• Journal of Studies in Bibliography
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• no.74
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• pp.261-310
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• 2018

This study attempted to introduce and analyze Baegcheonin-dalanigyeong(百千印陀羅尼經) which were recently confirmed among the golden manuscript in the Koryo Dynasty. The summary is as follows. (1) This is a book written in golden manuscript and it was manufactured by King Chunglyeol & Jegukdaejang-Princess in the 10th year of King Chongryeol's reign (1284). (2) This golden manuscript is written down on the blue paper(紺紙) with gold line border, has a scroll-form with a crystal axis on each end of it, and belongs to the part of the Scripture Tripitaka with the sign of "景". The text were formally written down in 17 letters in a line, however few 16 and 18 letters in one line were discovered. (3) The contents are consisted of following four scriptures in order; Baeg-cheon-in-dalanigyeong(百千印陀羅尼經), Gu-myeon-yeon-agwi-dalani-sinjugyeong (救面然餓鬼陁羅尼神呪經), Bul-seol- gam-lo-dalaniju (佛說甘露陁羅尼呪) 7 line and Jang-eom-wang-dalani-jugyeong (莊嚴王陁羅尼呪經), Hyang-wang-bosal-dalani-jugyeong (香王菩薩陁羅尼呪經). (4) There are unprecedented red signature and a stamp on the reverse side of the front page. The signature belongs to the King Chungryeol and it is the second name of him. The stamp shows 'Wonseongjeon(元成殿)' which is the Princess Jegukdaejang's original temple, and it could be the answer of the controversial debates about the original palace owner. (5) On the cover, there are a figure and floral pattern which seems to be made in the 13th century and the craftsman's name is '鄭(Zheng)[益迂(ig-u)]'. The figure's expression is similar to the other gold and silver manuscript version, but the postures and object hold in a hand are different. (6) Records of publications are similar to the other golden manuscripts, but showed some differences. In addition, the person who wrote this sutra is Choi jeong(崔楨), but the person is not confirmed in the historical data. Yet, it is presumed that he were in lower classes but had outstanding writing skills to be mobilized for the Scripture work. (7) The contents of '景' and four kinds of scriptures (including gamlosudalani(甘露水陁羅尼)) are included in the '景' of the 9th book sinjibjang-gyeong-eum-uisuhamlog (新集藏經音義隨函錄) and Bangsan-seoggyeong(房山石經). It is presumed that the narrative sequence of the scriptures corresponds to the order of The Khitan Tripitaka(契丹藏). In addition, these four types of scriptures are included in the "羔" of joseong-geumjang(趙成金藏), chojo Tripitaka(初雕大藏經), and jaejo Tripitaka(再雕大藏經) but the order of the scripture is recorded in reverse. In addition, this golden manuscript is a valuable data as it holds a lot of differentiator character and various sobriquet of Buddhist literature that can be utilized frequently in researches about Buddhist literature.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2012

This study was conducted to survey vegetation changes and soil characteristics in Saemangeum new reclaimed tidal land. Soil salinity in border area to tidal land was 22.3 dS $m^{-1}$ but showed 1.1~3.44 dS $m^{-1}$ over the distance of 2 km from border line. The vascular plants in survey sites were recorded as total 26 taxa in 6 families. The frequency of species appearance of Aster tripolium, A. subulatus var. sandwicensis were highest by 61.5 and that of Phragmites communis, Puccinellia nipponica were 53.8. The almost vegetations occurred in the patch which range of soil salinity 14 dS $m^{-1}$ were halophytes as Salicornia europaea, Suaeda asparagoides, S. japonica. As lowed soil salinity as 6.7 dS $m^{-1}$, mixed vegetation of halophytes with P. communis, P. nipponica, Carex pumila were occurred. Dominant species in the range of 3.0 dS $m^{-1}$ area were A. subulatus var. sandwicensis, P. communis, Echinochloa spp., Zoysia sinica and Conyza canadensis. Biomass production was the highest in the area of dominant vegetation with P. communis, and mixed zone with P. communis and Aeschynomene indica are followed. The correlation between vegetation biomass and soil salinity, soil pH and dominance index of vegetation were negative. But that of vegetation biomass and soil organic content were positive.

• Strategy21
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• s.31
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• pp.142-163
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• 2013

Ieodo is a submerged rock within a Korea's Exclusive Economic Zone(EEZ) in the East China Sea with its most shallow part about 4.6m below the sea level which has no specific rights for the EEZ delimitation. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) stipulates that any coastal state has the rights to claim an EEZ that stretches up to 200 nautical miles from its shore, except where there is an overlap with a neighboring country's claims. Korea claims that Ieodo is within its EEZ as it sits on the Korean side of the equidistant line and the reef is located on the Korea section of the continental shelf. China does not recognize Korea's application of the equidistance principle and insists that Ieodo lies on its continental shelf. According to UNCLOS, Ieodo is located in international waters, rather than one country's EEZ as the two countries have failed to reach a final agreement over the delimitation of the maritime border. This study seeks to understand the evolution of the People's Liberation Army Navy(PLAN) strategy as main obstacles for the EEZ delimitation between Korea and China. PLAN's Strategy evolves from "coastal defense" to "offshore defence", since the late 1980s from a "coastal defence" strategy to an "offshore defence" strategy which would extend the perimeter of defence to between 200 nm and 400 nm from the coast. China's economic power has increased It's dependence on open trade routes for energy supplies and for its own imports and exports. China want secure Sea Lane. PLAN's "offshore defence" strategy combines the concept of active defence with the deployment of its military forces beyond its borders. China's navy try to forward base its units and to achieve an ocean going capability. China's navy expects to have a 'Blue Water' capability by 2050. China insists that coastal states do have a right under UNCLOS to regulate the activities of foreign military forces in their EEZs. China protests several times against US military forces operating within It's EEZ. The U.S. position is that EEZs should be consistent with customary international law of the sea, as reflected in UNCLOS. U.S. has a national interest in the preservation of freedom of navigation as recognized in customary international law of the sea and reflected in UNCLOS. U.S. insists that coastal states under UNCLOS do not have the right to regulate foreign military activities in their EEZs. To be consistent with its demand that the U.S. cease performing military operations in china's EEZ, China would not be able to undertake any military operations in the waters of South Korea's EEZ. As such, to preserve its own security interests, China prefers a status quo policy and used strategic ambiguity on the Ieodo issue. PLAN's strategy of coastal defence has been transformed into offensive defence, Korea's EEZ can be a serious limitation to PLAN's operational plan of activities. Considering China'a view of EEZs, China do not want make EEZ delimitation agreement between Korea and China. China argues that the overlapping areas between EEZs should be handled through negotiations and neither side can take unilateral actions before an agreement is reached. China would prefer Ieodo sea zone as a international waters, rather than one country's EEZ.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.25 no.1 s.48
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• pp.13-18
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• 1995

Craniofacial asymmetry was analyzed in 39 patients with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate(UCLP). The samples are devided into three groups nine below 9 years, twenty three from 9 years 1 month to 14 years and seven over 14 years group. Seventeen measurements were obtained from the tracing of PA X-ray cephalometric headfilms to evaluate the asymmetric characteristics and changes accdording to aging in UCLP. The obtained results were as follows. 1. Facial asymmetry in UCLP is variable(1.22-3.47 $mm/^{\circ}$) and the length from midsagitta1 reference line to maxillary 1st molar, to upper central incisor and the length of mandibular ramus showed significant asymmetry 2. Nasal septum and anterior nasal spine were deviated In the cleft side and the lower border of nasal cavity was 1ower in cleft side. 3. The deviation of nasal septum was continued significantly till after 14 years old.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.133-142
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• 2006

Antioxidant vitamin supplementation focuses one's attention on the prevention of age-related diseases. This study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant status and lipid profiles and to look into the antioxidant vitamin supplementation that affects lipid metabolism in 20 elderly non-smoking Korean women (placebo group: n = 6, vitC suppl: n = 7, vitE suppl: n = 7). Age, height, weight, muscle, percent of fat and WHR were not significantly different among the groups, however $\%$ of fat was above $33\%$ and WHR was above 0.9. And blood pressure of the placebo group was 131.7/81.7 (border line hypertension), that of vitamin C supplement was 141.4/87.1 (hypertension) and that of vitamin E supplement was 151.4/92.9 (hypertension). Although nutrient intakes of all groups were poor, antioxidant status (blood vitamins C, E, A, and beta-carotene) and lipid profile (TG, total-cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol) were normal. For nutritional intervention, the vitamin C supplement group received L-ascorbic acid 1,000 mg, and vitamin E supplement group received d-alpha-tocopherol 400IU for 4 weeks, showing the effects of vitamin E supplementation. Response total cholesterol of HDL-cholesterol (T-Chol/HDL) in vitamin E supplement group was significantly decreased from 4.3 to 3.2. And response LDL-cholesterol of HDL-cholesterol (LDL/HDL) in the vitamin E supplement group was also significantly decreased from 2.6 to 1.7. In addition, after the adjustment for plasma lipids (TG, total cholesterol), plasma vitamin A levels in vitamin E supplement group were significantly increased from 7.89 mg/g to 14.91 mg/g. And systolic blood pressure in vitamin E supplement group was significantly reduced. These results suggested that vitamin E supplementation affects the lipid profiles and blood pressure in elderly non-smoking women. So various nutrition programs must be implemented against age-related diseases and further studies are needed regarding sorts and amounts of antioxidant nutrients and supplementation periods.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.172-175
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• 2016

An 11-month-old, 19.5 kg, intact male Border collie was referred with intermittent left forelimb lameness to the Gyeongsang Animal Medical Center. The symptom was first discovered about 6 months ago, and it has gotten worse for the last 10 days with non-weight bearing on the left forelimb. During the physical examination, the patient showed painful reaction when the left shoulder was abducted. On radiographic assessment, a radiolucent line and some osteophytes were found in both humeral heads. Based on patient's clinical signs and radiographic findings, osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) was very suspicious. So, we decided to perform an arthroscopic surgery on left shoulder for definitive diagnosis and treatment because the right forelimb revealed no clinical signs. During arthroscopic technique, we found a large OCD flap on the caudo-central area of humeral head, and observed severe synovitis over a wide range on posterior area of the articular capsule. The large OCD flap was removed by a grasping forceps, and many joint mice were removed either. Curettage was performed using a curette on the articular surface until hemorrhage occurred, and articular capsule flushed with a lactated-ringer's solution. The patient was discharged on the same day without any specific abnormal status. Antibiotic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs were administered. Mild lameness on left forelimb was observed in 2 weeks after surgery, but after 4 weeks, the patient showed complete normal gait without any lameness. Although surgical removal of OCD flap with arthroscopic was previously reported, We would like note that a large OCD flap can also be removed by arthroscopic surgery in this report.

• Journal of KIISE:Information Networking
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.521-528
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• 2008

Such conventional maritime communication technologies as radio have short some comings in their transmission quality. It can be overcome by wireless channels provided by satellites such as INMARSAT, which nevertheless suffer from the high costs. In this paper, we propose a novel technology resolving the above problems, featuring in the establishment of maritime communication networks with multi-hop structures. The inter vessel and ship-to- shore networks previously modeled after MANET are remodeled by SANET (Ship Ad Hoc Networks) in the present work. Fan-shaped Search Zone Routing (FSR) protocol also is presented, which utilizes not only static geographical information including the locations of ports and the navigations of courses but also the unique characteristics of ships in terms of mobile nodes. The FSR finds the fan-shaped search zone on which the shortest path is located. The performance of LAR protocol is compared with that of FSR in several ways. First, FSR does not make use of a type of control packets as beaconing data, resulting in a full utilization of the bandwidth of the wireless channels. Second, the delivery rate by the FSR is 100% for the fan-shaped search zone includes at least one route between source and destination nodes on its border line, where as that of LAR has been turned out to be 64%. Third, the optimality of routes searched by the FSR is on a 97% level. Of all, the FSR shows a better performance than LAR by about 50%.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.338-348
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• 1997

This study was conducted to investigate the health and nutritional status of 123 middle aged men at their worksite in Taejon. The results of this study on the factors that influence their health and nutritional status were as follows : 1) 74.8$\%$ of the subjects had history in the order of alimentary, heat, liver, diabetic and pulmonary diseases. 30.3$\%$ stopped smoking at 42.3% yrs. and 74.5$\%$ smoked more than 10 cigarets per day. Also 71.9$\%$ drank 2-3 times per week and 35.3$\%$ drank 1-2 times per week. 91.4$\%$ exercised more than 30min every day. 2) 54.4% showed concerns about their health whereas 20.3$\%$ were afraid that they night get sick. 3) 90.4$\%$ ate regularly and 54.5$\%$ worried about their cholesterol, salt, fat and MSG intakes. 48.7$\%$ ate out 1-2times per week and their favorite foods eaten outside were Korea. 4) 41.5$\%$ were classified as 'normal A', 30.9$\%$ 'normal B' group and high blood pressure and liber diseases in 'doubtful for disease' group were pointed out from their 1996 health check ups. 5) By Broca index, 39.8$\%$ were overweight and 9.8% were obese however by BMI only 23.6% were overweight. According to the relationship between calculated and self recognized obesity, 62.4$\%$ categorized themselves into the right weight range but 34.3$\%$ thought they were thinner than they were. 6) 43.9$\%$ were border line in cholesterol intake and 12.1$\%$ needed medical care for high blood cholesterol. 7) The Average energy intake was 1970.6㎉(80.9$\%$ RDA) with a 65 :19 : 16 ratio of carbohydrate : protein : fat. Protein, Fe, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and Vit. A. 8) Occupation, regularity of meals, partner's job, income. smoking, alcohol drinking, health concerns and eating out were the factors that influenced the subject's nutrient intakes and health status. from this study, it was found that middle aged men needs to know their health and nutritional status and to be educated correct health and nutritional information through formal or informal channel. The worksite is the vest place to do this and we want these results to be used to develop the nutrition education program for middle aged men at the worksite.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.809-817
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• 2002

This paper describes a new face detection method that is a pre-processing algorithm for on-line face recognition. To complement the weakness of using only edge or rotor features from previous face detection method, we propose the two types of face detection method. The one is a combined method with edge and color features and the other is a center area color sampling method. To prevent connecting the people's face area and the background area, which have same colors, we propose a new adaptive edge detection algorithm firstly. The adaptive edge detection algorithm is robust to illumination variance so that it extracts lots of edges and breakouts edges steadily in border between background and face areas. Because of strong edge detection, face area appears one or multi regions. We can merge these isolated regions using color information and get the final face area as a MBR (Minimum Bounding Rectangle) form. If the size of final face area is under or upper threshold, color sampling method in center area from input image is used to detect new face area. To evaluate the proposed method, we have experimented with 2,100 face images. A high face detection rate of 96.3% has been obtained.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.45-71
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• 1991

The landscape systems in Korean island settlements can be recognized as results of ingabitants' ecological adptation to the isolated environment with the limited natural resources. Both the fishery dominant industry in island society and ecological nature of its environments seem to have influenced on inhabitants' environmental cognition as well as the physical landscape of island villages such as its location, spatial pattern in each village, housing form and so on. This study was done mainly by both refering to the related documents and direct observations in case study areas, and results of the study can be summarized as follows. 1. In general, the landscape of an individual island seems to take more innate characteristics of island's own, corresponding to the degree of isolation from mainland. That is, while the landscape of island in neighboring waters takes both inland-like and island-innate landscape character at the same time, the one in the open sea far from land takes more innate landscape character of all island's own in the aspects of village location, land use and housing density etc. 2. The convex landform of most islands brings about more centrifugal village allocation than centripetal allocation in most inland villages. And thus most villages in each island face extremely diverse directions different from the south facing preference in most inland rural villages. 3. Most island villages tend to be located along the ecologically transitional strip between land and sea, so called 'line of life', rather than between hilly slope and flat land as being in most inland village locations. So they are located with marine ecology bounded fishing ground ahead and land ecology bounded agricultural site at the back of them. 4. The settlement pattern of the island fishing villages shows more compact spatial structure than that of inland agricultural villages, due to the absolute limits of usable land resources and the adaptation to the marine environment with severe sea winds and waves or for the easy accessability to the fishing grounds. And also the managerial patterns of public owned sea weed catching ground, which take each family as the unit of usership rather than an individual, seem to make the villagescape more compact and the size of Individual residence smaller than that of inland agricultural village. 5. The folk shrine('Dand') systems, in persrective of villagescape, represent innate environmental cognition of island inhabitants above all other cultural landscape elements in the island. Usually the kinds and the meanings of island's communal shrine and its allocative patternsin island villagescape are composed of set with binary opposition, for example 'Upper shrine(representing 'earth', 'mountain' or 'fire')' and 'Lower Shrine(representing 'sea', 'dragon' or 'water') are those. They are usually located at contrary positions in villagescape each other. That is, they are located at 'the virtical center or visual terminus(Upper shrine at hillside behind the village)' and 'the border or entrance(Lower Shrine at seashore in front of the village)'. Each of these shirines' divinity coincides with each subsystem of island's natural eco-system(earth sphere vs marine sphere) and they also contribute to ecological conservation, bonded with the 'Sacred Forest(usually with another function of windbreak)' or 'Sacred Natural Fountain' nearby them, which are representatives of island's natural resources.