• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.68-73
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• 2008

This study was focused on whether or not isoflavones affect the increase in bone mineral density of growing females. Female Sprague-Dawley rats ($60{\pm}5\;g$) were randomly assigned to two groups and provided control diets (control group) or isoflavone-supplemented diet (IF group, 57.8 mg isoflavones/100 g diet) for 9 weeks in growing female rats. Measurements of Bone Mineral Density (BMD) and Bone Mineral Content (BMC) on the experimental animals were executed in the $3^{rd}$, $6^{th}$, $9^{th}$ weeks. In result, there was no significant difference in spine BMD between the isoflavones supplemented group and the control group. But, the IF group tended to have higher BMD than the control group in between 3 and 9 experimental weeks, and the striking difference could be shown in the $6^{th}$ week of feeding. In case of femur BMD, the effects of added isoflavones appeared in the $6^{th}$ week of feeding, and it became intensified in the $9^{th}$ week of feeding to the extent that the BMD in the IF group was significantly higher than that of the control group (p<0.05). In conclusion, isoflavone supplementation increased spine BMD per weight in the $6^{th}$ week of feeding, and affected the increase of femur BMD in the $9^{th}$ week. The result of the experiment implies that it affects positively the formation of spine and femur BMD of growing female rats. The study also suggests that the effects of isoflavone on the pattern of BMD formation might differ from the parts of bones.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.108-113
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• 2009

Taurine supplementation has been shown to have a beneficial effect on femur bone mineral content in ovariectomized rats. It therefore seemed desirable to find out whether the beneficial effect of taurine on ovariectomized rats fed calcium deficient diet could also be reproduced. Forty female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups, One group was OVX and the other group received sham operation (SHAM), and received either control diet or a taurine supplemented diet for 6 weeks. All rats were fed on calcium deficient diet (AIN-93: 50% level of calcium) and deionized water. Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) were measured in spine and femur. The serum and urine concentrations of calcium and phosphorus were determined, Bone formation was measured by serum osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) concentrations, Bone resorption rate was measured by deoxypyridinoline (DPD) crosslinks immunoassay and corrected for creatinine. Urinary calcium and phosphorus excretion, osteocalcin in blood and cross link value were not significantly different among the groups. Within the OVX group, the taurine supplemented group had not higher femur bone mineral content than the control group. This study established the need for a study on the taurine effect on bone with different calcium levels.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.235-241
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• 2007

The aim of this study was to define an arginine effect when added to a diet. The influence of arginine supplements on bone mineral density and content were studied in young female Sprague-Dawley rats fed either an arginine supplemented diet or control diet. Twenty four rats (body weight $83{\pm}5g$) were randomly assigned to one of two groups, consuming casein or casein with supplemented arginine diet. All rats were fed on experimental diet and deionized water ad libitum for 9 weeks. Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) were measured using PIXImus (GE Lunar Co, Wisconsin, USA) in spine and femur 3, 6, and 9 weeks after feeding. The serum and urine concentrations of Ca and P were determined. Diet did not affect weight gain and mean food intake. The serum concentration of Ca and P were not changed by arginine supplementation. Urinary Ca excretion was significantly decreased by arginine supplementation. Spine BMD was significantly increased by arginine supplementation on 3 and 6 weeks after feeding. Femur BMD was significantly increased in the group of arginine supplementation on 3, 6, and 9 weeks. Rats fed the arginine-supplemented diet had better bone mineral content than did control diet rats in the experimental period. Therefore, arginine supplementation may be beneficial on spine and femur BMD increment in growing female rats. These are thought to be associated with an arginine-induced growth hormone release. The exact mechanism of this effect remains to be elucidated.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.473-479
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• 2002

This study investigated associations between calcium intake, exercise behaviors, lumbar bona mineral density (BMD), and bone mineral content (BMC) among 79 premenopausal women (mean age = 41yr). The BMD and BMC of the lumbar spine (L$_2$-L$_4$) were measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Nutrient intake was estimated by the convenient method and a quantitative food frequency questionnaire was designed for this study that included the most commonly consumed floods sources of Ca. Participants were asked to identify all activities of exercise they had participated in including estimation of number of years of participation, number of weeks per year, number of times per week, and the number of hours per session. Participants were then categorized into the exercise group or nonexercise group (control). To meet the criteria for inclusion in the exercise group, the subjects participated more than 3 sessions per week and more than 30 minutes per session and the length of the exercise participation was at least more then 6 months. The participants were also grouped by calcium intake. The total calcium intake of all participants was estimated by dietary calcium intake and then the subjects were divided into quartiles to assess the lumbar BMD and BMC of the upper 25% (average calcium intake = 910 mg) and the lower 25% (average calcium intake = 414 mg). Results indicated that there were no significant differences in energy and calcium intake, and that there were no significant differences in lumbar BMD and BMC between participants in exercise group and the nonexercising control group. However, the exercise group had significantly lower ALP concentration than the nonexercise group. The upper 25% calcium intake group had significantly greater lumbar bone mineral density and bone mineral content than the lower 25% calcium intake group. Also the upper 25% calcium intake group had significantly lower ALP concentration than the lower 25% calcium intake group. Correlation analysis revealed that the spinal BMB was positively associated with body weight, while calcium intake was negatively associated with ALP concentration in nonexercising women. However, neither body weight nor dietary calcium intake were associated with both spinal BMD or ALP concentration in exercising women. These results suggest that calcium intake positively influence bone mineral density and bone mineral content in nonexercisulg premenopausal women. Exercise group did not affected by body weight and dietary calcium, but decreased ALP concentration than nonexercising group. Both exercise and calcium intake positively influence bone mineral density and bone mineral content in premenopausal women.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.569-577
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to identify dietary patterns among Korean elementary school girls based on the change in body mass index (BMI), body fat, bone mineral density (BMD), and bone mineral content (BMC) during 22 months and to explore the characteristics of dietary patterns identified. Girls aged 9-11 years were recruited and 3-day dietary data were collected four times. Subjects with a diet record of 8 or more days and anthropometric data measured at baseline and 22 months later were included (n = 198). Reduced rank regression was utilized to derive dietary patterns using a change in BMI, body fat, and calcaneus BMD and BMC as response variables. Two dietary patterns were identified: the "Egg and Rice" dietary pattern and "Fruit, Nuts, Milk Beverage, Egg, Grain" (FNMBEG) dietary pattern. Subjects who had high score on the FNMBEG pattern consumed various food groups, including fruits, nuts and seeds, and dairy products, whereas subjects in the "Egg and Rice' dietary pattern group did not. Both dietary patterns showed a positive association with change in BMI and body fat. However, subjects who had a higher score on the "Egg and Rice" dietary pattern had less of a BMC increase, whereas subjects who had a higher score on the FMBEG dietary pattern had more increased BMC over 22 months after adjusting for age, body and bone mass, and Tanner stage at baseline. Our results provide evidence that a well-balanced diet contributes to lean body mass growth among young girls.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.713-722
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of dietary green tea powder supplementation on bone metabolism in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats (body weight $210{\pm}3g$) were divided into two groups, diabetic and non-diabetic groups. Each group was randomly divided into two subgroups which were fed with the control and 1% green tea powder diets. The serum and urine concentrations of calcium and phosphorus were determined. Serum osteocalcin and ALP and urinary DPD crosslinks value were measured in order to monitor bone formation and resorption. Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) were estimated using PIXImus in the spine and femur. Body weight gain and FER were lower in the diabetic group than in the non-diabetic group regardless of diets. The serum concentration of calcium and phosphorus were not changed among all groups. Urinary calcium and phosphorus excretion were higher in the diabetic group than in the non-diabetic group regardless of diets; however, they were not significantly different by green tea powder intake. Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was increased in the diabetic group than in thenon-diabetic group. Further, there were no significant differences in serum osteocalcin and urinary deoxypyridinoline crosslinks value among all groups. The levels of spine and femur bone mineral density of the diabetic group were significantly lower than that of the non-diabetic group. Within the diabetic group, spine BMD was significantly higher in rats fed with the green tea powder diet than in rats fed the control diet. Therefore, this study suggests that green tea powder has a beneficial effect on bone health, although it is not directly applicable to humans.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.423-430
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• 2004

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of red-yeast-rice on bone metabolism in overiectomized (OVX) rats. Forty female Sprague-Dawley rats (body weight 210 $\pm$ 5 g, 9 weeks old age) were divided into two groups. One group were OVX, and the other group received sham operation (SHAM), and received either control diet (20％ casein) or a red-yeast-rice power supplemented diet (0.1％) for 9 weeks. And then each rat group was further divided into control diet (casein 20％) and red-yeast-rice powder supplemented (0.1％) diet group. All rats were fed on experimental diet and deionized water ad libitum for 9 weeks. Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) were measured using PIXImus (GE Lunar Co, Wisconsin, USA) in spine and femur on 5, 9 weeks after feeding. The serum and urine concentrations of Ca and P were determined. Bone formation was measured by serum osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) concentrations. And bone resorption rate was measured by deoxypyridinoline (DPD) crosslinks immunoassay and corrected for creatinine. Serum osteocalcin, growth hormone, IGF-l and calcitonin were analyzed using radioimmunoassay kits. Urinary Ca and P excretion were not significantly different among the groups. Within the OVX group, the red-yeast-rice group had a lower crosslinks value than the casein group. Therefore the red-yeast-rice supplemented groups had a lower bone resorption ratio than the casein group in the ovariectomized rats. And, the red-yeast-rice group had significantly higher IGF-l hormone than casein group in ovariectomized rats. The red-yeast-rice group had higher spine bone mineral content than those of control group within the OVX groups. This study was an important first step in establishing that the observed beneficial effects of red-yeast-rice on bone, and this study also established the need for a study on the long-term effect of this supplement in a human.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.539-543
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Soy isoflavones are structurally similar to estrogen and bind to estrogen receptors, suggesting that they exhibit estrogenic activities; therefore, they are referred to as phytoestrogens. Fermentation may affect the bioavailability of isoflavones altering soy isoflavone glycosides in the form of aglycones. Thus, this study investigated the effects of fermented soybeans by Rhizopus oligosporus on bone metabolism in both young rats as a pilot test and in ovariectomized (ovx) old rats as a model of menopause. MATERIALS/METHODS: In the pilot test, a total of 24 seven-week-old female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were fed one of three diets for a period of four weeks: casein, unfermented soybean product, or fermented soybean product by R. oligosporus. In the ovx rat model, 20-week-old SD rats weighing 260-290 g underwent either sham-operation (n = 10) or bilateral ovariectomy (n = 30) and were then fed the AIN-93M diet for one week. Thereafter, rats were fed sham-casein, ovx-casein, ovx-soybean, or ovx-fermented soybean diet for five weeks. After decapitation, femoral bones were isolated and preserved in 9% formalin for assessment of bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), and bone-breaking strength (BBS). RESULTS: Ovx rats showed significantly increased weight gain and decreased uterine wet weight. Of particular interest, ovx rats fed fermented soybeans showed increased uterine wet weights compared to control rats. Fermented soybean diet caused a significant increase in plasma 17-${\beta}$ estradiol concentrations in young rats, and 17-${\beta}$ estradiol levels were enhanced in ovx rats to match those of sham-operated ones. Significantly lower femoral BMD and BMC were observed in ovx rats compared to sham-operated controls, whereas bone areas did not differ statistically among the groups. In addition, BBS tended to be increased in ovx rats fed soybeans and fermented soybeans. CONCLUSIONS: Supplementation of fermented soybeans could have preventive and therapeutic effects against osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.21-30
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• 1994

The relationship between bone mineral density and the environmental factors were investigated from the view point of preventing osteoporosis in Korean pubescent girls. The effects of calcium, nutrient intake, physical activity on total bone mineral density, lumbar spine and femoral bone mineral density and total bone mineral content were evaluated 33 healthy pubescent girls aged 14∼16y. A convenient method was used to assess nutritional and energy intake and calcium index was used together. Calcium intake in childhood was estimated by asking whether subjects usually drank milk as children. Eating habits data and history of menstruation were obtained by questionnaire and interview. Average energy expenditure was calculated. Bone mineral density and content were measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry using a Lunar DPX＋Scanner (Lunar, Madison, WI). The lumbar spine(L2∼L4) and three sites in the proximal femur (femoral neck, trochanteric region, and Ward's triangle)were measured. Height and weight were measured, and the body mass index(BMI) was derived from the formula : BMI=kg/㎡ Statistical analysis was performed by simple correlation using the SAS package. The mean calcium intake (736mg) was below the RDA of 800mg/d. Twelve percent of the total subjects did not drink milk at all because they did not like the taste. Skipping meals, low calcium intake and low energy intake were significantly correlated with the low BMD. Also the data indicate that girls who reported drinking milk with every meal during childhood had significantly higher bone densities than girls who reported drinking milk less frequently. The results suggest that milk consumption in childhood appears to be needed not only for growth and development, but possibly also to assure an optimal peak of bone mass and thus greater latitude for the maintenance or skeletal integrity in the face of bone losses. There was a highly significant correlation between the total BMD and overall level of physical activity. Body weight was a better predictor of total BMD than was and other factor. Simple mechanical loading may explain why body weight, but total BMC was positively relatd to height. Conclusively, increasing calcium intake and physical activity in the pubescent girls could influence BMD.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.15 no.2 s.69
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• pp.236-241
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• 2005

To investigate the bioactivities of Solidago virga-aurea var. gigantea Mig. Root (SVR), we studied the effect of a SVR methanol extract on the activity of bone metabolism. Spraque-Dawley three-week-old female rats were randomly assigned to groups as follows : non-supplemented rats and supplemented with SVR at 10, 50, 100 mg/kg bw/day. Every week determined weight gain and food intake, urine and blood examination of mineral content of calcium and phosphorus was performed each at experimental periods of 3 and 9 weeks respectively; bone mineral density and bone mineral content were also assayed. There were no significant differences in body weight or feed efficiency ratio levels. However, the biological value of calcium and phosphorus excretion in the group supplemented with SVR extract decreased significantly more than that in the group not supplemented with SVR extract. Also, spine BMD, femur BMC and pelvis BMC per weight were significantly greater on SVR extract supplemented groups than that of the control group. In conclusion, it might be expected that methanol extract of SVR does not impair the growth of rats and may improve bone metabolism in rats.