• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.256-269
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• 2011

Omega-3 fatty acids are a specific type of unsaturated fat that the body cannot manufacture on its own, so they must be obtained from food which is essential fatty acids (EFAs). Omega-3 fatty acids consist of three types which are a-Linolenic Acid (ALA), Eicosapentaenoic (ELA), and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA). Especially, EFAs help to prevent skin and hair drying, acne, eczema, prevention from allergies, brittle nails, rashes, and tiny lumps. The aim of this study is to investigate improvement and protection for hair damaged by chemical treatment with omega-3 formulated shampoo. We selected virgin hair sample and divided into two groups for bleaching once and three times and then damaged hair by changing the number of hair bleaching (twice with interval of 15 minutes). Each bleached hair was treated by five different kinds of shampoo (Control, Horse shampoo, DHA shampoo, EPA shampoo, Omega-3 shampoo mixture). Apart from this, EPA/DHA 2, 5, 8, 10 and 12% shampoo were prepared and treated to hair for comparing rate of progress in damaged hair. To quantify improved condition of damaged hair, we performed Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) for ultrastructure of damaged hair fraction, measurement of thickness change and BCA Protein Assay for recovery rate of damaged hair. The moisture in hair was measured by Thermal analysis machine. In results, we observed the particle of hair surface damaged by bleaching treatment were well improved with treatment with EPA and DHA shampoo. Also, quantity of protein was lowered with higher concentration of EPA & DHA i.e., 8 and 12 % then compared with horse oil shampoo in three times treatment group. It shows that bleached hair have been recovered by treating rapidly and get protective coat. In conclusion, EPA and DHA shampoo improved damaged hair, especially with EPA / DHA 12% shampoo. Also, EPA shampoo could protect the damaged hair depending on increasing concentration of EPA. Therefore, we conclude omega-3 shampoo could make damaged hair protect and get healthy hair environment.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2006

Objectives: The 2003 WHO/FAO technical report described that Korea has largely maintained its traditional high-vegetable diet despite major social and economic changes, and had lower than expected levels of obesity prevalence than other industrialized countries. However, the prevalence of obesity in Korea has recently been rapidly increasing. The aim of this study was to elucidate the determinants of this rapid growth of obesity prevalence in Korea and to compare the results of national nutrition surveys between Korea and Japan. Methods: The trends of the National Health and Nutrition Survey in Korea instituted every 3 years and that in Japan conducted every year were compared. The results of obesity prevalence defined as more than 25 of the Body Mass Index, the percentage of habitual exercisers and the results of the nutritional surveys were examined from 1992 to 2005 in Korea and from 1992 to 2004 in Japan. Results: The prevalence of obesity in males has been gradually increasing in both Korea and Japan since 1992. Though until 1995 the prevalence of obesity in the Korean male population was less than that in Japan, after 1998 Korea surpassed Japan and a markedly increasing trend was observed. In females, the increasing trend of obesity was slower than males in both Korea and Japan. However, the prevalence of obesity was much higher in Korea compared with that in Japan. The percentage of exercisers was much lower in Korea than in Japan. Although, the definition of an exerciser varies with the survey year in Korea and is different from that in Japan, almost 70% of the population was not regularly engaging in moderate or hard intensity exercise in Korea. From 1995, the total energy intake was increased by 9.8% in Korea but it was decreased by 6.9% in Japan. Presently, the energy intake per capita per day in Korea exceeded that in Japan. Remarkable increases in the intake of meat and poultry, vegetable oils and fats, and milk and dairy products were observed in Korea from 1995 to 2005. On the other hand, these values decreased during the same period in Japan. Conclusion: The prevalence of obesity in Korea is increasing and has surpassed that of Japan. The current trends could be attributed to the low prevalence of habitual exercisers, and an increase in energy intake and the proportion of energy intake from fat.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.12-21
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• 2005

The aim of this study was to assess dietary fiber intake and the relationship between dietary fiber intake and nutrient intakes of elementary school students. Food consumption of 200 elementary school students (100 boys, 100 girls) in the 6th grade in Gimhae was assessed by 2-day estimated food records. Nutrient intakes were calculated using CAN-pro and total dietary fiber (TDF) intake using the TDF tables of the common Korean foods. The mean height and weight of the boys were 147.7 cm and 42.1 kg. The mean height and weight of the girls were 149.1 cm and 41.1 kg. The mean body mass index (BMI) of the boys (19.3 $kg/m^2$) was significantly higher than that of the girls (18.4 $kg/m^2$, p < 0.05). Average daily intake of energy of the boys and girls was 1733 and 1778 kcal, respectively. Intakes of protein, P, and niacin of the boys and girls exceeded $110\%$ of current RDA. Intakes of Fe, vitamin $B_1$ and vitamin $B_2$ of the boys were similar to RDA. Intake of vitamin $B_1$ exceeded $110\%$ of current RDA and intakes of Fe and vitamin A were similar to RDA among the girls. Ca intake of the boys and girls was $74.2\%$ and $60.1\%$ of RDA, respectively. Vitamin C intake of the boys and girls were $63.6\%$ and $71.7\%$ of RDA, respectively. Intakes of fat, Ca, P, and vitamin $B_2$ of the boys were significantly higher than the girls. Intakes of Fe and vitamin A of the boys were significantly lower than the girls. Average daily intakes of TDF of the boys and girls were 11.2 g and 11.1 g, respectively. TDF intake of the children at the 6th grade of elementary school was about $70\%$ of 'age (yr) + 5 g', a recommended level for American children. Major food groups to supply dietary fiber were vegetables, grains, and seasonings among the boys and girls. Major sources of dietary fiber were Kimchi, rice, and red pepper powder which supplied $17.85\%$. $15.71\%$, and $5.18\%$ of TDF among the boys and $18.02\%$, $16.22\%$, and $6.58\%$ among the girls. Daily fiber intake showed significant positive correlations with intakes of grains, vegetables, fruits, legumes, and seasonings among the boys and girls. Daily fiber intake showed significant positive correlations with intakes of energy, carbohydrates, protein, lipids, Ca, P, vitamin A, vitamin $B_1$ vitamin $B_2$, niacin, and vitamin C among both the boys and girls. From the results of this study we could conclude that it is recommended to increase dietary fiber intake in elementary school students at upper level.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.25-36
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of nutrition education providing school lunch by personalized daily needed food exchange units using Food Exchange System for adolescent athletes. Methods: The subjects were 60 sports high school students (educated group, 30 vs. noneducated group 30). Nutrition education was provided for 4 weeks (40 min/lesson/week). In addition, personalized school lunch was served for 4 weeks, nutrition education period. The personalized lunch were provided Food Exchange Units according to personalized daily needed energy. The lessons were '5 Major nutrients, functions and foods', 'My daily needed energy and food exchange units by Food Exchange System', 'My meal plan by food exchange units according to my daily needed energy' and 'Smart choice of healthy snacks and eating outs'. After nutrition education, we examined the differences in anthropometric characteristics, nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and dietary intake between the educated and the non-educated group. Results: We observed improvements in lean body mass in the educated group. With regard to nutrition knowledge, there were improvements in 'Functions of vitamins', 'Functions of minerals', 'Foods of fat', 'Foods of vitamin', and 'Foods of mineral' in the educated group. In relation to dietary attitude, there were improvements in 'Taking a meal with family and friend', 'Taking a meal at ease', 'Taking a meal with kimchi and vegetables', 'Taking a meal with three kinds of side dishes', 'Priority of choosing snacks' and 'Type of snacks' in the educated group. With regard to dietary intakes according to Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans, there were improvements in intakes levels of fiber, vitamin A, vitamin C, folate, calcium, iron and zinc. The index of nutrition quality, as indicated by nutrition adequacy ratio also improved in the educated group. Conclusions: These results showed that a nutrition education program providing education lessons and personalized school lunch by food exchange units according to daily needed energy showed positive changes in nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and dietary intake of adolescent athletes. Nutrition education program providing personalized school lunch by Food Exchange Units may improve dietary behaviors and dietary intakes of adolescents.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.222-230
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• 1999

비만증이란 체내에 지방이 과도하게 축적된 상태이고, 당뇨병이란 혈당을 조절하는 insulin의 부족 혹은 작용 결함으로 인한 질환이다. 비만과 당뇨병의 일반적인 원인으로는 유전, 과식, 운동부족, 스트레스 등이 있다. 비만 및 당뇨병 환자는 섭취 열량을 줄이고 신체에 영양공급이 균형있게 이루어 지도록 균형잡힌 식생활을 해야 하며 고열량식품의 섭취를 줄여야 한다. 일반적인 운동 지침은 운동전 의학적 진단과 병력 검사가 우선되어야 하며, 점진적으로 운동강도를 높여야 한다. 비만과 당뇨병의 예방 및 치료를 위해서는 일반적으로 유산소 운동(조깅, 수영, 테니스, 에어로빅 댄스 등)을 60~80$\%$ HRmax(50~70$\%$ $Vo_2$ max)강도로, 15~60분, 주 3~6회 하는 것이 적당하다. 특히 당뇨병 환자는 유형에 따른 처방을 다소 달리해야 하며, 운동중 탄수화물이 든 간식을 하고 인슐린 활동이 최고에 달했을 때 운동을 중지하며 운동 후 저혈당 발생의 가능성에 대비하여 혈당을 높이기 위한 탄수화물 15~20g 분에 해당하는 식품을 섭취한다. 비만과 당뇨병 환자의 치료에 있어서 운동요법은 식이요법과 병행해서 이루어지는 것이 더욱 효과적이다

• 생명과학회지
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• 제27권8호
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• pp.965-973
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• 2017

CLA는 탄소가 18개(C18)인 linoleic acid의 이중결합이 C9,C11; C10,C12 위치로 이동됨으로 생성되는 입체이성(c,c; c,t; t,c; t,t)체를 총괄적으로 일컷는 말이다. 이론적으로 가능한 이성체 중에서 c9,t11-CLA가 rumen bacteria, lactic bacteria, 버섯균 등의 linoleate isomerase에 의해 linoleic acid로부터 생합성된다. 그러나 linoleic acid를 알카리 이성화로 합성한 CLA에는 이론적으로 가능한 모든 CLA 이성체가 존재한다. 그 중 c9,t11-CLA와 t10,c12-CLA가 약 45%씩 동일량 존재한다. CLA가 1939 년 linoleic acid의 elaidinization 반응에서 처음으로 소개되었으나 그 이후에는 과학적인 이용가치가 없어 과학자들의 관심의 대상이 되지 않았다. 그러나 1987년에 CLA가 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)으로 유도한 mouse skin carcinogenesis에서 항암성이 있다는 보고 이후 CLA에 관한 연구는 급속도로 증가하여 현재까지 약 6,100 연구논문이 발표되었다. CLA와 c9,t11-CLA 및 t10,c12-CLA 이성체는 in vitro와 in vivo에서 항암성, 항당뇨성, 항혈압성, 항동맥경화성, 면역증강성, 항산화성, 체지방감소성, testosterone 생산성 등의 생물학적 기능이 갖는다고 밝혀졌다. 이들 생리활성에 c9,t11-CLA와 t10,c12-CLA가 in vitro와 in vivo에서 다른 활성을 보이고 있다. 특히, 합성 CLA에 소량 혼합되어 있는 t,t-CLA가 carcinogen으로 유도한 동물모델이나 암세포에서 다른 이성체 보다 강한 항암성을 보이는 결과는 앞으로 더 많은 연구의 대상이 될 것이다. 본 총설에서는 CLA 관련 연구가 시작된 1939년부터 현재까지의 CLA 연구 트렌드를 살펴보고 밝혀진 주요 기능성을 보고한다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.726-732
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• 2018

이번 연구의 목표는 Bacillus polyfermenticus KJS-2 (B. polyfermenticus KJS-2) 및 Angelica gigas Nakai extracts(AGNE) 추출물의 고지혈증에 대한 효과를 확인 하기 위한 것이다. AGNE에 활성을 나타내는 성분인 decursin과 decursinol angelate (D/DA)의 순도를 확인하였을 때 약 78%로 나타났다. AGNE (0.1-20 mg/ml)를 이용한 HMG-CoA reductase 저해활성은 농도가 증가함에 따라 높은 활성을 나타내었다. Endospore를 형성한 B. polyfermenticus KJS-2 ($1{\times}10^9CFU/ml$)는 약 0.3 mm의 담즙산이 함유된 배지에서 내성이 관찰되었다. Normal control, positive control (atorvastatin), negative control (triton WR-1339) 및 AGNE, B. polyfermenticus KJS-2, AGNE + B. polyfermenticus KJS-2와 Atorvastatin + AGNE + B. polyfermenticus KJS-2투여군의 7개군으로 나누어 실시한 동물실험에서는 몸무게 및 간의 무게는 거의 차이가 없었으나, 신장의 무게는 triton WR-1339만 처리한 군에서 조금 높게 나타났다. B. polyfermenticus KJS-2 및 AGNE를 투여는 HDL-콜레스테롤은 증가시키고, 총콜레스테롤 및 중성지방 함량은 감소시켰다. 또한, 간조직 내에서의 지방 축적 정도를 확인한 결과 B. polyfermenticus KJS-2 및 AGNE투여군에서는 지방 염색의 감소가 나타나 지방의 축적이 감소하였음을 알 수 있다. 따라서, B. polyfermenticus KJS-2 및 AGNE는 고지혈증에 효과가 있음을 시사한다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제58권10호
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• pp.37.1-37.10
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• 2016

Background: Providing of insufficient nutrients limits the potential growth of pig, while feeding of excessive nutrients increases the economic loss and causes environment pollution. For these reasons, phase feeding had been introduced in swine farm for improving animal production. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary energy levels and phase feeding by protein levels on growth performance, blood profiles and carcass characteristics in growing-finishing pigs. Methods: A total of 128 growing pigs ([Yorkshire ${\times}$ Landrace] ${\times}$ Duroc), averaging $26.62{\pm}3.07kg$ body weight, were assigned in a $2{\times}4$ factorial arrangement with 4 pigs per pen. The first factor was two dietary energy level (3,265 kcal of ME/kg or 3,365 kcal of ME/kg), and the second factor was four different levels of dietary protein by phase feeding (1growing(G)-2finishing(F) phases, 2G-2F phases, 2G-3F phases and 2G-3F phases with low CP requirement). Results: In feeding trial, there was no significant difference in growth performance. The BUN concentration was decreased as dietary protein level decreased in 6 week and blood creatinine was increased in 13 week when pigs were fed diets with different dietary energy level. The digestibility of crude fat was improved as dietary energy levels increased and excretion of urinary nitrogen was reduced when low protein diet was provided. Chemical compositions of longissimus muscle were not affected by dietary treatments. In backfat thickness ($P_2$) at 13 week, pigs fed high energy diet had thicker backfat thickness (P = 0.06) and pigs fed low protein diet showed the trend of backfat thinness reduction (P = 0.09). In addition, water holding capacity was decreased (P = 0.01) and cooking loss was increased (P = 0.07) as dietary protein level reduced. When pigs were fed high energy diet with low subdivision of phase feeding, days to 120 kg market weight was reached earlier compared to other treatments. Conclusion: Feeding the low energy diet and subdivision of growing-finishing phase by dietary protein levels had no significant effect on growth performance and carcass characteristics. Also, phase feeding with low energy and low protein diet had no negative effects on growth performance, carcass characteristics but economical profits was improved.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제59권5호
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• pp.10.1-10.11
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• 2017

Background: Transfer of pesticides from environment to animal products is inevitable, so the purpose of the present work was to evaluate phosalone consumption via feeding with or without sodium bentonite (SB) on performance, blood metabolites and its transition to milk of Iranian Baluchi sheep. Methods: Twenty Baluchi ewes were divided into four treatments (P1 as control, P2, P3, and P4) of five animals in which phosalone, an organophosphate pesticide, was given via diet (only for P2 and P3) at a dose of 280 mg/sheep/day for 63 consecutive days. The SB (32 g/sheep/day; for P3 and P4) was also evaluated for its ability to reduce deleterious effects of phosalone in the sheep diets. The control group (P1) did not receive any phosalone and SB during the experiment. Sampling was conducted in two periods of time including weeks 5 and 9. Results: Phosalone residues were observed in the milk samples of P2 and P3 groups during two sampling periods. During period 1, the transfer rate of phosalone from feed to milk was 0.23 and 0.02%, respectively for the contaminated diets (P2 and P3), which is relatively similar to period 2 (0.22 and 0.02%). Only 0.34 (period 1) and 0. 36% (period 2) of phosalone residue are excreted in the feces of P2 group following its daily consumption. Transfer of phosalone from feed to milk was affected (P < 0.05) by the dietary inclusion of a commercial SB, as it (SB) decreased excretion of phosalone via milk (P3). The phosalone and SB alone or together had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on the dry matter intake (DMI) and body weight (BW) gain, but feed efficiency, milk production, milk fat, dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) digestibility, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity, hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBC), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), albumin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) affected by the treatments in period 1 or 2 (P < 0.05). The Hb, RBC, and MCHC were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) by about 9.72, 20.77, and 9.71%, respectively in the group P2 as compared to those of the control group during period 1. The AChE inhibitory activity (period 1 and 2) significantly increased when phosalone administered via the diet (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Although there were no adverse effects on the performance of sheep following the intake of phosalone alone (P2 vs. P1), but other research on the long and short times to the phosalone in high and low doses with more animals is suggested. Overall, compared to the control group, addition of SB in the diet of sheep improved nutrient digestibility, animal performance, and milk health.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제59권7호
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• pp.19.1-19.10
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• 2017

Background: To reduce use of main feed ingredient like corn, soy bean meal (SBM) and wheat, alternative ingredients has been studied like copra meal (CM). Production amount of CM which has been high makes CM to be an alternative feed stuff. However, low digestibility on AA and low energy content by high fiber content can be an obstacle for using CM. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of CM supplementation with ${\beta}$-mannanase on growth performance, blood profile, nutrient digestibility, pork quality and economic analysis in growing-finishing pigs. Methods: A total of 100 growing pigs ([Yorkshire ${\times}$ Landrace] ${\times}$ Duroc) averaging $31.22{\pm}2.04kg$ body weight were allotted to 5 different treatments by weight and sex in a randomized complete block (RCB) design in 5 replicate with 4 pigs per pen. Treatments were 1) Control (corn-SBM based diet + 0.1% of ${\beta}$-mannanase (800 IU)), 2) CM10 (10% copra meal + 0.1% ${\beta}$-mannanase (800 IU)), 3) CM15 (15% copra meal + 0.1% ${\beta}$-mannanase (800 IU)), 4) CM20 (20% copra meal + 0.1% ${\beta}$-mannanase (800 IU)) and 5) CM25 (25% copra meal + 0.1% ${\beta}$-mannanase (800 IU)). Four phase feeding program was used: growing I (week 1-3), growing II (week 4-6), finishing I (week 7-9) and finishing II (week 10-12). Results: In growth performance, there was no significant difference among treatments during whole experimental period. In growingI phase, G:F ratio tended to increase when CM was increased (P = 0.05), but ADG and ADFI tended to decrease in finishingII phase (linear, P = 0.08). Also, increasing CM reduced ADG (linear, P = 0.02) and feed efficiency (linear, P = 0.08) during the whole finishing period. In blood profiles, BUN was linearly increased as CM increased (linear, P = 0.02) at growingII period. In digestibility trial, there was no significant difference in dry matter, crude fat, crude ash and nitrogen digestibility. However, crude protein digestibility was decreased linearly (linear, P = 0.02). In economic analysis, feed cost per weight gain and total feed cost per pig were reduced in overall period when CM was provided by 25% (linear, P = 0.02). Conclusion: CM with 0.1% of ${\beta}$-mannanase (800 IU) could be supplemented instead of corn and SBM up to 25% without detrimental effects on growth performance and pork quality of growing-finishing pigs.