• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.506-514
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• 2003

The effects of Japanese apricot(Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.) flesh on baking properties of white breads were investigated by evaluation of specific loaf volume, pH, acidity, rheological property, color and sensory quality. Bread was processed by adding 4.7%, 9.4%, 14.1% and 18.8% of Japanese apricot flesh to basic formulation. The compositions of Japanese apricot flesh were 88.19% moisture, 0.45% crude ash, 4.10% dietary fiber, 4.04% citric acid and 0.41% total sugars. The specific loaf volume of the breads was decreased from 3.274mL/g to 1.857mL/g as Japanese apricot flesh contents increased from 0% to 18.8%. The pH of the breads decreased but the acidity of those increased as the percentage of Japanese apricot flesh to wheat flour increased. Lightness(L value) of the breads decreased by the addition of Japanese apricot flesh, while yellowness(b value) and redness(a value) increased. Texture measurement showed that springiness, cohesiveness and resilience decreased with increase of Japanese apricot flesh contents. While, hardness, gumminess and chewiness were the lowest in the bread with 9.4% Japanese apricot flesh, and increased in the bread with 4.7%, 14.1% and 18.8% Japanese apricot flesh contents. In sensory evaluation, the highest sensory scores for flavor, taste, aftertaste and overall acceptability were obtained when Japanese apricot flesh content was 4.7%, and softness and chewiness was the best when 9.4% of Japanese apricot flesh was added. The moisture content of the breads containing Japanese apricot flesh was higher than that of the control to add no flesh during storage at $25^{\circ}C$. Based on physical, rheological and sensory evaluation, addition of 4.7{\sim}9.4% Japanese apricot flesh suggested to be acceptable for processing bread.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.245-254
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• 2000

마늘분, 생강분, 계피분의 첨가량을 달리하여 제조한 식빵의 품질특성 비교 결과는 다음과 같다. 관능검사에서 마늘분, 생강분, 계피분의 첨가량이 증가할수록 외관의 부드러운 정도(softness)와 색상(color)이 강하다고 평가되었으며, 질감특성의 바삭바삭한 정도(brittle), 경도(hardness), 씹힘성(chewiness)도 첨가량이 증가할수록 높게 나타났다. 기호도면에서는 향신료의 첨가량이 증가할수록 낮게 평가되었으며, 대조군과 마늘분, 생강분, 계피분을 각각 1% 첨가한 식빵을 가장 선호하였다. 색도 측정 결과 향신료의 첨가량이 증가할수록 명도 L값은 감소하였으며, 반면에 적색도 a값과 황색도 b값은 증가하는 경향을 보였다. Texture측정에서 전반적으로 경도(hardness), 응집성(cohesiveness), 탄력성(springiness), 껌성(gumminess), 파쇄성(brittleness) 모두 마늘분, 생강분, 계피분을 각각 1%첨가한 식빵이 가장 낮게 나타났으며, 항신료의 첨가량이 증가할수록 대조군보다 특성이 강하게 나타났다. 관능검사와 기계적검사의 상관관계 결과 명도가 높을수록 선호하였으며, 경도(hardness), 파쇄성(brittleness)이 클수록 기호도가 낮아 입안의 촉감이 부드럽고 부서지는 정도가 적으며 색상이 밝을수록 좋게 평가되었다. 관능검사와 기호도간의 상관관계에서 밀가루의 독특한 냄새, 구수한 맛, 탄력성, 부푼 정도가 높을수록 선호하는 경향을 보여 향신료 특유의 냄새가 강하지 않고 구수하며 탄력성이 좋고 부푼정도가 좋을수록 선호하였다. 이상의 결과 마늘분, 생강분, 계피분을 각각 1% 첨가한 향신료 식빵의 품질이 높게 평가되어 식빵 제조시 향신료의 첨가량은 1%정도가 적당하다고 사료된다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.215-219
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• 1983

본(本) 연구(硏究)에서는 제분(製紛)된 밀을 입도별(別), 즉 wheat shorts, grits, 및 flour(粉) 등(等)으로 분리(分離)하여, 그들의 물리적(物理的) 성질(性質)을 조사(調査)하였으며, 더불어 입도의 크기가 전밀빵(whole wheat bread)의 부피에 미치는 영향(影響)을 검토(檢討)하였다. 시료(試料)로는 한국산(韓國産) 밀품종(品種)인 ${\ulcorner}$조광${\lrcorner}$을 사용(使用)하였다. 제분(製粉)된 밀의 조회분 및 조단백질의 함량(含量)은 각각 2.3% 및 13.7%이었다. wheat shorts, wheat grits 및 wheat flour의 믹소그라프 높이(mixograph peak-height)는 각각 4.8, 5.6 및 7.3이었으며 Fraction 1(직경 : 0.2mm이하)의 반죽의 안정도(dough stability)는 100mesh이하의 밀가루에 크게 뒤떨어지지 않았다. 제빵 실험(實驗) 결과(結果)로 보아 제분(製粉)된 밀 가운데 직경 $0.2{\sim}0.5mm$ 크기의 wheat grits가 전밀빵을 제조(製造)하는 데 한계(限界) 입도된 듯 하며, 최적(最適)의 전밀빵의 부피 및 빵의 내부(內部)상태는 80% wheat grits/20% wheat flour의 시료구(試料區)에서 얻었다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제22권6호통권96호
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• pp.905-913
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• 2006

The properties of water soluble powder of propolis(WSP), made with different levels(0, 20, 40, 60, 80%) of ethanol extract of propolis(EEP) and hydrocolloid were investigated, along with the quality changes of its bread after 7 days' of storage at $30^{\circ}C$ The yield of WSP containing 40% EEP treated at $160^{\circ}C$ was the highest at 59.3% and the brown color of all the powders tended to be darkened with increasing EEP content. The turbidity of WSP treated at higher temperature was decreased in its aqueous solution (10%, w/w), and this was considered to be due to the presence of minute nonsoluble particles. Antioxidative activities determined by DPPH(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) were the lowest in WSP treated at $140^{\circ}C$, while those of the WSP samples prepared at 160 and $180^{\circ}C$ were as high as that of WSP containing more than 40% EEP, regardless of EEP concentration. The propolis breads with added WSP made at $160^{\circ}C$ were selected as the most desirable powder for subsequent study. Bread with WSP40 was the heaviest while the volume loss of WSP80 was the greast after baking. The moisture contents of the propolis bread were drastically decreased until 3 days' of storage, but it was thought that WSP might be ineffective for the prevention of moisture loss. The pH of breads without EEP was decreased after 3 days' of storage, while that of the WSP breads remained almost unchanged until 5 days' of storage. Total bacterial counts also exhibited decay levels during the storage. In conclusion, water soluble powder of propolis is useful as a natural antioxidative and antibacterial material in various types of food.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.558-570
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• 2015

To develop and industrialize functional foods containing peanut sprout extract (PSE) and powder (PSP), the present study investigated the quality characteristics and antioxidant effects of breads prepared with 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10% PSE and PSP. The expansion ratio of the dough, the quality characteristics such as volume, weight, specific volume, baking loss, color, texture, and sensory preference were evaluated. There were significant differences in the bread volume and specific volume among the control, PSE and PSP groups (p<0.001). Additionally, the weight and baking loss were decreased with an increasing amount of PSP (p<0.001). As the amount of PSE and PSP were increased, the L value of the crumb decreased, whereas the a and b values of the crumb significantly increased (p<0.001), suggesting that the crumb color of the bread may be significancy (p<0.001). As the amount of PSE and PSP increased, the hardness of bread significantly and rapidly increased from 5%. Meanwhile, there was no significance in springiness among the control, PSE and PSP groups. The total resveratrol content and DPPH free radical-scavenging activity of the bread significantly increased depending on the amounts of PSE and PSP (p<0.001). In the overall acceptance test, no significant differences were observed in the color, flavour, or texture, however, the taste and overall acceptance were significantly decreased between the control and the PSE group. All the sensory characteristics in the PSP group were significantly reduced compared with the control. Considering the above results, it can be expected that the suitable amount of PSE and PSP substituted for wheat flour will be from 1.0 to 2.5%. Furthermore, follow-up studies are being carried out continuously.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.676-684
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• 2015

This study was performed to produce WBM (wheat and barley mixture) bread containing molokhia powder with quality characteristics and antioxidant activities. Analysis of the chromaticity of WBM prepared with molokhia powder showed that; the lightness and redness were decreased, but yellowness was increased. In mechanical properties, hardness, gumminess, and chewiness were significantly increased as the amount of molokhia powder was increased. However, cohesiveness was significantly decreased. In sensory evaluation, WBM bread containing 1.5% of molokhia powder (MB1.5) showed an overall high preference level. The total polyphenol content of molokhia powder EtOH extract and MB1.5 were 29.19 and 58.18 mg TAE/g, respectively. The total flavonoid contents of molokhia powder EtOH extract and MB1.5 were 20.62 mg and 33.25 mg RE/g, respectively. The radical scavenging ability ($IC_{50}$) of DPPH ($IC_{50}$) for molokhia powder EtOH extract and MB1.5 was 31.04 and $58.18{\mu}g/mL$, respectively while that of ABTS was 33.25 and $54.15{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ inhibitory effects of molokhia powder EtOH extract and MB1.5 were 494.88 and $814.88{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. MB bread containing 1.5% molokhia powder showed antioxidative effects and ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ inhibitory activity, meaning that not only molokhia but also MB1.5 bread has the potential to prevent chronic degenerative diseases such as diabetes.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.242-249
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• 2007

Red ginseng has been considered as a functional food, with much researches on the prevention of cancer, hypertension, arteriosclerosis and constipation having been conducted. In this study, white bread, with the addition of 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5% red ginseng marc powder was measured for its moisture content, volume, height, color, and texture, and sensory analysis was also conducted. The moisture content increased with increasing red ginseng marc powder content. The volume and height of the bread were decreased with increasing red ginseng marc powder content. The crust color, lightness, yellowness and redness all decreased with increasing red ginseng marc powder content. Both the crumb color, and lightness decreased, but the yellowness and redness increased writh increasing red ginseng marc powder content. In the consumer acceptability test, the white bread with a 2% red ginseng marc powder content was shown to have the most favorable quality characteristics.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.763-767
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 곰팡이과 세균에서 유래된 ${\alpha}-amylase$와 유화제인 monogrlyceride(MG), sodium stearoyl-2-laclylate(SSL) 및 diacetyltartaric acid ester of monol and diglycerides(DATEM)을 첨가하여 반죽을 제조하고, 제빵 반죽의 물리적 특성인 falling number, farinogram, alvogram 및 RVA를 이용한 호화특성을 살펴보았다. ${\alpha}-amylase$의 전분분해로 인하여 falling number는 감소하였으나, MG를 혼합한 반죽의 경우 전분과 높은 결합력으로 falling number가 높게 나타났다. Farinogram 특성에서는 곰팡이와 세균에서 유래된 ${\alpha}-amylase$와 유화제가 반죽의 점탄성과 흡수율, 탄력도를 감소시키고, 흡수시간은 증가시켰다. 다만 유화세로 SSL+MG를 사용하였을 때, 대조구와 유사하거나 탄력도와 흡수시간이 더 높게 나타났다. Alveogram 특성에서는 farinogram과 유사하게 $P_{max}$ 값을 감소시켜 탄력도를 감소시켰으며, 신장성, 팽창성 및 탄력에 대한 저항성을 감소시켰다. 반죽의 호화특성에서는 호화개시온도에서는 ${\alpha}-amylase$와 유화제가 영향을 주지 않았으나, ${\alpha}-amylase$의 전분 분해로 인하여 반죽의 점도를 낮추는 경향을 보여주었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.751-756
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 무기질과 식이섬유의 함량이 풍부한 보리등겨를 제빵에 활용하기 위한 기초연구로써 보리등겨 첨가 빵의 이화학적 특성을 확인하였다. Farinogram 분석결과, 보리등겨 첨가비율이 증가할수록 흡수율이 증가하였다. 반죽의 안정도는 보리등겨가 많이 첨가 될수록 감소되었고, 반죽 약화도 역시 첨가 비율이 증가할수록 더 커져서 글루텐 조직이 약화됨을 보여 주었다. Amylogram에서는 5% 첨가구까지는 큰 유의차를 보이지 않았으나, 보리등겨의 첨가량이 증가할수록 최고점도는 감소하였다. Extensogram에서는 보리등겨 첨가량이 5%인 실험구까지는 그 유의차가 크지 않았으나, 15%까지 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 신장도가 감소하여 신장성과 탄력성이 떨어져 반죽이 약하고 가스수용력이 나빠 제빵 적성을 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다. 보리등겨 첨가 반죽의 반죽 직후와 2차 발효 후로 나누어 미세구조를 관찰하였을 때 보리등겨의 함량이 높아갈수록 그 구조가 거칠어짐을 확인 할 수 있었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.222-231
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• 2006

본 연구는 국내에서 생산, 소비되는 쌀보리의 곰팡이독소 DON 농도를 낮추기 위해 보리시료를 $Na_2CO_3$로 처리하고, 물로 수세하여 독소의 농도를 낮추었다. 식빵을 만들기 위해 DON를 감소시킨 보릿가루를 0, 10, 20, 30%의 비율로 첨가하였을 때 식빵의 품질 및 제빵적성에 대하여 고찰하고, 최적의 배합비를 구하였다. $Na_2CO_3$ 용액으로 처리된 보릿가루를 0, 10, 20, 30% 첨가한 복합분을 이용하여 보릿가루 첨가식빵을 만드는 과정 중의 반죽상태, 1차 발효 후, 2차 발효 후 그리고 굽기 후 DON 함량변화 측정과 pH 변화, 물리적인 제빵적성 고찰, 그리고 관능평가를 종합적으로 평가한 결과, 20% 이하로 첨가하는 것이 최적인 것으로 나타났다.