• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.884-890
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the quality of white pan breads baked with various Korean and imported wheat flours. The approximate composition of the Korean wheat flour was 12.0614.06% moisture, 11.8314.02% crude protein, and 0.320.54% crude ash. Relative to the Korean wheat flour, the moisture and crude protein contents of imported wheat flour were lower, and the crude ash content was higher. The pH of white pan bread was lowest with imported wheat flour and highest with H.Y woorimil. The color L and a values in the crumb were lower with imported wheat flour than with Korean wheat flour. The volume and height of dough was lowest with G.S woorimil, and the specific volume and yield of dough was highest with K.K woorimil. The baking loss rate of bread was highest with G.R woorimil and lowest with G.S woorimil. In texture characteristics, hardness was lower and chewiness, adhesiveness, springiness and cohesiveness were higher with imported wheat flour than with Korean wheat flour. In the sensory evaluation, breads made with Korean wheat flour were superior in taste and flavor to bread made with imported wheat flour.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.219-224
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• 2008

"Charmdlerak" a new high-quality Korean wheat, was produced with production management from the Rural Development Administration (RDA). We evaluated the characteristics of grain, flour, and end-use quality of "Charmdlerak" wheat to assess consumer satisfaction with this new variety of wheat. Eighty-two farmers (450MT/100 ha) in Gwangju metropolitan city produced Keumkangmil wheat and 23 farmers (30 ha) produced "Charmdlerak" wheat "Charmdlerak" wheat had 1.55% ash content and 11.0-13.0% protein content "Charmdlerak" flour was milled by a commercial machine in Samyang Milmax. The protein content of "Charmdlerak" was slightly higher than that of flour from Hard Red Winter Wheat (HRWW), the most popular multipurpose flour in Korea. The ash content and color of "Charmdlerak" wheat were similar to those of HRWW. End-use quality testing of cooked noodles and bread indicated that "Charmdlerak" flour resulted in softer noodles and similar bread loaf volume compared with products made from Keumkangmil wheat.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.381-391
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• 2006

The rheological properties of dough made the substitution of wheat flour(composite flour) at the levels of 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% soymilk residue flour, with addition of vital wheat gluten at the levels of 3, 6 and 9% were investigated. And nutrition contents of soymilk residue flour were analyzed. The results were as follows; Principal components of soymilk residue flour were 22.0% crude protein, 13.2% crude lipid, 54.3% carbohydrate, 27.2% dietary fiber and $220{\mu}g/g$ isoflavones. Free amino acid component of soymilk residue were L-glutamic acid, L-leucine, L-lysine, L-valine, L-phenylalanine, L-isoleucine, L-threonine, L-methionine and L-cystine. Total dietary fiber content of bread with soymilk residue and wheat flour were 5% soymilk residue; 3.50%, 10% soymilk residues; 4.65%, 15% soymilk residues; 5.96%, and wheat flour bread: 2.1% respectively Mixing water absorption capacity was increased by increasing amounts of added soymilk residue and vital wheat gluten. Dough development time was increased by increasing amounts of added soymilk residues, while decreased by increasing amounts of vital wheat gluten. The dough volume of composite flour with 5%, 10% and 15% soymilk residue flour were the smaller than wheat flour dough. But the dough volume was increased by added vital wheat gluten, and the composite flour with 5% soymilk residue flour and 9% vital wheat gluten was better than the others. This study proved that the dough volume of composite flour with 5% soymilk residue flour and 9% vital wheat gluten was better than the others. On the other hand, the soymilk residue flour contains dietary fiber, isoflavone, protein, lipid and carbohydrate. Therefore the soymilk residue flour will be very useful as food material.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.232-237
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• 2002

The quality of bread (black rice bread) made of black rice flour and wheat flour was investigated. The bread was manufactured with 10, 20 or 30% black rice flour (BRF) (w/w) with increasing and wheat flour. The bread volume was decreased from 2250 cc to 1700 cc as BRF contents increased from 0% to 30%. The lightness (L values) decreased with increasing BRF contents and the redness (a values) increased. The yellowness (b values) slightly decreased with increasing BRF contents. Textural characteristics of bread crumb were influened by adding additives BRF. Breads containing additives showed an increase in hardness, gumminess and chewiness and a decrease in springness and cohesiveness. In sensory evaluation, sensory scores decreased with increasing BRF contents for the appearance, such as grain and texture, of black rice bread. On the other hand, the highest sensory scores for color, taste and overall eating quality were obtained, when BRF content was 20%. In conclusion, Bread with 20% BRF was the best quality in sensory evaluation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.356-364
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to evaluate quality characteristics of the bread added with chlorella growth factor(CGF). The bread was manufactured by adding 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% or 2.0% of CGF(w/w) to wheat flour. The bread volume was increased from 1,755mL to 1,840mL as CGF contents increased from 0% to 1.0%. The lightness(L values)and the redness(a values) decreased with increasing CGF contents, but the yellowness(b values) increased with increasing CGF contents. Textural characteristics of the bread were influenced by adding the CGF. The breads containing CGF showed a decrease in hardness, springiness, gumminess and chewiness. In sensory evaluation, sensory scores decreased with increasing CGF contents for color. On the other hand, the highest sensory scores for grain, flavor, taste, softness, chewiness, aftertaste and overall acceptability were obtained, when CGF content was 1.0%. In conclusion, the bread with 1.0% CGF was the best quality in textural and sensory evaluation.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.503-507
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• 2004

The quality of bread made of sprouted brown rice ($20\%$), wheat flour and pumpkin powder was investigated. The bread was manufactured with 0, 1, 3 and $5\%$ pumpkin powder (W/W) with increasing and wheat flour. Volume of the breads were decreased from 4.68 mL/g to 3.60 mL/g as pumpkin powder contents increased from $0\%\;to\;5\%$. Lightness decreased with increasing pumpkin powder contents. Yellowness increased from 10.97 to 27.01 with increasing pumpkin powder contents. Textural characteristics of bread crumb were influenced by adding additives pumpkin powder. Hardness, adhesiveness and chewiness of bread decreased as the added level of pumpkin powder. In sensory evaluation, sensory scores for color, flavor and overall quality of bread increased with increasing pumpkin powder contents.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.1245-1252
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• 2003

A starter formulation was developed to substitute a baker's yeast with natural starter when manufacturing bread products. To develop an active starlet, starter was formulated varying with types of wheat flours, level of water contents and various nutrients. Activities of starter were investigated in terms of viable counts of microbes and change of pH and total titratible acidity Domestic wheat flours contain 100 times more number of lactic acid bacteria than yeast regardless of types of wheat flours. The more protein contents in wheat flours, the more stable microbes in starter. This was considered to be the result of buffering effect of wheat proteins. The optimum level of protein content to ensure the activity of starter was more than 12.0%. Optimum level of water content in active starter was 110% based on strong flour. The more water or the less water had the tendency of decreasing viable counts of microbes. Addition of salt and sucrose had increased the activity of starters. However oligosaccharides did not affect the activity of starter. The optimum concentrations of salt and sucrose were 1.0% and 5.0% respectively. Bread with the starter was higher scored than breads with yeast in terms of all the quality and sensory characteristics except their volumes. In conclusion, a starter formulated with strong flour 100%, water 110%, salt 1% and sucrose 5% was considered to have high potential as a substitute of yeast in making natural bread.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.209-213
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• 2008

We examined the dough properties, baking qualities, and sensory aspects of commercial hard wheat flour (Q1) that was supplemented with up to 30% rice bran flour. The loaf volumes of bread with 20% and 30% rice bran were 83% and 65% respectively, of the control (wheat flour only). However, a 5% and 10% supplement of rice bran increased loaf volume by 5.2% and 0.7% respectively, over the control. After storage of loaves for three days, bread crumbs from loaves with 5% rice bran were significantly softer than those with 10% 20% and 30% rice bran. The hardness of dough increased with the proportion of rice bran, but springiness and cohesiveness were inversely related to hardness. Addition of rice bran increased loaf pH. Rice bran decreased lightness, but significantly increased redness and yellowness in a concentration dependent manner. Sensory investigation indicated that bread with 5% rice bran was not significantly different from the control. However, more panel members preferred the appearance and flavor of bread with 5% rice bran.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.183-198
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to determine potential effectiveness of sourdough starter powder (made of Korean wheat flour) in the quality characteristics of bread and in the substitution effect of a dough improver in bread baking. The bread containing sourdough starter powder was considered to be most suitable for making sourdough bread. As a result, SP 10 showed the best fermentation rate and the highest volume and specific volume. In sensory testing, SP 10 was most preferable among others. According to experimental comparison between optimal addition ratio of SP 10 and other sourdough starter powder products available in Korean domestic market, SI had the highest fermentation rate, highest volume and specific volume. Analysis of texture showed that SI was soft with the lowest hardness and the highest elasticity. Sensory test showed that SI was most preferable of all, and SP 10 was more preferable than BP. It was concluded that SP 10 was not less preferable in the aspect of preference at sensory test than other products. Hence, it is expected that sourdough starter powder made of Korean wheat flour will be possibly more popular and effective in replacing some portion of dough improver of baking.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.223-228
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• 2012

The effects of soybean powder and $chungkukjang$ powder on the quality characteristics of bread were investigated. The nutritional elements of the soybean powder, $chungkukjang$ powder and wheat flour differed remarkably. The average crude protein, ash, crude lipid, and fiber of soybean powder and $chungkukjang$ powder were approximately 3, 15, 8 and 5 times higher than those of the wheat flour, respectively. The properties of the dough to which soybean powder and $chungkukjang$ powder were added, i.e., its water absorption (%), development time (min) and stability (min) were measured with a farinograph. The water absorption, and development time of the farinogram increased, but its stability decreased when soybean powder and $chungkukjang$ powder were added to white wheat flour. As long as the mixture rate of soybean powder and $chungkukjang$ powder increased, the loaf volume of the bread declined, but the weight significantly increased. The L value decreased, but the a and b values increased in bread crumb that was made from soybean powder and $chungkukjang$ powder. The white wheat flour to which 10% soybean powder and 5% $chungkukjang$ powder were added had the highest scores in flavor, color, texture, taste, and overall acceptability in the sensory evaluation.