• 생물정신의학
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.22-31
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• 2019

Objectives Previous studies have revealed inconsistent results on amygdala volume in adult bipolar disorder (BD) patients compared to healthy controls (HC). Since the amygdala encompasses multiple subregions, the subtle volume changes in each amygdala nucleus might have not been fully reflected in the measure of the total amygdala volume, causing discrepant results. Thus, we aimed to investigate volume changes in each amygdala subregion and their association with subtypes of BD, lithium use and clinical status of BD. Methods Fifty-five BD patients and 55 HC underwent T1-weighted structural magnetic resonance imaging. We analyzed volumes of the whole amygdala and each amygdala subregion, including the anterior amygdaloid area, cortico-amygdaloid transition area, basal, lateral, accessory basal, central, cortical, medial and paralaminar nuclei using the atlas in the FreeSurfer. The volume difference was analyzed using a one-way analysis of covariance with individual volumes as dependent variables, and age, sex, and total intracranial volume as covariates. Results The volumes of whole right amygdala and subregions including basal nucleus, accessory basal nucleus, anterior amygdaloid area, and cortico-amygdaloid transition area in the right amygdala of BD patients were significantly smaller for the HC group. No significant volume difference between bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder was found after the Bonferroni correction. The trend of larger volume in medial nucleus with lithium treatment was not significant after the Bonferroni correction. No significant correlation between illness duration and amygdala volume, and insignificant negative correlation were found between right central nucleus volume and depression severity. Conclusions Significant volume decrements of the whole amygdala, basal nucleus, accessory basal nucleus, anterior amygdaloid area, and cortico-amygdaloid transition area were found in the right hemisphere in adult BD patients, compared to HC group. We postulate that such volume changes are associated with altered functional activity and connectivity of amygdala nuclei in BD.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.267-274
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• 2008

목적: 일과성 신경학적 악화(transient neurological deterioration, TND)는 재관류술 이후에 발생할 수 있는 합병증 중 하나이며, 수술 직후 발생하는 일과성 과관류로 발생하는 것으로 생각된다. 본 연구에서는 TND 발생에 따른 수술 전후 뇌관류의 변화 양상에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 2003년 9월부터 2006년 7월까지 시행된 60건의 천측두동맥-중대뇌동맥 문합술을 받은 환자 56명(남:여=29:27, 평균연령: $50{\pm}16$세, 죽상경화성혈관 질환: 33건, 모야모야병 27건)을 대상으로 하였다. 수술전과 술후 10일에 $^{99m}Tc$-ECD 기저/아세타졸아미드 부하 뇌관류 SPECT를 시행하여 기저 뇌관류와 뇌혈류예비능을 측정하였다. 그리고, 술후 3일과 10일에 뇌관류 SPECT를 시행하여 기저 뇌관류를 측정하였다. 각 뇌관류 SPECT에서 나온 결과를 SPM을 이용하여 통계적으로 분석하였다. 결과: 60건의 STA-MCA 우회술 중 6건(10%)에서 술후 TND가 발생하였다. 전체 환자에서 수술 전 병측 부위 중간대뇌동맥영역의 뇌관류가 반대측에 비해 유의하게 낮았으며(p=0.002), 술후 3일과 10일의 기저뇌관류는 수술 전보다 유의하게 증가하였다(p=0.001, p=0.02). TND가 발생환 환자가 나머지 환자에 비해 수술 전기저뇌관류와 뇌혈류예비능이 유의미하게 낮았으며(p=0.01, p=0.05), 기저뇌관류의 증가율도 술후 3일에 유의미하게 높았다(p=0.008). 그러나, 술후 3일과 10일에 TND 환자와 나머지 환자간에 뇌관류의 유의한 차이는 없었다(p=n.s.). 반대측 부위를 기준으로 하여 병측 부위의 뇌관류량의 비율을 구한 상대적 관류량은 TND 환자가 나머지 환자에 비해 술후 3일에 유의하게 높았으나(p=0.002), 술 전과 술후 10일에는 유의한 차이가 없었다(p=n.s.). 결론: 이 연구에서는 TND 발생군에서 비발생군에 비해 술후 상대적인 중등도의 과관류가 관찰되었다. 이러한 결과는 TND의 병태생리를 이해하는 데 도움을 줄 것으로 기대한다.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.29-40
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• 2010

This study was aimed at investigating the gene expression profile in basal ganglia of cadmium exposed rat based on cDNA array analysis. For cDNA array analysis, adult Sprague-Dawley male rats (350 ${\pm}$ 25 g) were intraperitoneally injected with 2.0 mg/kg body weight/day of CdCl2 (0.3 ml) for 5 days. For doserelated gene expression analysis rats were intraperitoneally injected with 0.0, 0.1, 0.3, 1.0 mg/kg body weight/day of CdCl$_2$ for 5 days. Control rats were injected with equal volume of saline. Cadmium concentration of brain was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. For cDNA array, RNA samples were extracted from basal ganglia and reverse-transcribed in the presence of [${\alpha}$32P]-dATP. Membrane sets of the Atlas Rat 1.2 array II and Toxicology array 1.2 (Clontech, Palo Alto, CA) were hybridized with cDNA probe sets. RT-PCR was employed to validate the relative gene expression patterns obtained from the cDNA array. Northern blot hybridization methods were employed to assess the dose-related gene expression. Among the 2352 cDNAs, 671 genes were detected in both array sets and 63 genes of 38 classes showed significant (more than two fold) changes in expression. Thirty five of these genes were up-regulated and twenty eight were down-regulated in the cadmium exposed group. According to the dose-related gene expression analysis, heat shock 27 kDa protein (HSP27), neurodegeneration-associated protein 1 (Neurodap 1) genes were significantly up-regulated and melatonin receptor 1a (Mel1a), Kinesin family member 3C (KIF3C), novel kinesinrelated protein (KIF1D) genes were significantly downregulated even in the low-dose of cadmium exposed group (0.1 mg/kg body weight/day). Conclusions Sixty three genes detected in this study can give some more useful informations about the cadmium-induced neurotoxicity in the basal ganglia. As well as, HSP27, Neurodap1, Mel1a, KIF3C and KIF1D genes may be useful for the study of the cadmium-induced neurotoxicity because these genes showed dramatic changes of mRNA levels in response to the low dose of cadmium exposure.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.490-494
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• 2009

A 2-year-old Maltese and a 5-month-old Yorkshire terrier were presented with ataxia. Tetraparesis was observed in a 9-year -old Yorkshire terrier. The localizations of the lesions suggested brain or cervical spinal cord by the neurological examination, and the following images was achieved: radiography, axial images of computed tomography (CT), reconstruction image of CT such as multi-planar reformation(MPR) and 3-dimensional(3D) reconstruction and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). On radiography, the misalignment between atlas (C1) and axis (C2), absent dens of axis, and increased space between the dorsal arch of C1 and spinous process of C2 were found. The discontinuation between dens and body of C2 was identified through axial CT images, and the fragmentation of dens separated from axis was observed through MPR and 3D image in all case. The hyperintense lesions and the spinal cord compression on T2-weighted MR images were represented in a dog with tetraparesis, the others represented only spinal cord compression. Three dogs were diagnosed as atlantoaxial instability (AAI) by dens fracture of C2. The dog with tetraparesis was euthanized due to guarded prognosis. The others were recovered completely. It is difficult to differentiate dens fracture of C2 from abnormal dens such as agenesis and hypoplasia. We thought that CT is very useful to evaluate the dens of C2 and differentiate the causes of AAI, and the reconstruction images of CT such as MPR and 3D make the translation of the fragmented dens or axis of AAI more precisely evaluate.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.357-367
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• 2002

목적: 뇌혈관질환에 있어서 뇌혈류와 뇌혈류예비능을 기저/아세타졸아미드 뇌혈류SPECT로 평가 가능하나 재관류 수술효과를 비교 평가하기 위해서는 정량적인 평가가 필요하다. 대상 및 방법: 12명의 환자($51{\pm}15$세, 남:녀:6:6)의 수술 전후 기저 시와 아세타졸아미드 부하 뇌관류 SPECT를 SPM에서 공간정규화하고 소뇌의 계수를 기준으로 계수정규화한 후 확률뇌지도(statistical probabilistic anatomical map, SPAM)를 이용하여 부위별 혈류를 정량화하였다. 이 결과로부터 수술 전후 및 정상대조군($59{\pm}15$세, 남:녀:10:11)과의 비교를 McNemar test와 Mannwhitney test를 이용하여 비교하였다. 혈류예비능은 기저 시와 부하시의 차이를 기저 시 계수를 기준으로 백분율로 표현하였다. 결과: 수술 후 수술 부위의 기저 시와 아세타졸아미드 부하 시 혈류 그리고 혈류예비능 모두가 유의하게 향상되었다(p<0.05). 정상군과의 비교에 있어서는 기저 시 혈류는 정상군과 차이가 없을 정도로 호전되었으나, 아세타졸아미드 부하시 혈류와 혈류예비능은 수술 후에도 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). 혈류예비능은 주로 수술부위를 중심으로 향상되었다. 결론: SPM 및 SPAM을 이용하여 기저/아세타졸아미드 뇌혈류 SPECT의 수술 전후결과를 정량적, 객관적으로 쉽게 비교 평가할 수 있다.