• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.269-281
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• 2024

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to compare dietary habits and mental health among middle school students in urban and rural areas based on bedtime, and to provide evidence supporting appropriate bedtime for Korean middle school students in relation to their healthy dietary habits and mental well-being. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The study population consisted of 25,681 second-year middle school students who participated in the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey in 2020-2022. Participants were asked about their bedtime and wake-up time during the past 7 days and were classified into five categories. The study compared the general characteristics, academic factors, dietary habits, and mental health of urban and rural students based on their bedtime. RESULTS: Bedtime was found to be later in the following order: urban female students, rural female students, urban male students, and rural male students. As bedtime got later, the rates of smoking and alcohol consumption increased. Students who went to bed before 11 p.m. had lower academic performance, while rural male students who went to bed after 2 a.m. had lower academic performance. Later bedtime was associated with increased smartphone usage, skipping breakfast, consuming fast food, and drinking carbonated beverages. Later bedtime was also associated with higher perceived stress levels, particularly among students who went to bed after 2 a.m., higher rates of suicidal ideation, experiencing sadness and despair, as well as the prevalence of clinically significant anxiety disorders. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that middle school students who go to bed too late have higher rates of smoking and alcohol drinking, as well as unhealthy eating habits, stress, suicidal ideation, sadness, and anxiety. Therefore, it is necessary to provide educational and social institutional support to promote adequate sleep for the health of adolescents.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.495-508
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the eating behaviors and dietary quality of various aged adults. This study conducted through questionnaire and dietary survey by 24-hr recall to 850 adults residing in Samcheok. Subjects were divided into four groups according to the age in male and female, which included 20~29 yrs group (male n = 94, female n = 66), 30~49 yrs group (male n = 201, female n = 216), 50~64 yrs group (male n = 88, female n = 96), and $\geq65$ yrs group (n = 46, female n = 43). In male, 20~29 yrs group had a larger proportion of subjects who skipped breakfast, lunch and dinner compared to other groups (p < 0.001, p < 0.05, p < 0.01). The daily food and energy intakes in $\geq50$ yrs group were significantly lower than those of < 50 yrs. Protein and fat intakes of 20~29 yrs group were significantly higher than those of the other groups. But ND (Nutrient Density) of minerals as like calcium, iron and plant iron in 20~29 yrs group were significantly lower than those of other groups. The KDDS (Korean's Dietary Diversity Score) of 20~29 yrs group, 30~49 yrs group, 50~64 yrs group and $\geq65$ yrs group in male were 4.1, 3.8, 3.7 and 3.5 respectively and there was significant difference (p < 0.001). In female, skipping breakfast and dinner were significantly higher in 20~29 yrs group than in other groups (p < 0.001, p < 0.001). And the use of nutrient supplementation was higher in 30~49 yrs group than that of other groups (p < 0.05). The daily energy intakes was higher in 20~49 yrs group than that of $\geq65$ yrs group. The ND (Nutrient Density) of animal protein, vitamins A and $B_1$ in 20~29 yrs group were significantly lower than those of other groups. The KDDS of 20~29 yrs group, 30~49 yrs group, 50~64 yrs group and $\geq65$ yrs group in female were 4.0, 3.9, 3.9 and 3.6 respectively and $\geq65$ yrs group was significant lower than other groups. According to these results, $\geq65$ yrs and 20~29 yrs group had more dietary habit problems and poor nutrition status than 30~64 yrs group. The results of this study revealed that nutritional management and education for adequate meals should be emphasized in adults and elderly.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.73-82
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• 1997

This study was done to analyze the health behavior of 5.166 elementary students from a urban city. They were students in grades 4. 5 and 6 attending five elementary schools which were selected from a city close to the capital city of Seoul. Health behaviors were measured using a questionnaire which was developed by WHO and was used by European countries. The data was managed and analysed using DBASE and SAS computer programs. The results of this study were as follows: 1. Eating behavior $\cdot$ Having Breakfast : Male students who were older had a higher number reporting having no breakfast(p< .05) $\cdot$ Taking Supplements : Older students had a higher number reporting taking nutrition supplements(p<.05) $\cdot$ Drinking milk: Female students had a lower number reporting drinking milk (p<.05). $\cdot$ Taking snacks : Female students who were older had a higher number reporting taking snacks(p< .05). $\cdot$ Drinking boiled water Male students had a lower number reporting drinking boiled water(p<.05). 2. Using seat belt Female students who were older had a lower number reporting using seat belt(p<.05). 3. Smoking : Male students who were younger had a higher number reporting experience with smoking(p <.05). 4. Personal hygiene $\cdot$ Washing hands before meals : Male students who were younger had a lower number reporting washing hands before meals(p<.05). $\cdot$ Brushing teeth: Male students had a lower number reporting brushing teeth(p<.05). 5. Reading distance : Younger students had a higher number reporting near reading distance(p<.05). 6. Exercise: Female students who were younger reported less exercise(p<.05). 7. Sewage Managing : Male students had a lower number reporting separating of garbage according to recyclability(p<.05).

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.121-131
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• 2008

This study was performed to examine the food behavior and dietary fiber intakes of high school girls using questionnaires and 24-hr recall method. Collected sample were 263 girls from 4 different high schools. The dietary intakes were analyzed by the DS24 WIN program. The average height and weight of the respondents were $161.0{\pm}5.0$ cm and $51.8{\pm}6.3$ kg. The average BMI was $20.2{\pm}2.2$ which was within the normal range. The breakfast skipping rate was 39.2% and the reason of breakfast skipping were lack of time(50.0%), irregular meal time due to eating between meals(17.0%) and poor appetite(13.7%). The average daily energy intake of the respondents was 1741kcal. Beside protein, phosphorus, iron, niacin, vitamin A, and B1, all other nutrients intake level were below the recommended intake(RI). Average calcium and folate intakes were below the EAR as of $59.5{\sim}89.7%$ and $63{\sim}83%$ respectively. The average dietary fiber intake of the subjects was $15.6{\pm}5.2$ g, between 3.4g-35.2 g, and the respondents coumed $9.2{\pm}2.6$ g/kcal of dietary fiber. The main sources of dietary fiber were rice and kimchi which supplied 14.75% and 13.66% of total dietary fiber respectively. Also the major food groups supplying dietary fiber were vegetables and cereals, 36.90% and 31.06% of total dietary fiber respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.235-246
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• 2011

From the onset of puberty or during its progress, eating and health behaviors are important in establishing optimum growth and healthy fitness in middle school students. This study investigated the dietary and health behavior of first grade middle school students(male 260, female 255) selected from 3 middle schools in Suwon. Results were analyzed using the statistical program(SAS ver. 8.1). Usual dietary habits were scored by the Likert scale of 5 points and obtained the mean and standard deviation. Obtaining significant gender difference, chi-square and student t-test were also done. Daily breakfast intake was 70% of all students but some of them ate alone(27.3%). The amount of food intake was slightly less(34.8%) but sufficient food for dinner(53.2%). The purpose of each meal was solving hunger(57.4%). However, they want to change their current eating habits because of an unbalanced diet. Usual dietary habits were similar in gender, but 'apply nutrition knowledge' and 'consider food combination' were better in female students (p<0.01), 'regular meals' were higher in males(p<0.01). With respect to health behavior, the subjects went for daily walks for less than an hour(39.9%) and got 7-8 hours of sleep per day(33.8%). The amount of sleep was sufficient(22.6%) in males but in insufficient (33.8%) in female students(p<0.01). Weight control efforts for reducing(female 27.5% male 20.8%) and for increasing(male 10.6%) differed according to gender(p<0.01). As the result of the above analyses, the direction of nutrition education would be oriented to the nutrition knowledge and food combination applying to the diets of male students and regular meals for females. And also sleep dissatisfaction needs to be altered with taking care weight control trials.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.293-299
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to examine height, weight. chest circumference, sitting height, hematological status. eating behaviors and nutrient intakes for the lower grade primary school children in Gwangju. The subjects consisted of 76 boys and 60 girls aged 9 years old. Height, Weight, Chest circumference, Sitting height, Hct, WBC, RBC, Hb, serum GOT, GPT and cholesterol were measured. With regard to regularity of meal time, 66.7% of the subjects has been 'regular'. With regaled to amount of eaten food, 100.0% of the subjects has been 'moderate'. With regard to nutritional balance, 66.6% of the subjects has been 'think,but do not practice'. The study also found that 100.0% of the subjects skipped breakfast, liked korean food. Their dietary intake vase assesed for 1 day by means of 24 hours dietary recall method. The mean energy intake of the subjects was 1,306 kcal. The subjects consumed 47.9g protein, 28.8g lipid, 3.9g fiber, 446.9mg calcium, 835.0mg phosphorous, 7.9mg iron, 3,721mg sodium, 1.863mg potassium, 362.3RE retinol, 0.8mg thiamin, 1.1mg riboflavin, 10.8NE niacin, 93.9mg ascorbic acrid and 173.5mg cholesterol respectively. Energy, protein, calcium, iron, retinol, thiamin, riboflavin and niacin intake was lower than the Korean RDA. There were positive correlations between meal time and protein intake or fat intake or fiber intake or iron intake or retinol intake : negative correlations between meal time and sodium intake negative correlations between saltiness and cholesterol intake positive correlations between use of perilla seeds and riboflavin intake or niacin intake : negative correlations between energy intake or carbohydrate intake or phosphorous intake : negative correlations between frequency of eating-out and protein intake or fat intake or fiber intake or iron intake or retinol intake or thiamin intake or riboflavin intake or niacin intake.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.44-52
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• 2000

Two hundred sixty six children were retrospectively surveyed from first to fifth grade to find out the status of obesity during four years. The obesity index was gained by height and weight data from student's health file and the data about eating behaviors and weight control behaviors, etc. were collected by questionnaires. Children assigned to one of the following groups : underweight, normal, overweight and obese. The results were as follows ; 1. Obese children were 18.6%(n=27) of boys and 10.8%(n=13) of girls at fifth grade. 2. Twenty eight children among forty obese children at fifth grade were also overweight or obese at first grade, and the other twelve was normal. 3. Breakfast skipping rate was significantly high among underweight and obese group of boys(p<0.01).The most children(87.6%) had prejudice for special foods. 4. The rate of agreement between obesity index and self recognition of body image was 60.7% in boys and 63.6% in girls. 5. Forty two point five percent of children have ever tried weight control as exercise(35.7%), reducing sugars and snacks(27%), fasting(23.8%), avoiding fatty foods(12.7%), taking diet food or drug(0.8%). In conclusion, the prevalence of children obesity is gradually increasing and children tried weight control without right guidances. In order to prevent progress into adulthood obesity, nutrition education should be followed with school foodservice including the right perception for obesity, proper weight control and eating behavior modification.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.552-563
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• 2014

This study was performed to investigate the dietary habits and nutritional knowledge of elementary school students (boy : 250, girl : 250) by gender. Frequency of skipping breakfast was high in both boys and girls. Duration of mealtime was significantly higher for boys compared with girls (p<0.001). Regularity of meals was not significantly different between boys and girls. Reason for irregular meals was 'no appetite' for both boys (39.6%) and girls (40.0%). Unbalanced diet was high in both boys (60.8%) and girls (59.6%), and problems related to dietary habits were in order of 'unbalance diet', 'irregular mealtime', 'overeating', 'skip a meal frequently', and 'eat out frequently'. Frequency of snack intake was significantly higher for girls compared to boys(p<0.05). The criterion for selecting snacks was higher for 'nutrition' compared to 'good taste' for both boys and girls. Frequency of eating out was statistically insignificant, and eating out preferences were in the order of 'Korean food', 'western food', and 'Chinese food'. Eating behavior 'eat meat, fish, egg, tofu every meal' was significantly higher for boys compared to girls (p<0.01). 'Healthful' response rates were 57.6% for boys and 58.8% for girls. Practice level of nutritional knowledge was significantly higher in girls compared to boys (p<0.001). To establish good eating behaviors, we should develop systematic and continuous education programs.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.37-50
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• 2011

Nutrients intake status of 73 lactating women, that is 45 breast feeding (BF), 13 formula feeding (FF) and 15 mixed feeding (MF), living in Daejeon was investigated. Self-recorded food intakes for two weekdays and eating behaviors using questionnaires were surveyed from May to August 2008. Subjects aged $29.2{\pm}3.4$ years and their infants aged $8.2{\pm}3.2$ months. Body mass index of the subjects was $21.0{\pm}3.2$. Of the subjects 23.3% were employed. Daily energy intake was $1953{\pm}391$ kcal. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR) was $0.77{\pm}0.14$ and was higher in FF ($0.86{\pm}0.13$) than in BF ($0.76{\pm}0.11$) and MF ($0.72{\pm}0.18$). Nutrients that over 50% of the subjects took less than estimated average requirement were vitamin A, riboflavin, folate, vitamin C and calcium. And index of nutritional qualities of those 5 nutrients were below one Forty six and sixths percent (46.6%) of the subjects showed GMFVD = 11111 pattern of five food group intakes and 57.5% took meals three times daily, 56.2% skipped often breakfast, and 64.4% dined out two times and more per week. Subjects having lower MAR (< 0.72, n = 24), compared with those having higher MAR (${\geq}$ 0.83, n = 24), showed more skipping daily meals and less frequency of eating-out, and took less legumes, vegetables, fishes, and milk. As the results, intakes of calcium, vitamin A, riboflavin, folate, and vitamin C were insufficient in lactating women, especially in BF and MF mothers. Meal skipping and low intakes of dairy foods, legumes, vegetables, and fishes might have adverse influences on nutritional status of lactating women. Accordingly, nutrition care program for lactating women should be focused on intake of three meals daily and a variety of food.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.274-283
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to examine dietary life characteristics such as knowledge, self-efficacy and dietary behavior of preschoolers in Namyangju, Kyunggi-province, Korea. Methods: The survey questionnaire was developed based on literature review. Preschoolers aged 4-5 years (n=208) responded to the questionnaire to measure knowledge, self-efficacy, food preference, and dietary behavior. After excluding incomplete responses, the data of 197 subjects were used for analysis. Results: Mean score of dietary life knowledge was 8.0 out of 12, showing a low level of knowledge. Two out of 12 knowledge items were significantly different by gender. Percentage of correct answer on items of 'foods to make bones strong' and 'kinds of fast foods' was higher in girls than in boys (p<0.05). Total score of self-efficacy regarding dietary life was 40.1 (possible score: 12~48), on average. Compared to girls, boys had more confidence in 'not over-eating', and 'eating balanced meals with meat, fish and vegetables' (p<0.05). Boys scored higher on total score of food preference than girls (p<0.01). The preference for fruits was quite high. Among food items, boys scored higher on the preference for rice (p<0.01), fish (p<0.01), pork (p<0.05), beef (p<0.05), milk (p<0.01), and ice cream (p<0.05) than girls. Boys also liked fast foods more than girls did, showing preference for chicken (p<0.01) and soda (p<0.05). Compared to girls, boys showed more desirable behavior in 'eating breakfast everyday' (p<0.01). Dietary behavior was significantly correlated with self-efficacy (r=0.52, p<0.01), food preference (r=0.35, p<0.01), and knowledge (r=0.25, p<0.01) of subjects. Conclusions: In this study, we observed differences in food preference by gender. Dietary behavior of preschoolers was correlated with several factors, including dietary life related knowledge, self-efficacy and food preference. Thus, it is needed to develop nutrition education programs focusing on increasing dietary life related knowledge and self-efficacy, and consider the differences in food preference of preschoolers by gender.