• 제목/요약/키워드: branch plants

검색결과 199건 처리시간 0.027초

서울시 강북구 솔밭근린공원 소나무림 답압 피해 개선사업 효과 연구 (The Improvement Effect of Pinus densiflora Forest Disturbed by Human Trampling in the Solbat Neighborhood Park, Gangbuk-gu, Seoul)

  • 권기영;한봉호;박석철;최진우
    • 한국조경학회지
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    • 제40권5호
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    • pp.148-159
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    • 2012
  • 본 연구의 목적은 서울시 솔밭근린공원 소나무림을 대상으로 울타리 설치, 관목 및 초본식물 식재 등의 답압 피해 개선사업의 효과를 검증하는 것이다. 2005년과 2010년 현장조사를 통해 소나무 식재유형, 식재구조, 토양경도, 토양단면구조, 토양 이화학적 특성 등의 변화 상태를 분석하였다. 또한 소나무의 가지생장량과 직경생장량을 측정하여 개선사업전과 후 상태를 비교 분석하여 답압 피해지역 개선사업에 따른 효과를 고찰하였다. 식재유형 변화에서는 하층 식생이 없는 소나무림이 2005년 48.5%에서 2010년에는 6.8%로 감소하였으며, 관목 및 초본이 식재된 소나무림이 7.4%에서 46.8%로 크게 증가하였다. 식재구조 변화에서는 대부분 조사구가 하층식생이 거의 없는 소나무림에서 진달래, 철쭉꽃, 원추리, 돌단풍, 옥잠화 등 관목 및 초본식생이 넓게 피복된 소나무림으로 변화되었다. 2005년 솔밭근린공원의 토양경도는 평균 $54.8kg/cm^2$로 딱딱한 토양층이었다. 2010년 솔밭근린공원 개선사업 후 토양경도는 대부분 $4kg/cm^2$ 미만으로 식물생육에 영향이 없는 양호한 상태였다. 2005년에 토양단면구조는 답압 영향으로 인해 낙엽층이 소실되어 있었으며, 유기물층이 1.0cm로 식물이 생육하는데 적합하지 않았다. 개선사업 후 2010년에는 답압에 대한 피해가 줄어서 낙엽층이 3.0cm까지 새롭게 형성되었고, 지속적인 시비에 따라 유기물층의 깊이도 1.5~8.0cm로 증가하였다. 2005년 토양 이화학적 특성에서는 pH 5.76~6.70, 유기물 함량 7.15~10.55%, 유효인산 9.38~26.47mg/kg으로 소나무 생육 토양환경조건으로 큰 문제가 없었다. 또한 소나무 15주를 선정하여 가지생장량을 분석한 결과, 개선사업 이후 가지생장량이 점차 증가하는 경향이었다. 토양경도 등급에 따라 소나무 70주를 선정하여 직경생장량을 측정한 결과, 대부분 조사구에서 소나무가 개선사업 이후 생육이 양호해지는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구결과를 통해 울타리 설치, 관목 및 초본식물 식재 등의 답압 피해 개선사업이 소나무 생장을 향상시키는 효과를 검증할 수 있었다.

질소시용, 예초 및 재식밀도가 한국잔디(Zoysia Japonica Steud)의 생육에 미치는 영향 (Studies on the growth of Korea Lawn Grass (Zoysia japonica Steud.)in Reponse to Nitrogen Application, Clipping Treatment and Plant Density)

  • 심재성
    • 자연과학논문집
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    • 제1권
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    • pp.61-113
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    • 1987
  • The increasing emphasis placed on the production of fine turf for lawns, golf courses, parks, and other recreational sites has led to many unsolved problems as to how such turf could be best established and mainteined. For this purpose, a series of experiments were conducted under con ditions of pot and field. The results obtained were as follows EXPERIMENT I. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer and clipping interval on Zoysia japonica. 1. Increasing the rate of nitrogen and frequent clipping increased tiller number of Zoysis japonica and the maximum number of tillers were obtained from 700 kg N application and freqnent clippings (10 days interval ) in October. Treatment of 350kg N with 10 days clipping interval increased tillers much more than those of 700 kgN with 20 and 30 days clipping intervals. 2. The average number of green leaves occurred during the growth period maximized by applying 700 kg N and clipping 10 days interval. 3. Increasing tiller numbers significantly decreased tops DM weight per tiller by clipping plants at interval of 10 and 20 days, irrespective of nitrogen applied, and with nil N, at the interval of 30 days. By applying 700 kg N, however, top DM weight per tiller increased as the number of tillers increased consistently. 4. The highest top DM weight was achieved from late August to early September by applying 350 and 700kgN. 5. During the growth period, differences in unders ( stolon + root ) DM weight occurred bynitrogen application were found between nil N and two applied nitrogen levels, whereas, at the same level of nitrogen applied, the increase in stolon DM weight enhanced by lengthening the clipping interval to 30 days. 6. Nitrogen efficiency to green leaves, stolon nodes and DM weight of root with high nitrogen was achieved as clipping interval was shortened. 7. By increasing fertilizer nitrogen rate applied, N content n the leaves and stems of Zoysiajaponica was increased. On the other hand, N content in root and stolon had little effect onfertilizer nitrogen, resulting in the lowest content among plant fractions. The largest content of N was recorded in leaves. Lengthening the clipping interval from 10 or 20 to 30 days tends to decrease the N content in the leaves and stems, whereas this trend did not appeared in stolon androot. 8. A positive correlations between N and K contents in tops and stolon were established andthus K content increased as N content in tops and stolon increased. Meanwhile, P content was not affected by N and clipping treatments. 9. Total soluble carbohydrate content in Zoysia japonica was largest in stolon and stem, and was reduced by increasing fertilizer nitrogen rate. Reduction in total soluble carbohydrate due to increased nitrogen rate was severer in the stolons and stems than in the leaves. 10. Increasing the rate of nitrogen applied increased the number of small and large vascular bundles in leaf blade, but shortened distance among the large vascular bundles. Shortening the clipping interval resulted in increase of the number of large vascular bundles but decrease ofdistance between large vascular bundles.EXPERIMENT II. Growth response of Zoysia japonica imposed by different plant densities. 1. Tiller numbers per unit area increased as plant density heightened. Differences in num ber between densities at higher densities than 120 D were of no significance. 2. Tiller numbers per clone attained by 110 days after transplanting were 126 at 40D,77 at 80D, 67 at 120D, 54 at 160D, and 41 at 200D. A decreasing trend of tiller numbers per clone with increasing density was noticable from 100 days after transplanting onwards. 3. During the growth period, the greatest number of green leaves per unit area were attainedin 90days after transplanting at 160D and 200D, and 100 days after transplanting at 40D, 80Dand 120D. Thus the period to reach the maximum green leaf number with the high plantdensity was likely to be earlier that with the low plant density. 4. Stolon growth up to 80 days after transplaning was relatively slow, but from 80 daysonwards, the growth quickened to range from 1.9 m/clone at 40D to 0.6m/clone at 200Din 200 days after transplanting, these followed by the stolon node produced. 5. Plant density did not affect stolon weight/clone and root weight/clone until 80 daysafter transplanting. 6. DM weight of root was heavier in the early period of growth than that of stolon, butthis trend was reversed in the late period of growth : DM weight of stolon was much higherthan that of root.EXPERIMENT Ill. Vegetative growth of Zoysia japonica and Zoysia matrella as affected by nitrogen and clipping height. 1. When no nitrogen was applied to Zoysia japonica, leaf blade which appeared during theAugust-early September period remained green for a perid of about 10 weeks and even leavesemerged in rate September lived for 42 days. However, leaf longevity did not exceed 8 weeks asnitrogen was applied. In contrast the leaf longevity of Zoysia matrella which emerged during the mid August-earlySeptember period was 11 weeks and, under the nitrogen applied, 9 weeks, indicating that thelife-spen of individual leaf of Zoysia matrella may be longer than that of Zoysia japorica. Clipping height had no effect on the leaf longevity in both grasses. 2. During the July-August period, tiller number, green leaf number and DM weightof Zoysia japonica were increased significantly with fertilizer nitrogen, but were not with twolevel of clipping height. This trend was reversed after late September ; no effect of nitrogen wasappeared. Instead, lax clipping increased tiller number, green leaf number and DM weight. Greenleaves stimulated by lax clipping resulted in the occurrance of more dead leaves in late October. 3. Among the stolons outgrown until early September, the primary stolon was not influencedby nitrogen and clipping treatments to produce only 2-3 stolons. However, 1st branch stoIon asaffected by nitrogen increased significantly, so most of stolons which occurred consisted of 1st branch stolons. 4. Until early September, stolon length obtained at nil nitrogen level was chiefly caused bythe primary stolons. By applying nitrogen, the primary stolons of Zoysia japonica waslonger than 1st branch stolons when severe clipping was involved and in turn, shorter than 1stbranch stolons when lax clipping was concerned. In Zoysia matrella, 1st branch stolons were muchlonger than the primary stolon when turf was clipped severely but in conditions of lax clippingthere was little difference in length between primary and 1st branch stolons. 5. Stolon nodes of both Zoysia japonica and Z. matrella were positively influenced by nit rogen, but no particular increase by imposing clipping height treatment was marked in Zoysiamatrella. Although the stolon of Zoysia japonica grew until late October, the growthstimulated by nitrogen was not so remarkable as to exceed that by nil N.

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고온 증기 파이프의 잔여수명 평가 (Remaining Life Assessment of High Temperature Steam Piping)

  • 윤기봉
    • Journal of Welding and Joining
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    • 제13권2호
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    • pp.12-24
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    • 1995
  • 최근에 국내 화력발전설비도 사용 기간이 30년을 넘게 됨에 따라, 고온설비의 경년열화도 평가 및 수명예측 기술에 대한 연구가 활발해지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 l965년부터 사용되어 노 후된 영월화력발전소 2호기의 주증기 파이프를 대상으로 실시한 열화도 및 수명평가 결과를 보고하였다. 주증기관의 취약부인 맞대기 용접부, 지류 용접부, Y부 및 T부 등의 용접부에 대해 표면복제법, 경도측정법을 사용하여 수명평가를 실시하였으며, 비파괴 검사에 의해 균열이 탐지된 경우에는 수명평가 컴퓨터 코드를 사용하여 균열성장에 의한 잔여수명을 계산하였다. 또한 파이프 모재의 잔여 수명은 해석적 방법에 의해 정량적으로 잔여수명을 계산한 후, 외경 패출량 측정, 입계부식법 등에 의해 재질 열화도를 정성적으로 평가하였다. 본 논문에서 사용한 기법 이외의 방법을 사용하여 수명평가 정확도를 개선하는 방향에 대한 의견도 제시하였다.

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Upregulation of thiamine (vitamin B1) biosynthesis gene upon stress application in Anabaena sp. and Nannochloropsis oculata

  • Fern, Lee Li;Abidin, Aisamuddin Ardi Zainal;Yusof, Zetty Norhana Balia
    • Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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    • 제44권4호
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    • pp.462-471
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    • 2017
  • Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), the active form of thiamine is a cofactor for enzymes involved in central metabolism pathways. However, it is also known to have a role as a stress signaling molecule in response to environmental changes. Anabaena sp. and N. oculata are microorganisms which are abundantly found in Malaysia's freshwater and marine ecosystem. However, not much studies have been done especially in regards to thiamine biosynthesis. This work aimed to amplify of gene transcripts coding for thiamine biosynthesis enzymes besides looking at the expression of thiamine biosynthesis genes upon stress application. Various stress inducers were applied to the cultures and RNA was extracted at different time points. The first two genes, ThiC and ThiG/Thi4 encoding enzymes of the pyrimidine and thiazole branch respectively in the thiamine biosynthesis pathway were identified and amplified. The expression of the genes were analysed via RT-PCR and the intensity of bands were analysed using ImageJ software. The results showed up to 4-fold increase in the expression of ThiC and ThiG gene transcript as compared to control sample in Anabaena sp. ThiC gene in N. oculata showed an expression of 6-fold higher as compared to control sample. In conclusion, stresses induced the expression of the gene coding for one of the most important enzymes in thiamine biosynthesis pathway. This is an agreement with the hypothesis that overexpression of thiamine is crucial in assisting plants to combat abiotic stresses.

열경화성 분석을 위한 가속열화 된 Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene의 경년특성 연구 (Study of Thermal Ageing Behavior of the Accelerated Thermally Aged Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene for Thermosetting Analysis)

  • 신용덕
    • 전기학회논문지
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    • 제66권5호
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    • pp.800-805
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    • 2017
  • The accelerated thermal ageing of CSPE (chlorosulfonated polyethylene) was carried out for 16.82, 50.45, and 84.09 days at $110^{\circ}C$, equivalent to 20, 60, and 100 years of ageing at $50^{\circ}C$ in nuclear power plants, respectively. As the accelerated thermally aged years increase, the insulation resistance and resistivity of the CSPE decrease, and the capacitance, relative permittivity and dissipation factor of those increase at the measured frequency, respectively. As the accelerated thermally aged years and the measured frequency increase, the phase degree of response voltage vs excitation voltage of the CSPE increase but the phase degree of response current vs excitation voltage decrease, respectively. As the accelerated thermally aged years increase, the apparent density, glass transition temperature and the melting temperature of the CSPE increase but the percent elongation and % crystallinity decrease, respectively. The differential temperatures of those are $0.013-0.037^{\circ}C$ and, $0.034-0.061^{\circ}C$ after the AC and DC voltages are applied to CSPE-0y and CSPE-20y, respectively; the differential temperatures of those are $0.011-0.038^{\circ}C$ and $0.002-0.028^{\circ}C$ after the AC and DC voltages are applied to CSPE-60y and CSPE-100y, respectively. The variations in temperature for the AC voltage are higher than those for the DC voltage when an AC voltage is applied to CSPE. It is found that the dielectric loss owing to the dissipation factor($tan{\delta}$) is related to the electric dipole conduction current. It is ascertained that the ionic (electron or hole) leakage current is increased by the partial separation of the branch chain of CSPE polymer as a result of thermal stress due to accelerated thermal ageing.

Hexaconazole의 처리가 수박의 생육 및 박의 ethylene 발생에 미치는 영향 (Effects of hexaconazole on growth of watermelon(Citrullus lanatus Schrad) and ethylene evolution of gourd(Lagenaria siceraria Standl))

  • 김수정;이정명;강충길
    • 농약과학회지
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    • 제2권2호
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    • pp.108-112
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    • 1998
  • Hexaconazole의 처리가 수박의 생육 및 박의 ethylene 발생에 미치는 영향을 검토한 결과를 하면 다음과 같다. 약제처리 방법에 따른 수박 생장의 억제효과는 경엽처리가 현저하게 효과적인데 반하여 토양관주 처리에서는 효과가 없거나 미미하였다. Hexaconazole 경엽처리시 수박생장은 약제처리 7일후에는 농도가 높으면 높을수록 신장, 마디수가 억제된 반면 약제처리 42일후에는 무처리와 차이가 없었다. Hexaconazole 처리시 수박의 암꽃 착화위치는 착과부위인 제 2번 암꽃까지의 길이생장 및 마디수에는 아무런 영향이 없었고, 측지길이에 미치는 영향은 제 2, 제 3마디에서 현저하게 억제되었는데 이는 처리시기와 밀접한 관련이 있을 것으로 판단된다. Hexaconazole 처리시 박의 ethylene 발생량은 처리농도가 높을수록 ethylene 발생량이 증가하는 경향을 보였으며 약제처리 5일까지는 계속 증가하다가 이후 감소하였다.

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주요(主要) 논잡초(雜草) 올챙이고랭이와 사마귀풀 생태(生態)에 관(關한) 연구(硏究) (Emergence and Ecology of the Scirpus hotarui and Aneilema japonica on Paddy - Field)

  • 김소연;송석길;김봉구
    • 한국잡초학회지
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    • 제5권2호
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    • pp.109-113
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    • 1985
  • 1.잡초(雜草)의 발생심도(發生深度)는 2개초종(個草種) 다같이 지표면(地表面)에서 발생(發生)이 많았으나 올챙이고랭이는 3cm깊이에서도 다소(多少) 발생(發生)하였고 그이상 깊이에서는 발생(發生)되지 않았으마 사마귀풀은 주로 표면(表面)에서 발생(發生)이 많았다. 2. 잡초(雜草)의 생육(生育)이 왕성(旺盛)한 시기(時期)가 8월(月)18일(日) 이전이였고 그 이후(以後)에는 생육량(生育量)이 적었으며 3. 일장(日長)의 영향(影響)은 올챙이고랭이 및 사마귀풀 공히 단일처리(短日處理)하므로써 초장(草長)이 작고 분지수(分枝數)도 적었다. 개화기(開花期)는 단일처리(短日處理)하에서 빨라지는 영향(影響)을 나타냈다. 4. 사마귀풀은 재생력(再生力)이 1회절제(回切除)하므로써 재생(再生)되지 않았으며 올챙이고랭이는 분얼성기(分蘖盛期) 절제(切除)가 가장 재생력(再生力)이 높았다. 5. 올챙이고랭이 월동주(越冬株) 자체(自體)는 고사(枯死)가 없이 100% 재생(再生)이 가능하였고 근경부착수(根莖附着數)가 많을수록 발생(發生)이 잘되었다. 6. 잡초(雜草)와 수도수량(水稻收量)과의 관계(關係)를 보면 각 초종(草種) 공(供)히 잡초수(雜草數)가 많을수록 수량(收量)이 낮았으며 그 원인(原因)은 수수(穗數)의 감소(減少)가 수량(收量)에 미친 영향(影響)이 큰 것으로 나타났다.

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삽수 직접정식이 방울토마토 양액재배에 있어서 생육 및 수량에 미치는 영향 (Effect of Immediate Setting with Lateral Branch Cuttings on Growth and Yield of Cherry Tomatoes in Soilless Culture)

  • 장전익;박용봉;지성한;양희준
    • 생물환경조절학회지
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    • 제5권1호
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    • pp.79-88
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    • 1996
  • 방울토마토 잠액 수경재배에 육묘단계를 생략한 재배기술을 확립하기 위하여 ‘Pico’, ‘Pepe’ 및 ‘Koko’ 3품종의 측지를 육묘상에서 15일간 육묘한 것과 양액 재배상에 바로 정식하고 양액의 농도를 표준과 50% 농도의 2수준으로 처리하여 생육상태와 수량을 조사하였다. 1. 직접정식이 육묘정식보다 초기 생육단계에서 초장이 길었고, 엽수가 많았으며 엽면적이 넓었다. 수확시기는 직접정식이 육묘정식보다 6일 정도 빨랐고 품종간에는 ‘Pepe’가 다른 2품종보다 빨랐으며 양액 농도간에는 차이가 없었다. 2. 과일 1개당 평균 무게는 정식묘가 양액의 농도에 따른 영향은 없었고 품종간에는 ‘Pepe’가 적었다. 그리고 수량은 표준농도의 양액에 직접 정식한 ‘Pepe’에서 가장 많았다. 3. 과즙의 당도는 직접 정식한 구가 육묘 정식한 구보다 높았고 품종간에는 ‘Pepe’가 높았다.

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한국 야생잡초 참외의 재배적 특성 (Cultivation Characteristics of Wild Weedy Melons Collected in Korea)

  • 이우승;서동환;이하윤;후지시다 노리유기
    • 원예과학기술지
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    • 제31권4호
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    • pp.467-472
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    • 2013
  • 국내 전역에서 수집된 야생 참외 계통 중 1986년에 20계통, 1990년에 16계통에 대해 재배시험결과는 계통간에 초장에 변이가 있었고 잎은 작은 편이었다. 성표현형은 양성웅화동주형 30계통, 자웅동주형 4계통, 양성화주형이 2계통이었다. 주지에서 암꽃착생은 양성화주형을 제외하고는 극히 드물었다. 양성웅화동주형과 자웅동주형은 측지의 제 1, 2절에는 암꽃착생이 현저하였다. 유과에는 모두 고미질이 확인되었다. 숙과의 색은 진황, 황, 연황, 황녹, 유백색이였으며 과중은 매우 작았고 숙과의 감미는 매우 낮았다. 일과당 종자수는 50.6-158.4개로 야생종 및 종족유지의 특징을 보여주고 있었다.

Effect of Plant Density on Growth Responses and Yield in Yacon

  • Ryu, Jeom-Ho;Doo, Hong-Soo;Lee, Kang-Soo;Park, Sun-Young
    • 한국작물학회지
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    • 제46권5호
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    • pp.407-410
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    • 2001
  • This study was conducted to determine the optimal planting distance in cultivation of yacon (Polymnia sonchifolia Poeppig & Endlicher). Plug seedlings were planted with 6 different plant densities of 80 $\times$ 60, 80 $\times$ 50, 70 $\times$ 50, 70 $\times$ 45, 70 $\times$ 40 and 60 $\times$ 45 cm. The plant height and the petiole length were increased with increasing the planting distance. The tallest plant height of yacon was 165.4cm with the plant density of 80 $\times$ 60 cm. However, branch number per plant, leaf number on main stem and stem diameter were not significantly difference among planting densities. Tuberous root was harvested 31.42 tons/ha in 70 $\times$ 50 cm spacing. The ratio of heavier tuberous roots than 200 g to total tuberous roots decreased significantly according to increase of planting density. Fresh weights of shoot and root, contain the crown bud, were decreased, as planting distance was shorter. Tuberous root number was fewer but its weight was heavier in wide planting than in dense planting. We think that optimal planting density is about 30,000 plants/ha, if it were to be 70 cm row spacing, intrarow spacing should calculate about 47cm.

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