• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.85-92
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• 2005

Botulinum toxin type A is widely used for anti-wrinkling therapy, and correction of the square face. The toxin ultimately prevent the release of membrane-bound acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction of striated muscles and thus produce chemical denervation and paralysis of the muscles. Our purpose of study is to know if application of botulinum toxin type A on calf reduction is effective, how much dosage is effective, and what are the possible complications. We reviewed data of 30 consecutive patients subjected to calf reduction in Dong-A University Hospital from February 2003 to April 2003. We injected normal saline 2cc on both calves region in 15 control group patients, and the other patients was divided 3 group. Group 1, Group 2, Group 3 was injected 50U, 100U, 150U botulinum toxin A on each calf region and followed up for 6 month. Maximal circumference of calf was not changed in the control group but an average of 0.7 cm reduction was noted in group 1, average 1.34 cm(right calf) and 1.26cm(left calf) in group 2, average 1.44cm(right calf) and 1.58cm(left calf) in group 3. Maximal area of calf was not changed in the control group but average reduction of 12.5%(right calf) and 12.7%(left calf) was obtained in group 1, average 19.4% (right calf) and 19.9%(left calf) in group 2, average 24.8%(right calf) and 21.07%(left calf) in group 3, as measured on CAT scan. Total fat amount and fat amount in the lower extremity was no change in all the groups, but lean body mass was decreased average 1.27%(right calf) and 1.15%(left calf) in group 1, average 3.47%(right calf) and 2.98%(left calf) in group 2, average 3.58%(right calf) and 3.95%(left calf) in group 3. Photography of the preoperative and postoperative 6 month state revealed higher satisfaction in Group 2, 3 compared to Group 1. Use of botulinum toxin type A in calf reduction is a very simple, safe, non-invasive method and effective in terms of calf contouring rather than reduction of calf circumference.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.259-271
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dietary habits and daily intake of nutrients in college students. This survey was conducted using a self-administered questionaire. The average heights and weights were 173.5 cm and 72.3 kg of male students and 161.8 cm and 57.2 kg of female students. The average of BMI was $24.2kg/m^2$ of male and $21.9kg/m^2$ of female, and the value of male students was higher than the value of female students. The response to the daily meals was 54.6% for '$2{\sim}3$ times/week'. The regularity of mealtime was 41.7% for irregular and the frequency eating after nine was 45.7% for '5-6 times/week', respectively. The repast was 72.2% for 'overeating and little eating' and was a significant difference of male and female students (p<0.05). The eating rate was higher '$10{\sim}20min$'. As for breakfast food eaten, skipping breakfast was 23.6% for 'no/week' and female students were higher than male students (p<0.05). The frequency of snacks was 36.0% for 'nothing' of males students and 34.8% for '3-4 times/week' of female students (p<0.05). The type of snack was a significant difference of males and females students (p<0.01), and was the highest 75.0% for carbonated drinks of males and 37.5% for snacks of females. The eating due to stress solution was a significant difference of male and female students (p<0.01), and was the highest 23.0% for 'frequency' of males and 44.7% for 'sometime' of females. As for food intake of male and female students, the meat intake was 66.7% for 'everything of male and female students. The fish intake was 68.1 % for '1-2times/week'. The milk, milk products, eggs and beans were each 40.3%, 58.3%, 56.9%, 47.2% for '1-2 times/week' (p<0.05). The fat intake was 55.6% for '$1{\sim}2$ times/week'. The average consumption of energy was 58% of male and 67% of female of estimated energy requirement (EER). Their mean ratio of carbohydrate: protein: fat was 57 : 15 : 28 of all subjects. The mean intakes of vitamin C and folic acid were 70% and 51% of males and 62% and 52% of females of recommended intake (RI). The mean intakes of Ca, P, Fe and Na were 71%, 140%, 146% of males and 72%, 122%, 76% of female of RI and 273% of males and 233% of females of adequate intake (AI). Therefore, nutritional education is necessary for college students to establish physicall and mentall optimal health conditions though nutritional intervention.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.307-322
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• 2017

Objectives: This study examined the effects of nutrition education focused on personalized daily energy requirement and food units using Food Exchange System on anthropometric, biochemical characteristics, nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and nutrient intakes for overweight and obese in a public health center. Methods: The subjects were 60 overweight/obese women based on BMI (educated 30 vs. non-educated 30, 50~64 years). Educated group was provided individual and/or group lessons (40 min/lesson/week, 5 week), 'Introduction: obese & health', '6 nutrients and 6 food groups', 'My obesity & daily needed energy', 'Meal planning for personalized daily energy and food units using Food Exchange Systems', and 'Smart food choices'. After education, we examined the differences in anthropometric/biochemical characteristics, nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and nutrient intakes between educated group and non-educated group. Results: After nutrition education, in the educated group, there were improvements on anthropometric/biochemical characteristics, nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and nutrient intakes in the educated group compared to the non-educated group. We observed a decrease in the mean weight, total cholesterol (TC) and the incidence of overweight/obesity and hypercholesterolemia and an increase in the mean lean body mass. The scores of nutrition knowledge, 'Function of carbohydrate, protein, vitamin, mineral' and 'Food Sources of fat, vitamin, mineral' were increased. The scores of dietary attitudes, 'Taking a joyful meal, a leisurely meal, a balanced meal, a meal with sufficient vegetables, a meal with diversity, a meal with spicy foods, a meal with overeating' were increased. The intakes of energy, carbohydrate, fat, protein, vitamin A, thiamin, Zn and cholesterol were decreased. The scores of INQ, protein, vitamin A, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B6, folate, Ca, P, Fe, Zn were increased. Conclusions: The nutrition education focused on personalized daily energy requirement and food exchange unit using Food Exchange System for overweight and obese may improve food behavior, dietary intakes and symptoms of overweight and obese, even in a community health center.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.258-264
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• 2018

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Diet quality scores or indices, based on dietary guidelines, are used to summarize dietary intake into a single numeric variable. The aim of this study was to examine the association between the modified diet quality index for Koreans (DQI-K) and mortality among Health Examinees-Gem (HEXA-G) study participants. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The DQI-K was modified from the original diet quality index. A total of 134,547 participants (45,207 men and 89,340 women) from the HEXA-G study (2004 and 2013) were included. The DQI-K is based on eight components: 1) daily protein intake, 2) percent of energy from fat, 3) percent of energy from saturated fat, 4) daily cholesterol intake, 5) daily whole-grain intake, 6) daily fruit intake, 7) daily vegetable intake, and 8) daily sodium intake. The association between all-cause mortality and the DQI-K was examined using Cox proportional hazard regression models. Hazard ratios and confidence intervals were estimated after adjusting for age, gender, income, smoking status, alcohol drinking, body mass index, and total energy intake. RESULTS: The total DQI-K score was calculated by summing the scores of the eight components (range 0-9). In the multivariable adjusted models, with good diet quality (score 0-4) as a reference, poor diet quality (score 5-9) was associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality (hazard ratios = 1.23, 95% confidence intervals = 1.06-1.43). Moreover, a one-unit increase in DQI-K score resulted in a 6% higher mortality risk. CONCLUSIONS: A poor diet quality DQI-K score was associated with an increased risk of mortality. The DQI-K in the present study may be used to assess the diet quality of Korean adults.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.833-840
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to obtain baseline data of nutritional management for women's bone health according to age. This study was conducted through questionnaire, bone mineral density(BMD) measurement by DEXA and dietary survey by 24hr recalls to 134 adult women. Subjects were divided into three groups: young women group who aged 20-29(n=48), middle aged women group who aged over 30 and were pre-menopause(n=36), postmenopausal women group(n=48). The body fat percent of postmenopausal women group was the highest among the three groups. BMD of lumbar spine(L1-L2) were $0.93\;g/cm^2$ for young women, $0.97\;g/cm^2$ for middle aged women, and $0.88\;g/cm^2$ for postmenopausal women, respectively(p<0.05). BMD of femoral neck(p<0.05), trochanter(p<0.05), and ward's (p<0.001) were significantly decreased as age increasement. Drinking alcohol and skipping meals were significantly higher in young women groups than in the other groups, however frequency of doing regular exercise was significantly lower in young women groups. Young women group consumed the significantly higher amount of cereals(p<0.05), sugar and sweeteners(p<0.001), meats(p<0.01), eggs(p<0.01), milks(p<0.05) and oils(p<0.001) than middle aged and postmenopausal women. Also, energy(p<0.001), animal protein, (p<0.01), plant oil(p<0.001), animal fat(p<0.001), retinol(p<0.001), vitamin E(p<0.01), and cholesterol(p<0.001) intakes of young women were highest among the three groups. However, young women group consumed the significantly lower amount of dietary fiber(p<0.05), vitamin C(p<0.01), folate(p<0.05) and fruits(p<0.01) than the other groups. To summarized the our results, young women who were in still undergoing bone formation activity to develope peak bone mass, had more dietary habit and lifestyle problems than middle aged and postmenopausal women. The results of this study revealed that nutritional management and education for bone health should be emphasized in young women not only aged women.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.559-566
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• 2009

본 연구에서 직장 남성 근로자 739명 (39세 이하 그룹: 240명, 40대 그룹: 276명, 50대 그룹: 223명)을 대상으로 e-mail 영양교육이 신체계측치, 체구성 및 심혈관 질환 위험인자에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 하였다. 검진 시 1회, 약 10분의 면대면 영양상담 후 15개 주제의 영양교육자료를 월 1회, 10회에 걸쳐 e-mail을 통해 제공하였으며, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 1년간의 e-mail 영양교육 후, 전체 연구대상자의 체지방률 (p < 0.001), 복부지방률 (p < 0.001), 총 콜레스테롤(p < 0.01), 수축기 혈압 (p < 0.01), 이완기 혈압 (p < 0.05)이 유의적으로 감소하였다. 2) 연령 그룹별로 살펴보면, 체지방률과 수축기 혈압은 세군 모두에서 유의적으로 감소하였고, 총 콜레스테롤은 39세 이하 그룹에서만 유의적으로 감소하였다 (p < 0.01). 3) 영양교육 전, 39세 이하 그룹의 대사증후군 유병률은 25%, 40대 그룹은 27.2%, 50대 그룹은 36.3%의 분포를 보였다. E-mail 영양교육 후, 39세 이하 그룹의 대사증후군 유병률은 18.3%, 40대 그룹은 27.5%, 50대 그룹은 35.4%로 교육 전에 비해 영양교육 후 39세 이하 그룹에서의 대사증후군 유병률이 유의적으로 감소하였다 (p < 0.05). 이상과 같이 본 연구에서 e-mail교육 프로그램은 직장인들에게 신체계측치 및 심혈관 질환 위험인자 감소에 효과가 있음이 확인되었다. 따라서 종합검진 후 1년의 자기관리를 위한 e-mail 영양교육 자료를 개발하여 적용했다는데 본 연구의 의의가 있다고 본다. 본 연구의 결과를 토대로 e-mail 교육 프로그램의 효과를 평가하기 위한 확대연구와 효과의 지속기간에 대한 장기적인 추적연구를 통해 직장인의 건강증진 및 사내 복지향상과 의료비 절감을 위해 회사 지원 하에 질환에 따른 적절한 영양관리 프로그램으로 적용 될 수 있기를 기대한다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권12호
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• pp.1681-1690
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• 2000

A study on energy and protein utilization, and milk production of Bali cows on grass-legume diets was carried out using 12 first lactation cows (initial BW $263.79{\pm}21.66kg$) during a period of 16 weeks starting immediately post calving. The animals were randomly allotted into 4 dietary treatment groups R1, R2, R3 and R4, receiving from the last 2 months of pregnancy onwards, graded improved rations based on a mixture of locally available grass and legume feed ad libitum. R1 contained on a DM basis 70% elephant grass (PP, Penisetum purpureum) plus 30% Gliricidia sepia leaves (GS), R2 was 30% PP plus 55% GS supplemented with 15% Hibiscus tilliactus leaves (HT, defaunating effect), R3 and R4 were 22.5% PP+41.25% GS+11.25% HT+25% concentrate, where R3 was not and R4 supplemented with zinc di-acetate. TDN, CP and zinc contents of the diets were 58.2%, 12.05% and 18.3 mg/kg respectively for R1, 65.05%, 16.9% and 25.6 mg/kg respectively for R2, 66.03%, 16.71% and 29.02 mg/kg respectively for R3 and 66.03%, 16.71% and 60.47 mg/kg respectively for R4. Milk production and body weight were monitored throughout the experimental period. In vivo body composition by the urea space technique validated by the body density method and supported by carcass data was estimated at the start and termination of the experiment. Nutrient balance and rumen performance characteristics were measured during a balance trial of 7 days during the 3rd and 4th week of the lactation period. Results indicated that quality of ration caused improvement of ruminal total VFA concentration, increments being 52 to 65% for R2, R3 and R4 above R1, with increments of acetate being less (31 to 48%) and propionate being proportionally more in comparison to total VFA increments. Similarly, ammonia concentrations increased to 5.24 to 7.07 mM, equivalent to 7.34 to 9.90 mg $NH_3-N/100ml$ rumen fluid. Results also indicated that feed quality did not affect DE and ME intakes, and heat production (HP), but increased GE, UE, energy in milk and total retained energy (RE total) in body tissues and milk. Intake-, digestible- and catabolized-protein, and retained-protein in body tissues and milk (Rprot) were all elevated increasing the quality of ration. Similar results were obtained for milk yield and components with mean values reaching 2.085 kg/d (R4) versus 0.92 kg/d (R1) for milk yield, and 170.22 g/d (R4) vs 71.69 g/d (R1), 105.74 g/d (R4) vs 45.35 g/d (R1), 101.34 g/d (R4) vs 46.36 g/d (R1) for milk-fat, -protein, and -lactose, respectively. Relatively high yields of milk production was maintained longer for R4 as compared to the other treatment groups. There were no significant effects on body mass and components due to lactation. From the relationship $RE_{total}$ (MJ/d)=12.79-0.373 ME (MJ/d); (r=0.73), it was found that $ME_{m}=0.53MJ/kgW^{0.75}.d$. Requirement of energy to support the production of milk, ranging from 0.5 to 3.0 kg/d, follows the equation: Milk Prod. ($Q_{mp}$, kg/d)=[-2.48+4.31 ME($MJ/kg^{0.75}.d$)]; (r=0.6) or $Q_{mp}$=-3.4+[0.08($ME-RE_{body\;tissue}$)]MJ/d]; (r=0.94). The requirement for protein intake for maintenance ($IP_m$) equals $6.19 g/kg^{0.75}.d$ derived from the relationship RP=-47.4+0.12 IP; (r=0.74, n=9). Equation for protein requirement for lactation is $Q_{nl}$=[($Q_{mp}$)(% protein in milk)($I_{mp}$)]/100, where $Q_{nl}$ is g protein required for lactation, $Q_{mp}$ is daily milk yield, Bali cow's milk-protein content av. 5.04%, and $I_{mp}$ is metabolic increment for milk production ($ME_{lakt}/ME_{m}=1.46$).

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.269-279
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• 2002

To investigate the change of perception after weight management education in elementary, middle and high school students, a survey was conducted. Same questionnaire was administered twice, before and after weight management education, to 426 students at 9 schools in Seoul area. The mean height, weight and body mass index were 145.5$\pm$8.0cm, 40.0$\pm$8.3kg, 18.6$\pm$3.0 for elementary school students, 160.1$\pm$5.2cm, 50.2$\pm$7.3kg, 19.5$\pm$2.4 for middle school students, and 162.2$\pm$5.0cm, 52.2$\pm$6.4kg, 19.8$\pm$2.3 for high school students, respectively. Before education, their preferred weight and perceived healthy weight was 35.4kg and 37.0kg among elementary school students, 44.8kg and 46.5kg among middle school students, and 47.3kg and 48.9kg among high school students, respectively. Differences between their present body weight and their preferred weight and/or perceived healthy weight appeared to be 4.5kg and 2.9kg in elementary school students, 5.6kg and 4.0kg in middle school students, and 5.1kg and 3.3kg in high school students, respectively. After administering education, the differences decreased to 2.5kg and -0.2kg in elementary school students, 4.2kg and 2.7kg in middle school students, and 4.3kg and 2.0kg in high school students, respectively (p<0.01). And their perception on own body shape was investigated using 5 point scale ('too lean' to 'too fat', 1 to 5) before and after education. The mean values changed from 3.1 to 2.8 in elementary school students, from 3.3 to 3.0 in middle school students, and from 3.4 to 3.2 in high school students (p<0.01). Their satisfaction with own body weight was monitored using 5 point scale ('very satisfied' to 'very unsatisfied', 1 to 5), also. The mean values changed from 3.0 to 2.7 in elementary school students, from 3.6 to 3.2, in middle school students, and from 3.8 to 3.4 in high school students (p<0.01). In the evaluation of their nutrition knowledge about weight control using 10 item quiz, before and after education, the mean quiz score was changed from 6.3 to 7.0 in elementary school students, from 7.0 to 7.9 in middle school students, and from 7.5 to 8.1 in high school students (p<0.01). In summary, nutrition education on weight management improved the subject's perception on perceived healthy weight and own body shape, and satisfaction with present body weight. This result suggests that nutrition education program should incorporate strategies to change incorrect beliefs and knowledge regarding weight control. Onto this, weight control education for students should start from their early age, be repeated periodically and consistently, and focus on the harmful effects of excessive weight loss and information on the practical and scientific ways of weight management.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.637-644
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• 2001

본 연구는 운동 및 식이 조절이 비만 아동의 질소 평형에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 8~12세의 비만한 초등학교 남자 아동을 대상으로 3일간은 대조기간 1주일간은 운동을 부하하되 에너지는 제한하지 않는 운동기간 및 그 후 1주일간은 운동부하와 동시에 에너지를 제한하는 에너지 제한 운동기간으로 나누어 대상자의 체중 및 체성분을 측정하고, 또한 에너지 섭취량, 질소 평형 및 CHI를 측정하여 상호 비교하였다. 1일 평균 총 에너지 섭취량은 대조기간, 운동기간 및 에너지 제한 운동기간별로 각각 평균 2,152 $\pm$ 138kca1, 1,861 $\pm$ 138kca1 및 1,368 $\pm$ 87kca1이었다. 체중은 대조기간에 비하여 운동기간 및 에너지 제한 운동기간 별로 각각 평균 1.2 $\pm$ 0.2kg 및 1.8 $\pm$ 0.3 kg 감소되었데, 이 중 지방 조직은 각각 평균 1.0 : 0.3kg 및 1.5 $\pm$ 0.5kg 감소되었고 무지방 조직은 각각 평균 0.2 $\pm$ 0.4kg 및 0.3 $\pm$ 0.4kg 감소되었다. 1일 질소 섭취량은 대조기간, 운동기간 및 에너지 제한 운동기간별로 각각 평균 9.1 $\pm$ 0.7g, 9.1 $\pm$ 0.8g 및 7.1 $\pm$ 0.5g 이었는데 대변으로의 질소 배설량은 기간별로 각각 평균 1.3 $\pm$ 0.2g, 0.9 $\pm$ 0.1g 0.7 $\pm$ 0.1 이었으며 소변으로의 질소 배설량은 기간별로 각각 평균 6.7 $\pm$ 0.6g, 6.6 $\pm$ 0.5g 및 6.7 $\pm$ 0.6g 이었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제36권7호
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• pp.849-858
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 대구${\cdot}$경북지역 20, 30대 남성 근로자 224명을 대상으로 비만정도에 따른 신체적 특성, 건강상태를 조사하였다. BMI는 조사대상자 모두 대한비만학회에서 제시한 정상 범위인 18.5${\sim}$23 $kg/m^{2}$에서 벗어난 과체중으로 조사되었다. BMI가 증가함에 따라 관리요망군과 질환의심군의 비율이 유의적으로(p<0.001) 증가하였고, 평균 혈압은 비만군이 정상군 및 과체중군보다 높은 유의적인 차이(P<0.001)가 있었으며, 공복 시 혈당은 30대가 20대보다 높은 유의적인 차이(p<0.05)를 보였다. 간질환의 유무를 알 수 있는 지표인 SGOT, SGPT 및 ${\gamma}-GTP$는 BMI별로 보면 비만군은 정상군 및 과체중군보다 높아 유의적인 차이(SGOT, SGPT: p<0.001, ${\gamma}-GTP$: p<0.01)를 보였다. 건강상태에 따른 생화학적 상태를 살펴보면, 수축기혈압은 관리요망군, 질환의심군, 정상군 순으로 유의적인 차이(p<0.01)를 보였으며, 확장기혈압, 총콜레스테롤, 공복 시 혈당, SGOT, SGPT 및 ${\gamma}-GTP$는 정상군 및 관리요망군과 질환의심군 간에 유의적인 차이(p<0.001)를 보였다. 비만정도에 따른 평균 영양소 섭취량은 20대에서 비타민 E가 정상군, 과체중군, 비만군 순으로 유의적인 차이(p<0.05)가 있었으나 30대는 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 영양소 섭취부족의 비율은 칼슘 71.0%, 아연 50.9%, 비타민 $B_{2}$ 70.5%, 비타민 C 56.3%, 엽산 81.3%, 나이아신(28.1%), 비타민 $B_{1}$(34.5%), 철(18.3%), 비타민 $B_{6}$(16.5%) 등으로 영양소 섭취부족의 비율이 높게 나타나, 20, 30대 근로자들의 영양 섭취 상태 개선이 시급할 것으로 사료된다. 식이 자기효능감 점수는 51.5점으로 20, 30대 남성근로자의 식이 자기효능감이 대체적으로 매우 좋게 나타났고, 본 연구에서는 조사대상자의 90% 이상이 식이 자기효능감이 좋은 것으로 나타났다. 식이 자기효능감이 높은 집단에서 식생활 태도 점수가 높게 나타났으며, 식이 자기효능감에 영향을 미치는 변수들의 총 인과 관계의 크기를 비교해보면 식생활 태도, 연령 순이었다. 조사대상자인 20, 30대 남성 근로자 대부분이 과체중에 속하며, 체중이 증가할수록 BMI, 허리 둘레, 엉덩이 둘레, 체지방율(%) 등이 높게 나타났다. 전체적으로 영양소섭취 부족비율은 칼슘 71.0%, 아연 50.9%, 비타민 $B_{12}$70.5%, 비타민 C 56.3%, 엽산 81.3% 등으로 높게 나타나 근로자들의 영양 문제가 심각함을 알 수 있다.