smokers were significantly higher than those of the non-smokers (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.01) Approximately 45.5% of the smokers smoked 16-20 cigarettes per day. The average age that the smokers started smoking was 22.0 years old and their smoking history was 33.5 years. About 74.5% of the smokers drank alcoholic beverages, while 44.2% of the non-smokers did. The smokers tended to eat less meals and breakfast meal, but drink coffee more often compared to the non-smokers. The mean daily energy intake and CPF energy intake ratio were 1231.8 ㎉ and 69.8 : 14.8 : 14.7 in the smokers and 1210.2 ㎉ and 72.1 : 14.7 12.7 in the non-smokers, respectively. The results show that the smokers tended to consume more energy, lipid, and cholesterol compared to the non-smokers. The results also show that in both groups, nutrient intake was lower than the RDA. The two groups were not significantly different in terms of the intake frequency of green-yellow vegetables and fresh fruits. There were no significant differences in serum levels of Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn. However, serum Se level of the smokers was significantly higher than that of the non-smokers. In conclusion, the subjects of this study showed a serious imbalance in the nutrient intake, and the smokers showed a more undesirable dietary intake in the light of their high intake of energy, lipid, cholesterol, alcoholic beverages, and coffee. The serum Se level of the smokers was higher than that of the non-smokers, showing that Se is involved in smoking, Therefore, it could be suggested that more systematic research be conducted with respect to Se and smoking and that increased nutrition education and guidelines for smokers are required.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.405-414
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• 2016

Objectives: The associations between the eating behavior and energy and macronutrient intake from meals and snacks consumed during different times of the day across the menstrual cycle were investigated in 74 healthy female college students. Methods: A 9-day food record was collected during the last 3 days before menstrual onset (phase 1) and the first 3 days after menstrual onset (phase 2) and from the 4th to the 6th day after menstrual onset (phase 3), respectively. Anthropometry was assessed and eating behaviors were measured using the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ). Results: External eating was the most prevalent type of eating behavior, followed by restrained eating and emotional eating. Restrained eating was positively associated with energy, carbohydrate and lipid intake at the breakfast and midmorning snack during phase 3. However, emotional eating was also positively related to energy and macronutrient intake at the dinner and after-dinner snack during phase 1 and phase 3, with higher level detected in the phase 1. The association of emotional eating with the snack consumption was highest in phase 1. External eating was positively associated with energy and macronutrient intakes at the dinner and after-dinner snack across the three phases, the highest level being phase 1. In addition, restrained eating was positively associated with the weight, body mass index(BMI), fat mass, waist and hip girth of the subjects. Conclusions: Eating behaviors varied with regard to meals and snacks consumed during different times of the day across the three menstrual phases. Dinner and afterdinner snack consumption in premenstrual phase could be considered as a time when women are more prone to overconsumption and uncontrolled eating.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.524-529
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Use of smaller plates to control food intake is a commonly recommended strategy for restricting energy intake, despite conflicting results. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine whether or not three different sizes of plates influence energy intake during a multi-itemed buffet meal in normal weight women. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This was a cross-over study conducted on 37 female participants aged 19-25 years with normal BMI levels. Participants were recruited from Hacettepe University and the surrounding community. On experimental days, participants ate a standard breakfast and were then randomly assigned to eat lunch using a small (19 cm), medium (23 cm), or large (28 cm) diameter plate. Visual analogue scale (VAS) scores on sensory and satiety outcomes were measured for all meals. Energy and macronutrient intakes during lunch were recorded. RESULTS: There was no evidence that use of a smaller plate size reduced energy or specific macronutrient intake during the free choice lunch meal. Multiple visits to the serving table were not associated with energy or macronutrient intake. Plate size did not affect VAS scores during the test days. CONCLUSIONS: Plate size did not influence energy intake, meal composition, or palatability in normal weight women during a multi-itemed open buffet lunch. Studies in natural settings at the population level are needed to clarify current outcomes.