• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.433-438
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Breast milk is the best available food for optimum growth and development of infants and the breastfeeding rate is increasing in Korea. The purpose of this study is to measure the concentrations of macronutrients and to evaluate their changes according to lactation period in breast milk from lactating Korean women. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Milk samples were obtained from 2,632 healthy lactating women (mean age; $32.0{\pm}3.3years$), where the lactating period was up to a period of 8 months, who also volunteered to participate in the Human Milk Macronutrient Analysis Research. Lactose, protein, fat and water content in the breast milk samples were analyzed with infrared spectrometry using MilkoScan FT-2. RESULTS: The mean macronutrient composition per 100 mL of mature breast milk was 7.1 g for lactose, 1.4 g for protein and 3.0 g for fat, and energy content was 61.1 kcal. The protein concentration was significantly lower in milk samples at 1-2 weeks (2.0 g/dL) to 2-3 months (1.4 g/dL) than those at 0-1 week (2.2 g/dL), but it was similar among samples from 3-4 months to 7-8 months (1.3 g/dL). Mean lipid levels varied among different lactational period groups (2.7-3.2 g/dL), but presented no significant difference. Lactose concentration in the milk samples did not differ with lactation period. Maternal body mass index was positively related to protein and lipid breast milk contents, but was negatively related to lactose content. General linear models examining the associations between maternal variables and milk macronutrient content revealed that lactation period had a major impact on protein and lipid, but not on lactose content in breast milk. CONCLUSIONS: These results warrant future studies to explore factors that may be associated with changes in macronutrient content in human milk.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.123-131
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of diet composition on serum leptin and lipids profiles in rats. At the baseline, seven 4-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats, male, were sacrificed and the remaining rats were divided into five groups and each group was fed one of the following five dietary regiments for 2 weeks and 6 weeks;the control diet AIN76(CAL, n=2l), high-carbonhydrate(rice)(HCR, n=2l), high-carbohydrate(flour)(HCF, n=2l), high-fat(corn oil)(HFO, n=2l), high-fat(beef tallow)(HFB, n=2l). Serum leptin was determined by a double antibody ELISA assay at the baseline(n=7), 6 week(n=35) and 10 week of age(n=70). At 6 weeks of age, the increase in the Food Efficiency Ratio(FER) was related to adipocyte hyperplasia in rats on HFB diets. The serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol increased significantly in HFB group, and decreased in HFO group compared to control group. The HFC group showed significant increase in serum triglyceride level compared with control group. After 2 weeks and 6 weeks, noticeably high increases in epididymal adipose tissue fat cell mass and numbers were observed with the HFB fed group. Serum leptin levels increased as body weight increased over the period of time(4weeks; 1.50$\pm$0.13ng/ml versus 10weeks; 2.08$\pm$-.13ng/ml). And this result shows that there are 193% higher in rats fed high fat-beef tallow diet than the control diet. Serum leptin levels of the HFB group(4.01$\pm$0.39mg/ml) were significantly higher than that of the HFO(2.06$\pm$0.5613ng/ml), CAL(2.08$\pm$0.1313ng/ml), HCR(2.41$\pm$0.2113ng/ml) and HCF(2.80$\pm$0.4713ng/ml) at p<0.05. The serum leptin concentration was positively correlated with the amount of epididymal fat pads(r=0.47 p<0.01), serum triglyceride(r=0.49, p<0.001), tatal cholesterol(r=0.48, p<0.001), LDL-cholesterol(r=0.58, p<0.001), atherogenic index(r=0.67, p<0.001), and inversely correlated with HDL-cholesterol(r=-0.65, p<0.001). In conclusion, the changes in composition of dietary fat and carbohydrate intake could affect changes in concentration of serum lipids and leptin. Especially, the high-fat diet with animal fat source could increase circulating leptin level. (Korean J Nutrition 34(2) : 123-131, 2001)

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.335-356
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• 1997

Injection of bovine growth hormone (bGH) to lactating dairy cows increases milk yield and yields of milk components including fat. It is generally believed that most of the anabolic effects derived from bGH in animal tissues are primarily mediated by IGF-1. IGF-1 is a strong anabolic peptide in the plasma of animals and exerts mitogenic and metabolic effects on target cells. Contrary to most protein hormones, the majority of IGF-1 in circulation is bound to the binding proteins (IGFBPs) which are known to be responsible for modifying the biological actions of IGF-1, thus making determinations of IGF-1 actions more difficult. On the other hand, fat is a major milk component and the greatest energy source in milk. Currently, the fat content of milk is one of the major criteria used in determining milk prices. It has been known that flavor and texture of dairy products are mainly affected by milk fat and its composition. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) is the rate limiting enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA for fatty acid synthesis in 1ipogenic tissues of animals including bovine lactating mammary glands. In addition to the short-tenn hormonal regulation of ACC by changes in the catalytic efficiency per enzyme molecule brought about by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the enzyme, the long-term hormonal regulation of ACC by changes in the number of enzyme molecules plays an essential role in control of ACC and lipogenesis. Insulin, at supraphysiological concentrations, binds to IGF-1 receptors, thereby mimicking the biological effects of IGF-1. The receptors for insulin and IGF-1 share structural and functional homology. Furthermore, epidermal growth factor increased ACC activity in rat hepatocytes and adipocytes. Therefore, it can be assumed that IGF-1 mediating bGH action may increase milk fat production by stimulation ACC with phosphorylation (short term) and/or increasing amounts of the enzyme proteins (long term). Consequently, the main purpose of this paper is to give the readers not only the galactopoietic effects of bGH, but also the insight of bGH action with regard to stimulating milk fat synthesis from the whole body to the molecular levels.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.222-236
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• 1994

1991년 7월부터 1992년 7월까지 부산시 해운대 동백섬 조간대에서 채집된 노래미, Hexagram mosagrammus를 대상으로 성성숙에 관련된 제반 형질을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 생식소숙도지수(GSI)는 추계인 9월부터 증가하여 11월에 년중 최고값인 암 4.31, 수 1.61을 각각 나타내었으며 12월부터 감소하여 춘하계 동안 낮은값을 유지하였다. 2. 간숙도지수(HSI)는 수컷의 경우 뚜렷하지는 않으나, 암컷은 생식소숙도지수와 동일하게 변화하여 생식소가 활성화되는 9월부터 중가하기 시작하여 11월에 2.32의 년중 최고값을 나타내었다. 3. 군성숙도는 암수 모두에서 표준체장 11.0~11.9 cm에서 50 % 이상, 13.0~13.9 cm에서 100 %로 전 개체가 생식에 가담하는 것으로 나타났다. 4. 성숙 및 산란기인 9월에서 12윌사이 난소내 난경조성의 결과에서 노래미는 한 산란기에 3회 이상의 산란을 행하는 다회 산란종으로 밝혀졌다. 5. 총포란수와 성숙란수는 체장에 비례하여 증가하였으나, 전중과의 관계에서는 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 6. 비만도는 성장기인 9월에 암수 각각 15.32, 15.14로 최고값을 보인 후 산란기를 지나며 크게 감소하였으며, 3월부터는 다시 서서히 증가하였다. 따라서 비만도의 변화는 생식주기와 밀접한 관계를 가지고 변화하는 것으로 나타났다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.126-131
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• 1981

전복(全鰒)과 해삼(海蔘)을 재래식(在來式) 방법(方法)인 자건품(煮乾品)과 진공(眞空) 동결(凍結) 건조품(乾燥品)과의 일반(一般) 성분(成分) amine류(類), 육조직(肉組織) 등(等)을 비교(比較)하여 실험검토(實驗檢討) 하였다. 2종(種)의 시료(試料) 중(中) 일반(一般) 성분(成分)은 큰 차이(差異)가 없었다. 해삼(海蔘) 중(中)에 회분(灰分)은 자건조(煮乾燥)의 경우 28.24%, 동결(凍結)은 33.99%이었다. 회분의 조성은 Na>K>Mg>Ca 순(順)이었다. 전복(全鰒) 및 해삼(海蔘)의 생체(生體) 및 동결(凍結) 건조품중(乾燥品中) TMAO 함량에는 큰 차이(差異)가 없었고 자건품(煮乾品)은 각각(各各) 생체(生體)에 비(比)하여 43% 및 54% 감소하였다. 이들 건조제품의 TMA는 에 하여 높은 함량을 보였으며 이중 자건품(煮乾品)의 경우는 동결(凍結) 건조품(乾燥品)에 비(比)하여 증가폭(增加幅)이 컸다. 또한 건조제품의 DMA는 생체(生體)에 비(比)하여 그함량이대단히 높았으며 자건(煮乾)전복의 경우 14배(倍), 자건해삼(煮乾海蔘)의 경우 18.5(倍), 동결건조품(凍結乾燥品)은 4.7 및 6.3배(倍)이었다. 전복과 해삼의 생체(生體) 조직이 건조후에 일어나는 변화를 관찰하였다.

• 한국패류학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.55-63
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• 2004

Gonadosomatic index, condition index and reproductive cycle with the gonadal development of the female Octopus ocellatus were investigated by histological observations and morphometric data, from January to December, 2000. And changes in biochemical components of the ovary and the trunk tissues including the digestive organ associated with gonadal development were studied by biochemical analysis from January to October, 2001. The specimens were collected at the coastal waters of Buan, Jeollabuk-do, Korea, from January 2000 to October 2001. O. ocellatus is a dioecious organism. The gonad of O. ocellatus locates medially in posterior region of the body. Morphology of the ovary shows round and oval in shape, the average diameter and external colour of ripe ovary was 32 mm and semitransparent light brown in colour. As the ovary was getting mature, transparent elongated eggs covered with chorion were present in the ovarian cavity. Monthly changes in the gonadosomatic index (GSI) showed a similar pattern with those of the condition index. The GSI and condition index began to increase in March and reached the maximum in April. And then, their values decreased from May and reached the minimum in September. Reproductive cycle of O. ocellatus can be categorized into five successive stages: early developing stage (September to December), late developing stage (November to March), ripe stage (March to May), partially spawned stage (April to June), and degenerative/resting stage (June to October). Follicle cells attached to an oocyte were involved in vitellogenesis in the cytoplasm of the vitellogeneic oocyte and formation of chorion (secondary egg membrane) of the ovarian eggs. Spawning occurred between April and June. The spawning period was once a year and the peak took place between May and June. This species belongs to semelparity. According to changes in biochemical contents of the ovary and the digestive organ, monthly variations of moisture, total protein, total lipid and glycogen contents (%) in the ovary showed a negative correlationship with those of the trunk tissues including the digestive organ. Accordingly, it is assumed that the ovary only may be received nutrient supply (total lipid content) for gonadal development from the trunk tissues including the digestive organ (r = -0.55, p < 0.05).

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.189-197
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• 2021

Objective: Muscle depletion in patients undergoing liver transplantation affects the recipients' prognosis and therefore cannot be overlooked. We aimed to evaluate whether changes in muscle and fat mass during the preoperative period are associated with prognosis after deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT). Materials and Methods: This study included 72 patients who underwent DDLT and serial computed tomography (CT) scans. Skeletal muscle index (SMI) and fat mass index (FMI) were calculated using the muscle and fat area in CT performed 1 year prior to surgery (1 yr Pre-LT), just before surgery (Pre-LT), and after transplantation (Post-LT). Simple aspects of serial changes in muscle and fat mass were analyzed during three measurement time points. The rate of preoperative changes in body composition parameters were calculated (preoperative ΔSMI [%] = [SMI at Pre-LT - SMI at 1 yr Pre-LT] / SMI at Pre-LT x 100; preoperative ΔFMI [%] = [FMI at Pre-LT - FMI at 1 yr Pre-LT] / FMI at Pre-LT x 100) and assessed for correlation with patient survival. Results: SMI significantly decreased during the preoperative period (mean preoperative ΔSMI, -13.04%, p < 0.001). In the multivariable analysis, preoperative ΔSMI (p = 0.016) and model for end-stage liver disease score (p = 0.011) were independent prognostic factors for overall survival. The mean survival time for patients with a threshold decrease in the preoperative ΔSMI (≤ -30%) was significantly shorter than for other patients (p = 0.007). Preoperative ΔFMI was not a prognostic factor but FMI increased during the postoperative period (p = 0.009) in all patients. Conclusion: A large reduction in preoperative SMI was significantly associated with reduced survival after DDLT. Therefore, changes in muscle mass during the preoperative period can be considered as a prognostic factor for survival after DDLT.

• 생태와환경
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• 제37권1호통권106호
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• pp.130-136
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• 2004

저수지화성향을 띤 낙동강은 수체가 정체되는 시기에 높은 동물플랑크톤 밀도를 보인다. 이 시기의 높은 치어개체군 밀도는 지각류 개체군 밀도의 감소와 윤충류 개체군 밀도의 증가를 유도하는 주요요인으로 제시되었다. 본 연구에서는 실험실실험을 통해 치어의 먹이선호도와 포식이 낙동강 동물플랑크톤 군집에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 여러 종류의 치어의 먹이선호도 및 크기가 다른 치어의 먹이선호도를 실험실 수조내에서 평가하는 한편, 대형 수조에서 이들 치어의 포식이 동물플랑크톤군집에 미치는 영향을 모니터링 하였다. 실험에 사용된 세종류의 치어 (Hyporhamphus sajori, Rhinogobius brunneus, Opsariichtys uncirostris) 및 크기가 다른 치어 (O. uncirostris) 모두지각류 Moina micrura에 가장 높은 먹이선호도를 나타냈다. 야외수조에서 실시된 실험에서 치어의 포식은 지각류 M. micrura를 억제하는 한편 윤충류인 Polyarthra spp.의 우점을 유도하였다. 본 실험결과. 치어의 섭식은 낙동강에서 동물플랑크톤 군집구조를 결정하는 중요한 요인으로 사료된다.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.899-907
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• 2017

본 연구는 대사증후군을 가진 65세 이상 노인여성을 대상으로 마루운동을 실시하여 노인활동체력, 혈중지질 및 동맥경직도에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 대사증후군을 가진 여성노인 41명을 무작위로 운동군(23명), 통제군(18명)으로 배정하였다. 운동군은 총 12주간 주 3회로 실시하였으며, 운동강도는 30%-60%의 HRR로 점진적으로 증가시켰다. 본 연구결과, 운동군이 노인활동체력(하지근력, 상지근력, 유연성, 심폐지구력 및 신체조성(체지방률, 제지방량, 허리둘레)), 혈중지질(총 콜레스테롤, 중성지방, HDL 콜레스테롤 및 LDL 콜레스테롤) 및 동맥경직도에서 실험 전 후 긍정적인 변화를 보였고, 통제군에 비해 유의한 차이를 나타냈다. 결과적으로 대사증후군을 가진 여성노인들은 마루운동 프로그램 참여에 따라 노인활동체력이 향상되고, 혈중지질과 동맥경직도에 긍정적인 변화가 일어났다. 따라서, 마루운동프로그램은 대사증후군 개선에 효과적인 프로그램임을 시사한다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제58권6호
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• pp.23.1-23.17
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• 2016

Background: The functionality of myofibrillar proteins is a major factor influencing the quality attributes of muscle foods. Nonetheless, the relationships between muscle type and oxidative changes in chevon during ageing are meagrely elucidated. Postmortem changes in antioxidant status and physicochemical properties of glycolytic gluteus medius (GM) and oxidative infraspinatus (IS) muscles in goats were compared. Methods: Twenty Boer bucks (9-10 months old, body weight of $36.9{\pm}0.725kg$) were slaughtered and the carcasses were subjected to chill storage ($4{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$). Analyses were conducted on GM and IS muscles sampled on 0, 1, 4 and 7 d postmortem. Results: Chill storage did not affect the antioxidant enzyme activities in both muscles. The IS had greater (P < 0.05) superoxide dismutase and catalase activities than GM. Carotenoid and tocopherol contents did not differ between muscles but decreased (P < 0.05) over storage. The IS had higher (P < 0.05) glycogen and ultimate pH and lower (P < 0.05) shear force and cooking loss than GM. The carbonyl content, % metmyoglobin, drip loss and TBARS increased (P <0.05) while free thiol, metmyoglobin reducing activity (MRA), shear force and myoglobin decreased (P < 0.05) over storage. Muscle type had no effect (P > 0.05) on free thiol, MRA and TBARS. The GM had lower (P < 0.05) redness on d 0 and 1 than IS while the IS had greater carbonyl, % metmyoglobin and drip loss than GM on d 7. The reflective density of slow myosin heavy chain (MHC) was higher (P < 0.05) while the density of fast MHC and actin was lower (P < 0.05) in IS than GM. Regardless of muscle type, the density of MHC decreased (P < 0.05) while that of actin was stable over storage. Nonetheless, the degradation of fast and slow MHC was greater (P < 0.05) in IS than GM. Muscle type had no effect (P > 0.05) on consumer preference for flavour, juiciness and overall acceptability. However, IS had higher (P < 0.05) tenderness score than GM on d 1 and 4 postmortem. Intramuscular fat was higher (P< 0.05) in IS compared with GM. Fatty acid composition did not differ between the muscles. However, GM had lower (P < 0.05) n-6/n-3 ratio than IS. The n-3 and n-6 PUFA declined (P < 0.05) while the SFA increased (P < 0.05) over storage. Conclusion: The changes in myofibrillar proteins and physicochemical properties of goat meat during postmortem chill storage are muscle-dependent.