• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.112-117
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• 1983

The bread-baking properties of mixed naked barley/wheat flour blends with various food additives were investigated in the study, and changes of loaf volume of mixed naked barley/wheat flour blends prepared by lactic acid method were observed. Addition of egg yolk, soybean flour, gluten, C.M.C. and ascorbic acid were levels of 7%, 10%, 4% ,1% and 100 ppm, respectively. The addition of these food additives to 50% barley/50% wheat flour blends yieled an increase in loaf volume. Specific loaf volumes of 50% barley/50% wheat flour blend with egg yolk, soybean flour, gluten, C.M.C. and ascorbic acid were 2.85, 2.04, 2.69, 2.77, 2.56 and 2.56 ml/g bread, respectively. As the replacement percentages of wheat flour increased, the effect of food additives on loaf volume increased. In particular, the specific loaf volume of 30% barley flour/70% wheat flour blend was similar to that of 100% wheat flour bread.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.667-673
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• 2010

Effects of substituting wheat flour with rice flour on bread-making properties were investigated. Rice(Oryza sativa L.) cultivars were 'Goami2(G2)', a functional rice containing higher non-digestible carbohydrates, and 'Chucheongbyeo (CC)', an ordinary Japonica rice. Rice flour was substituted at 10, 20 and 30% in wheat bread formulation, and the composite flour was used for yeast-leavened bread making. Peak and final viscosity of G2 rice flour was significantly lower than that of CC rice flour. Mixograph analysis indicated that replacement of G2 rice flour increased dough water absorption and mixing time compared to wheat flour. But, typical mixograph pattern was not found in the dough from composite flour with CC rice flour. As increasing the amount of rice flour, the G2 rice breads showed a significant decrease in loaf volume, but an increase in bread crumb firmness(g). For the CC rice breads, no significant difference(p<0.05) was observed in loaf volume and crumb firmness, ranging 1012~1050 cc and 433~482g, respectively. The results revealed that Chucheongbyeo is more suitable for bread-making with the composite flour of rice(10~30%) and wheat flour.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.879-885
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the quality characteristics of white bread made with flour of wheat cultured with Pleurotus ostreatus(POW). The property of the wheat used for the solid-state cultivation of the Pleurotus ostreatus was examined. The hydration time of wheat with cold water was 10 hours, with a final moisture content of 39%, which was much less than the optimum moisture content for mycelial growth. However, hot water soaking reduced the required hydration time of the wheat, and elevated the moisture content to 65% within 90~120 min. The POW was composed of 7.2% moisture, 15.4% protein, 1.1% fat, 1.7% ash and 2.9% fiber. The POW was substituted for wheat flour in white bread recipes at weight percentages of 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10%. The weight, volume and fermentation of the dough tended to decrease with increasing POW content. The color of the bread crust and crumb darkened with increasing POW content. A sensory evaluation showed a high preference for the white bread made with 5% POW, indicating that the addition of 5% POW to flour for bread dough could improve the quality characteristics of white bread. These study results also provide useful information for using the flour of wheat cultured with Pleurotus ostreatus as an ingredient source for food processing.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.243-252
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• 2006

White salted noodles and pan bread were prepared from Korean wheats with 1Dx2.2+1Dy12 subunits in high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) to evaluate the suitability for end-use products through the comparison with US wheats with various classes and commercial wheat flours. Korean wheat flours with 1Dx2.2+1Dy12 subunits showed higher SDS sedimentation volume than US wheat flours with similar protein content. Compared to wheat flours with similar protein content and SDS sedimentation volume, water absorption percent of Korean wheat flours using a mixograph was higher than that of US wheat flours, but similar to commercial wheat flours. Mixograph mixing time was similar to hard wheat flours and commercial noodle flours. Optimum water absorption percent of noodle dough from Korean wheat flours was higher than that of US wheat flours. Noodle sheets from Korean wheat flours with 1Dx2.2+ 1Dy12 subunits showed lower L values, higher a values and similar b values compared to commercial noodle flours. Hardness of cooked noodles from Korean wheat flours 1Dx2.2+1Dy12 subunits correlated positively with protein content, NIRS hardness, mixograph water absorption and gluten yield of flours. Korean wheat flours with 1Dx2.2+1Dy12 subunits showed lower loaf volume and harder crumb firmness than hard wheat flours and commercial bread wheat flours in spite of similar protein quantity and quality to hard wheat flours.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.221-227
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• 2002

Effects of adding of dandelion flour on the quality characteristics of bread were investigated. Dandelion flour was substituted at levels of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0% to wheat flour for bread making, respectively. Quality characteristics of bread such as dough yield, dough microstructure, loaf volume, bread yield, crumb color, mechanical property and sensory evaluation were analyzed. Addition of dandelion flour to wheat flour increased dough yield, loaf volume and bread yield. And, addition of dandelion flour caused a decrease in the lightness and an increase in the redness. The results of texture evaluation revealed that hardness, chewiness, springiness of bread increased as the level of dandelion flour was increased. As the addition level of dandelion flour increased, flavor balance, bitterness, aftertaste, grassy odor of bread increased but overall acceptability, moistness decreased. In conclusion, bread with 0.5% leaf powder was the best quality in bread properties.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.253-258
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different active gluten and rice Nuruk(Asp. oryzae, Asp. kawachii rice Nuruk) levels on the quality properties of steamed rice breads. Enzyme(amylase and acidic protease) activity of Asp. oryzae rice Nuruk is higher than Asp. kawachii rice Nuruk. Among the loaf volume of active gluten that were tested (10, 13, 15 and 17%) an active gluten loaf volume of 15% produced the best steamed rice bread. As a result of the loaf volume test steamed rice bread with rice Nuruk was decreased than steamed wheat bread. Regarding color, all treatments produced significant differences. The L value was decreased in steamed rice bread more than in steamed wheat bread, and a and b values were increased, respectively. Hardness, gumminess and chewiness of SRB-2, 3, 4 were lower than SWB-1 but springiness were higher. According to the sensory evaluation of steamed rice bread, color, flavor, and uniformity of pores were the highest in the steamed wheat bread, and the chewiness and texture were good in the steamed rice bread containing added active gluten and rice Nuruk. In this study, addition of rice Nuruk in steamed rice bread did not increase loaf volume, but had an advantage for overall desirability.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.385-393
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• 2014

This study investigated both the chemical and antioxidative characteristics of wheat flour added with 10, 20 and 30% immature chalssalbori flour; further, the quality characteristics of bread dough during yeast fermentation were assessed. As the addition rate of chalssalbori flour into wheat flour increased, the DPPH radical scavenging capacity, water absorption index, water solubility index and viscosity were all increased. Moreover, the bread dough with an increased addition rate of chalssalbori flour demonstrated an increased pH, reduced fermentative expansion power and a darker yellowish color. The bread dough added with chalssalbori flour after mixing showed higher hardness, gumminess and adhesiveness, but lower cohesiveness and springiness compared to the control; however, these texture characteristics were changed during fermentation. In the present study, the mixed flour with 10% immature chalssalbori flour conveyed similar pasting characteristics to those of wheat flour; moreover, its bread dough showed higher springiness and fermentative expansion power. Furthermore, a delay effect of starch retrogradation can be expected compared to the control.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.10
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• pp.1467-1475
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• 2016

To make soft and less stale bread, various amounts of gelatinized wheat flour dough were added for making pan bread. In the dough process, higher gelatinized wheat flour dough showed higher consistency and dough development time but a lower dough stability time. Expansion during fermentation represented the highest value upon addition of 10% gelatinized wheat flour dough (GWFD), and this value decreased with increasing amount of gelatinized wheat flour dough. Volume of bread was the highest in the control and lowest in 30% GWFD, and there was no difference between 10% GWFD and 20% GWFD. Moisture contents of bread made with various amounts of gelatinized wheat flour dough increased with increasing gelatinized wheat flour dough amount. Color values of bread made with various gelatinized wheat flour dough were not significantly different. Chewiness, brittleness, and hardness of bread made with control and 10% GWFD showed low values, whereas bread made with 20% GWFD and 30% GWFD showed high values. During storage, chewiness, brittleness, and hardness increased with increasing storage period in whole breads, whereas breads made with 10% GWFD showed the lowest increasing rate. In the sensory strength test, chewy texture increased upon addition of gelatinized wheat flour dough. In the consumer acceptance test, 10% GWFD showed the most overall acceptance. In conclusion, bread made with 10% gelatinized wheat flour dough is desirable for increasing softness and decreasing bread staling.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.136-143
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the quality of bread made with different types of brown rice flours. 20% of the wheat flour from the bread recipe was substituted with the different types of brown rice flours, such as, raw brown rice flour (RBRF), soaked brown rice flour (SOBRF), and sprouted brown rice flour (SPBRF). The loaf volume of the bread: decreased by 3.2%∼7.4% with the addition of the brown rice flours. The "L" value of these breads decreased, while the "a" and "b" values increased. In terms of the texture, the SPBRF bread was the hardest on the 1st day of storage, but it was the least hard on the 5th day of storage. The RBRF bread was the least springy. The SPBRF bread was the most cohesive. The adhesiveness was not significantly different among the breads. In terms of the degree of retrogradation using the ${\alpha}$-amylase method, the SOBRF and SPBRF breads showed a little lesser degree of retrogradation than the control and the RBRF bread. In the sensory evaluation, the control bread obtained high score for crumb color and grain, while the brown rice flours breads obtained high scores for mouthfeel and taste. Overall acceptability, defined by a higher score, was higher for the SOBRF and SPBRF breads than the control bread, which was not significant. Thus, this study showed that processing rice flour was more effective than raw rice flour in substituting wheat flour.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.124-124
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• 2022

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the major staple foods and is in increasing demand in the world. The elevated temperature due to changes in climate and environmental conditions is a major factor affecting wheat development and grain quality. The optimal temperature range for winter wheat is between 15~25℃, it is necessary to study the physiological characteristic of wheat according to the elevated temperature. This study presents the effect of elevated temperature on the yield and quality of two Korean bread wheat (Baekkang and Jokyoung) in a temperature gradient tunnel (TGT). Two bread wheat cultivars were grown in TGT at four different temperature conditions, i.e. TO control (near ambient temperature), T1 control+1℃, T2 control+2℃, T3 control+3℃. The period from sowing to heading stage has accelerated, while the growth properties including culm length, spike length and number of spike, have not changed by elevated temperature. On the contrary, the number of grains per spike and grain yield was reduced under T3 condition compared with that of control condition. In addition, the. The grain filling rate and grain maturity also accelerated by elevated temperature (T3). The elevating temperature has led to increasing protein and gluten contents, whereas causing reduction of total starch contents. These results are consistent with reduced expression of starch synthesis genes and increased gliadin synthesis or gluten metabolism genes during late grain filling period. Taken together, our results suggest that the elevated temperature (T3) leads to reduction in grain yield regulating number of grains/spike, whereas increasing the gluten content by regulating the expression of starch and gliadin-related genes or gluten metabolism process genes expression. Our results should be provide a useful physiological information for the heat stress response of wheat.