• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.30-38
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• 2018

This study was conducted to explore the effects of seeding rate of a seed mixture on grassland productivity and botanical composition. Seeding rates were composed of four different treatments varying by the amount of seed: T1, 50% decrease in seeding rate from standard; T2, standard seeding rate; T3, 50% increase in seeding rate from standard; and T4, 100% increase in seeding rate from standard. In 2016, seasonal changes in grass botanical composition revealed T2, T3, and T4 in portion of grass ratio were the highest with a range of 87-100%, whereas T1 was the lowest of all treatments. In 2017, the botanical composition in T1 showed that the grass ratio in of the first cutting was 91%, but in the fourth cutting its ratio decreased by 75%. The results from both years were combined for each treatment, T4 ($11,435kg\;ha^{-1}$) and T3 ($11,162kg\;ha^{-1}$) demonstrated the highest dry matter yield of the treatments (T1: $8,196kg\;ha^{-1}$; T2: $9,521kg\;ha^{-1}$) (p<0.05). As a result, a 50-100% increase in the seeding rate from the standard demonstrated the best grassland yield and botanical composition.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.81-88
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• 2016

This study was conducted to find out the effects of Improvement of Botanical Composition Technology (IBCT) on the forage production and ecological characteristics in a Rumex acetosella-dominated hilly pasture in Pyeongchang, in a period from August 2013 to the end of growing season in October 2015. $2MT\;ha^{-1}$ limestone was applied in August 2013 and April 2014. Liming significantly increased soil pH from 4.69 to 5.47 and then the soil pH consistently hovered at 4.91~4.98. For every grazing time, plant height was found to be higher with the application of IBCT as compared with the control. After grazing, no significant difference in plant height was found between the IBCT group and the control. Changes in the botanical composition of grassland can be affected by a lot of circumstances, but application of IBCT decreased Rumex acetosella from 12% to 2%, while also increasing the proportion of pasture. In relation to the botanical composition of grass, orchardgrass and timothy showed the highest percentages throughout the whole study period. The proportion of Kentucky bluegrass increased over time while tall fescue steadily decreased. The totals for grazing days were 58 in 2014 and 55 in 2015. Average herbage dry matter intake was $7,848kg\;ha^{-1}$ in 2014 and $6,941kg\;ha^{-1}$ in 2015. Due to the application of IBCT, dry matter productivity showed a significant increase of 59% during the first grazing period in 2014 (3,437 kg ha and 5,460 kg ha in control and IBCT). In 2015, the total dry matter yield of the IBCT group was 51% greater than the control ($5,742kg\;ha^{-1}$ and $8,685kg\;ha^{-1}$ in control and IBCT). Under acidic soil conditions, red sorrel can grow more strongly than grasses because it has better tolerance in dry and acidic conditions. Therefore, constant management is required in order to keep red sorrel from dominating the hilly pasture. In this study, the application of IBCT was able to effectively control weeds at all points. As a result, total management, including improvement of soil, overseeding, and application of selective herbicide and fertilizer, is needed to maintain excellent grassland conditions due to the limiting effects of environmental factors on grassland productivity.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.215-220
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• 2000

This study was conducted to evaluate the dry matter yield and quality of the before and after renovation of summer depression damaged pasture, and carried out at Chungnam National University ffom 1997 to 1999. The yield of DM in first and second year of after renovation, comparing with those of before renovation(6,547kg/ha), significantly increase obtained 12,291kglha and 13,50Ikg/ha, respectively(P<0.05). In the chemical composition, CP content and DM digestibility were markedly increased comparing with those of before renovation(P<0.05), but the contents of NDF, ADF, cellulose and lignin were decreased respectively(P<0.05). In the botanical composition, weeds after renovation was markedly decreased comparing with before renovation, but increased the percentage of herbage in summer depression damaged pasture. The results from this study, It is proved that a renovation method, which was conducted by two times of reseeding and raking, was effective in recovering botanical composition of herbage, and enhancing productivity and upgrading quality in summer depression damaged pasture. (Key words : Renovation, Reseeding, Summer depression)

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.222-229
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• 1991

This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of improvement of oversown pastures, treated with four nitrogen(N) application levels(0, 100, 200, 300 kg/ha) and three species mixtures (A: orchardgrass+ladino clover; B: orchardgrass+ladino clover+perennial ryegrass; C: orchardgrass+ladino clover+perennial ryegrass+Italian ryegrass). The establishment of perennial ryegrass, Italian ryegrass, and ladino clover were increased with increased N applications, but the ryegrass mixed with orchardgrass and ladino clover decreased the establishment of ladino clover. With the increase of N application levels, orchardgrass, perennial ryegrass and Italian ryegrass in comparison on botanical composition were getting better, while the native plants established already were decreased. The botanical composition of newly sown pasture plants was increased as cutting times progressed. The dry matter(DM) yield of pasture species increased significantly with N application up to 300 kg/ha. There was no significance among mixture treatments, although the DM yield of basic treatment(orchardgrass+ladino clover) was higher than other treatments. However, when compared DM yields on each cutting times, newly oversown pastures in A treatment was shown to be significantly higher only on 2nd cutting time than other treatments(P<0.05). The DM yield of native plants survived in basic species mixture was significantly less than those of other mixtures(P<0.05). Results of this study indicate that for improving oversown pastures, at least 300 kg/ha N application should be applied, and basic mixture (orchardgrass+ladino clover) has more advantage than treatments mixed with ryegrass.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.268-273
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• 1993

With a purpose of finding out the effects of phosphatic fertilizer application at the grassland establishment and management on the botanical composition, mineral content of grasses and the chemical properties of soil. a field experiment was arranged with four treatments as a randomized complete block design and lasted from September, 1989 to October, 1991 in hilly area near Suweon. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. The botanical composition of grassland that phosphatic fertilizer was not applied was poor and the rate of legumes was increased with phosphatic fertilizer application and the effect of phosphatic fertilizer applications was obvious at the grassland management. 2. The mineral contents, N. P, Ca, Mg of grasses were increased with phosphatic fertilizer application but the K/Ca+Mg equivalent ratio of grasses was lowered and K content and Ca/P ratio tended not to be regular. 3. The available phosphorus contents and exchangable cation, Ca, Mg, contents of grassland soil were increased with phosphatic fertilizer applications but potasium contents tended not to be regular. 4. It was necessary to apply phosphatic fertilizer for the establishment and management of grassland. The botanical composition of grassland that phosphatic fertilizer was not applied at the establishment could be corrected into good stand with continuous phosphatic fertilizer applications at the management.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.291-300
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• 2010

This study was carried out in the Chungnam National University grassland experimental field from October, 2007 to December, 2009 in order to find out the growth characteristics of the wildflowers, the seasonal anthesis distribution of the wildflowers and the botanical composition of the wildflowers which were altogether composed of 50% sheep fescue and 50% wildflowers. The experimental species contained 34 species in total consist of sheep fescue (fundamental turfgrass), 4 native wildflowers, and 29 introduced wildflowers belonged. At the time of the anthesis of the wildflowers, the average length was 30.0 cm one year later and 35.6 cm two years later. They bloomed out into ten colors, but into simplified colors during August, September, and October. The peak of the blooming was May and June and blooming pattern leant from August to October. Especially, at the age of two (2009) the color, seasonal distribution, and consistency emerged as problems owing to the reduction of annual wildflowers after winterization. The annual botanical composition of wildflowers, sheep fescue, and weed came to 28%, 55%, and 17% each one year later (2008) and 24%, 60%, and 17% each two years later (2009). Based on this result, cultivating wildflower grassland (sheep fescue 50% + wildflowers 50%) is the proper method for making up such flatlands as parks and riversides in a short period (one year) for the purpose of commanding a fine view.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.301-308
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• 2010

This study was carried out in the Chungnam National University grassland experimental field from October, 2007 to December, 2009 in order to find out the growth characteristics, seasonal anthesis distribution and botanical composition of the wildflowers which were altogether composed of 70% sheep fescue and 30% introduced wildflowers. The experimental species contained 23 species in total to which sheep fescue (fundamental turfgrass) and 22 introduced wildflowers belonged. At the time of the anthesis of the wildflowers, the average plant height was 29.7 cm at first growing season and 34.1 cm at second growing season. They bloomed out into eight colors, but into simplified two colors during August, September, and October. The blooming season leant toward April and June and from August there were lots of difficulties in the wildflower blooming and the maintenance of their consistency. The botanical composition of wildflowers, sheep fescue, and weeds were 21%, 64%, and 15% in the first growing season (2008) and 19%, 65%, and 16% respectively, in the second growing season (2009). Based on this result, cultivating the introduced wildflower grassland has more difficulty because there is some difficulty in the wildflower seasonal distribution and the maintenance of its consistency. And thus, the introduction of more various wildflower such as perennials and flowers blooming after summer, and the seed-mixture combination method should be studied.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.227-236
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• 2010

This study was carried out in order to find out the growth characteristics, the seasonal anthesis distribution and the botanical composition of the wildflower pastures which were altogether composed of 90% sheep fescue and 10% wildflowers in the Chungnam National University experimental field from October, 2007 to December, 2009. The experimental species contained 34 species in total consisting of sheep fescue (fundamental turfgrass), 4 native wildflowers, and 29 induced wildflowers belonged. At the time of the anthesis of the wildflowers, the average length was 28.7 cm one year later and 36.7 cm two years later. They bloomed out into from six to nine colors, but into one or three colors during August, September, and October. The blooming season leant toward May and June, and from August, there was lots of difficulty in the wildflower blooming and the maintenance of their consistency. Especially, at the age of two (2009) the color, seasonal distribution, and consistency emerged as problems owing to the reduction of annual wildflowers after winterization. The annual botanical composition of wildflowers, sheep fescue, and weeds came to 22%, 68%, and 10% each one year later (2008) and 19%, 72%, and 9% each two years later (2009). Based on this result, cultivating wildflower in grassland (90% sheep fescue and 10% wildflowers) is the proper method not only for maintaining green space, to prevent soil erosion by sheep fescue, but also for commanding a fine view of wildflowers.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.217-226
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to suggest the growth characteristics, seasonal distribution and botanical composition of wildflower pastures. The experimental wildflowers were 34 species (1 turfgrass species, 4 native wildflower species and 29 introduced wildflower species). The experiment was administered in the Chungnam National University experimental field from October, 2007 to December, 2009 and the result is as follows: The length of the wildflowers was within the range of 7-52 cm and they bloomed into six to ten colors but the species of blooming wildflowers and flower colors and blooming periods were simplified during from August to November. Their tendencies were obviously observed two years later (2009) but among them especially the colors, seasonal anthesis distribution and continuation of wildflower became a problem. The botanical composition of wildflowers, turfgrass, and weeds came to 20%, 67%, and 13% each one year later (2008) and two years later (2009) 16%, 72%, and 12% each. Being grounded upon this result, in case of wildflower pastures of autumn seeding, it is more important to maintain the color, seasonal distribution, and permanence of wildflowers occurring due to annual wildflower reduction after wintering in two years, let alone in the establishment year.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.277-282
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• 2003

This pot experiment was conducted in order to observe the effects of double superphosphate and fused phosphate application(T$_1$: control. T$_2$: double superphosphate application, T$_3$; fused phosphate application) on the seedling vigour, botanical composition, and yields of grass/clover mixed swards on newly reclaimed hilly soil. The results obtained are summarized as fellows: At the grassland establishment. the seedling vigour and yields of grass-clover mixed swards were much better by the T$_2$than the T$_3$. These favorable effects were more enhanced in white clover than orchardgrass. Compared with the T$_2$, the T$_3$resulted in the gradual increase of botanical composition and relative yield of white clover according to the cutting order. With the consideration of these results, double superphosphate could be favorable for pasture establishment and fused phosphate could be favorable for pasture management fertilizers.