• Title/Summary/Keyword: blue ocean

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Why Should the ROK Navy Maintain the Course toward the Construction of a Mobile Task Fleet? : From the perspectives of Capability, Doctrine, and the Organizational Identity (한국해군 기동함대 전력건설방향의 당위성: 능력, 교리, 조직정체성을 중심으로)

  • Lee, Sang-Yup
    • Strategy21
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    • s.31
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    • pp.85-119
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    • 2013
  • This paper asks whether the Republic of Korea (ROK) Navy should continue to focus on building ocean-going naval ships when it faces the threats of North Korean provocations in littoral areas. My position is that the ROK Navy should keep pursuing ocean-going capabilities. I provide explanations why it should do so from the perspectives of three important dimensions: capability, doctrine, and organizational identity. First, I argue that the distinction between a littoral navy and an ocean-going navy is an unnecessary dichotomy. It may lead to inefficiency in national security. The military posture should be designed in a way that it can address all external threats to national security regardless of whether they are from North Korea or not. Such capability is the one that the ROK Navy has tried to acquire with the 'Blue Water Navy' initiative since the 1990s. Second, also from the perspective of lately developed military doctrines that emphasize jointness and precision strike capability, ocean-going capabilities such as the mobile task fleet program have become a must, not an option, given today's security situations on and around the Korean peninsula. Lastly, I draw attention to the fact that the 'Blue Water Navy (BWN)' initiative meant more than just capability to the ROK navy. The BWN represents the ROK navy's organizational identity that the navy has defined since the 1980s as it emphasized promoting national interest and international standing as part of its organizational essence. Furthermore, the phrase 'blue water navy' took on symbolic meanings to the people that are associated with South Korean-ness including sovereignty, national pride, standing in the world and hopes for the future. Since 1990s, many scholars and experts have made the case for the necessity of improving South Korea's naval capability based on different rationales. They emphasized the protection of Sea Lines of Communication (SLOCs), the economic value of the sea, the potential danger associated with territorial disputes over islands, and increasing naval power of neighboring countries since the end of the Cold War. This paper adds to this debate by trying to explain the matter with different factors including naval doctrines and organizational identity. Particularly, this paper constitutes a unique endeavor in that it incorporating constructivist elements (that is, identity politics) in explaining a national security matter.

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The Exploitation of World Fishery Resources for 10 Years under the New Regime in the Sea (신해양질서 10년후 세계어업자원 이용동향)

  • 이장욱;허영희
    • The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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    • v.23 no.1
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    • pp.43-87
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    • 1992
  • In this paper, state of exploitation of world fishery resources after 10 years under the new regime in the sea, called the era of exclusive economic zone (EEZ) expending up to a 200 nautical miles from coastal line, was reviewed to determine effect from establishing EEZ in the world fishery production and its export/import volume based on the fishery statistics annually published by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of United Nation. The world total production from marine living resources had a trend showing a waned increase during 1970's when most of coastal states were translated into the reality of EEZ. From mid-1980's onwards, it increased rapidly, reaching about 85 million tons . Such increase in production was basically from the Pacific Ocean, accounting for more than 60% of the world total production. Fishing areas where showed increase in the production after the new regime in the sea were the southwestern Atlantic (FAO area 41) , the eastern Indian (FAO area 57) and the whole fishing areas in the Pacific except the eastern central Pacific (FAO area 77). Increase in the production from distant-water fishing countries came from the regions of the southwest Atlantic (FAO area 41) and the southwest Pacific (FAO area 81) . The production from coastal states was up from the regions of the eastern Indian (FAO area 57) , the northwest and northeast Pacific (FAO areas 61 and 67) and the southeast Pacific (FAO area 87) . It was likely that the exploitation of the fishable stocks was well monitored in the areas of the northwest Atlantic (FAO area 21) , the eastern central Atlantic (FAO area 34) and the northeast Pacific (FAO area 67) through appropriate management measures such as annual harvest level, establishment of total allowable catch etc. The marine fisheries resources that have made contribution to the world production, despite expansion of 200 EEZ by coastal states, were sardinellas, Atlantic cod, blue whiting and squids in the Atlantic Ocean : tunas which mainly include skipjack, yellowfin and bigeye tuna, croakers and pony fishes in the Indian Ocean : and sardine, Chilean pilchard, Alaska pollock, tunas (skipjack and yellowfin tuna) , blue grenadier and blue whiting including anchoveta in the Pacific Ocean. It was identified that both fishery production and its export since introduction of the new regime in the sea were dominated by such coastal states as USA, Canada, Indonesia, Thailand, Mexico, South Africa and Newzealand. But difficulties have been experienced in the European countries including Norway, Spain, Japan and Rep. of Korea. Therefore, majority of coastal states are unlikely to have yet undertaken proper utilization as well as rational management of marine living resources in their jurisdiction during the last two decades. The main target species groups which led the world fishery production to go up were Alaska pollock, cods, tunas, sardinellas, chub and jack mackerel and anchoveta. These stocks are largely expected to continue to contribute to the production. The fisheries resources which are unexploited, underexploited and/or lightly exploited at present and which will be contributed to the world production in future are identified with cephalopods, Pacific jack mackerel and Atlantic mackerel, silver hake including anchovies. These resources mainly distribute in the Pacific regions, especially FAO statistical fishing areas 67, 77 and 87. It was likely to premature to conclude that the new regime in the sea was only in favour of coastal states in fishey production.

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Detection of Red Tides by IRS/OCM Imagery

  • Kang, Y.Q.;Suh, Y.S.
    • Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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    • 2003.11a
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    • pp.697-699
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    • 2003
  • We present a simple algorithm for detection of red patches by remote sensing in coastal waters of Korea. The red tide patches can by identified by the relative intensity of red band signal with respect to the blue-green background signal, provided the radiometric signals only in the sea area are properly stretched. We tested our algorithm by Ocean COlor Monitor(OCM) data of Indian Satellite IRS-P4, which has been received from 2001 by National Fisheries Research and Development Institute of Korea. A comparison of our results with observation shows that the locations of red tides derived from remote sending imagery by our algorithm are in accordance with observations.

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ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION TECHNIQUE FOR GEOSTATIONARY OCEAN COLOR IMAGER (GOCI) ON COMS

  • Shanmugam, Palanisamy;Ahn, Yu-Hwan
    • Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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    • v.1
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    • pp.467-470
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    • 2006
  • Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) onboard its Communication Ocean and Meteorological Satellite (COMS) is scheduled for launch in 2008. GOCI includes the eight visible-to-near-infrared (NIR) bands, 0.5km pixel resolution, and a coverage region of 2500 ${\times}$ 2500km centered at 36N and 130E. GOCI has had the scope of its objectives broadened to understand the role of the oceans and ocean productivity in the climate system, biogeochemical variables, geological and biological response to physical dynamics and to detect and monitor toxic algal blooms of notable extension through observations of ocean color. To achieve these mission objectives, it is necessary to develop an atmospheric correction technique which is capable of delivering geophysical products, particularly for highly turbid coastal regions that are often dominated by strongly absorbing aerosols from the adjacent continental/desert areas. In this paper, we present a more realistic and cost-effective atmospheric correction method which takes into account the contribution of NIR radiances and include specialized models for strongly absorbing aerosols. This method was tested extensively on SeaWiFS ocean color imagery acquired over the Northwest Pacific waters. While the standard SeaWiFS atmospheric correction algorithm showed a pronounced overcorrection in the violet/blue or a complete failure in the presence of strongly absorbing aerosols (Asian dust or Yellow dust) over these regions, the new method was able to retrieve the water-leaving radiance and chlorophyll concentrations that were consistent with the in-situ observations. Such comparison demonstrated the efficiency of the new method in terms of removing the effects of highly absorbing aerosols and improving the accuracy of water-leaving radiance and chlorophyll retrievals with SeaWiFS imagery.

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The Spectrum of Feeding Sound and the Response of Seabass , Filefish and Swellfish (한국 남해에서의 해수의 광학적 성질 - 농어 . 쥐치 . 검복 -)

  • 양용림
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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    • v.18 no.2
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    • pp.61-67
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    • 1982
  • Optical properties of sea water were studied in the southern sea of Korea, based on ten oceanographic stations in July, 1980. Submarine daylight intensity was measured at intervals of 5m depth in the upper 70m layer by using the underwater irradiameter (Kahlsico # 268 WA 360). The mean absorption coefficients of the sea water were shown as 0.102 (0.066~0.137), 0.119 (0.069~0.154), 0.091 (0.054~.0123), and 0.095 (0.056~0.129) for clear, red, green, and blue color respectively. The transparency ranged from 13 to 25 meters (mean 17.1 m). The mean water color in this area was 3.9 (3-5) in Forel scales. The relation between absorption coefficient (k) and transparency (D) was k=1.17/D, k=2.01/D, k=1.52/D, and k=1.60/D for clear, red, green, and blue color respectively. The rates of light penetration for clear, red, green, and blue color in four different depths were computed with reference to the surface light intensity respectively. The mean rates of light penetration in proportion to depths were as follows; clear : 57.3%(5m), 20.82%(15m), 5.16%(30m), 0.94%(50m). red : 52.2%(5m), 15.99%(15m), 2.99%(30m), 0.39%(50m). green : 60.9%(5m), 24.51%(15m), 7.11%(30m), 1.56%(50m). blue : 59.4%(5m), 22.92%(15m), 6.09%(30m), 1.29%(50m).

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Study on the UV illuminance to improve on attraction effect of fluorescent bait cage for pots (통발용 형광 미끼통의 유인 효과 개선을 위한 자외선 조도에 관한 연구)

  • Chang, Ho-Young
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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    • v.47 no.4
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    • pp.316-326
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    • 2011
  • In this study, the entrapped number is investigated on the UV light with different illuminance to fluorescent bait cage for swimming crab in order to find the appropriate illuminance which has the best attraction effect of fluorescent bait cage for pots. In addition, preference to the light, arrival time and residence time at light area are compared and analyzed to fluorescent bait cage and non-fluorescent bait cage for American lobster at the UV light and ordinary light according to the illuminance condition. Pot with red non-fluorescent bait cage at the no lighting (<0.01lux), pot with blue fluorescent bait cage at the 20W UV lighting (0.16lux) and pot with blue fluorescent bait cage at the 30W UV lighting (0.22lux) were soaked for 6 hours and the entrapped number of swimming crab was examined. The mean entrapped number of swimming crab in pot with red non-fluorescent bait cage at the no lighting (<0.01lux) was 1.0, but the mean entrapped number of swimming crab in pot with blue fluorescent bait cages at the 20W UV lighting (0.16lux) and 30W UV lighting (0.22lux) were 1.4 and 0.4, respectively (P<0.05). The rate of preference to the blue fluorescent bait cage at the UV lighting shows 1.6-4.8 times higher than that of preference to the red non-fluorescent bait cage at the ordinary lighting. In addition, The rate of preference to the blue fluorescent bait cage at the UV lighting is higher when the illuminance of ordinary light is same as or is lower than that of UV light (P<0.05). However, the preference to the light depending on gender shows no significant difference (P>0.05). The arrival time to UV light area of lobster is shown as 1.2-2.4 times faster than that to ordinary light area. Generally, it is shown that arrival time to UV light area is faster than the arrival time to ordinary light area when the illuminance of ordinary light is the same as or lower than that of UV light (P<0.05). However, arrival time to the light area depending on gender shows no significant difference (P>0.05). The residence time at UV light area of lobster is 1.2-1.7 times longer than that at ordinary light area. The residence time depending on different illuminance of ordinary light and genders showed no significant difference (P>0.05).

Adsorption Characteristics of Coconut Shell-based Granular Activated Carbon on a Basic Dye Basic Blue 3 (염기성 염료 Basic Blue 3에 대한 야자계 입상활성탄의 흡착 특성)

  • Park, Ha Neul;Choi, Han Ah;Won, Sung Wook
    • Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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    • v.56 no.1
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    • pp.96-102
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    • 2018
  • In this study, adsorption characteristics of coconut shell-based granular activated carbon (CS-GAC) on Basic Blue 3 (BB3) were evaluated. As the dosage of CS-GAC increased, the removal efficiency of BB3 tended to increase and the initial dye concentration of 50 mg/L was completely removed at 0.2 g dosage. Adsorption equilibrium achieved within 270 and 420 min at the initial concentrations of 25 and 50 mg/L, respectively, and the experimental data were represented by the pseudo-second-order model. The maximum uptakes ($q_{max}$) predicted by the Langmuir model were 34.45, 46.63 and 53.10 mg/g at 298, 308 and 318 K, respectively. The $q_{max}$ value increased as the temperature increased. Also, the Gibbs free energy (${\Delta}G$) was changed to -7.37, -8.19 and -10.40 kJ/mol with increasing temperature. The enthalpy change (${\Delta}H$) and the entropy change (${\Delta}S$) were 34.47 kJ/mol and 0.15 J/mol K, respectively. Therefore adsorption of BB3 by CS-GAC was spontaneous and endothermic.

Optical Properties of Sea Water in the Northwestern Waters of Jeju Island (제주도 북서해역에서의 해수의 광학적 성질)

  • 양용림
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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    • v.17 no.2
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    • pp.53-58
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    • 1981
  • Optical properties of sea water were studied in the northwestern water of Jeju Island, based on seven oceanographic stations in July, 1980. Submarine daylight intensity was measured at intervals of 5m depth in the upper 70m layer by using the underwater irradiameter(Kahlsico #268 WA360). The mean absorption coefficients of the sea water were appeared as 0.106(0.084-0.152), 0.135(0.106-0.184), 0.089(0.069-0.130) for clear, red, green, and blue color respectively. The transparency ranged from 11 to 19 meters(mean 16.1m). The mean water color in this area was 4.3(3-5) in Forel scales. The relation between absorption coefficient(k) and transparency(D) was k=1.66/D, k=2.12/D, k=1.38/D, and k=1.51/D for clear, red green, and blue color respectively. The rates of light penetration for clear, red, green, and blue color in four different depths were computed with reference to the surface light intensity respectively. The mean rates of light penetration in proportion to depths were as follows; clear : 56.57%(5m), 20.54%(15m), 4.60%(30m), 0.68%(50m). red : 50.14%(5m), 2.37%(30m), 0.23%(50m). green : 62.29%(5m), 26.43%(15m), 7.74%(30m), 1.56%(50m). blue : 59.29%(5m), 23.43%(15m), 6.10%(30m), 1.08%(50m).

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The Effect of the Pea Carb (Pinnotheres pholadis) on the Reproductive Capacity of the Blue Mussel (Mytilus edulis galloprovincialis) (섶 속살이게, Pinnotheres pholadis의 기생이 진주담치의 번식력에 미치는 영향)

  • YOO Myong Suk;KAJIHARA Takeshi
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.18 no.6
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    • pp.581-585
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    • 1985
  • This study was carried out with blue mussels at Otsuchi Bay in Japan from August 1981 to May 1982, in order to investigate the effect of the parasitic pea crab (Pinnotheres pholadis) on the reproductive capacity of host blue mussels (Mytilus edulis galloprovincialis). The results show that pea crabs delay gonad development of host mussels about one month and lower their fatness rate by intercepting nutrients. The parasitization with pea crabs is thought not to prevent spawning activity itself, but to reduce the number of germ cell resulting in the reduced space of gonads.

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Geovisualization of Coastal Ocean Model Data Using Web Services and Smartphone Apps (웹서비스와 스마트폰앱을 이용한 연안해양모델 예측자료의 시각화시스템 구현)

  • Kim, Hyung-Woo;Koo, Bon-Ho;Woo, Seung-Buhm;Lee, Ho-Sang;Lee, Yang-Won
    • Spatial Information Research
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    • v.22 no.2
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    • pp.63-71
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    • 2014
  • Ocean leisure sports have recently emerged as one of so-called blue ocean industries. They are sensitive to diverse environmental conditions such as current, temperature, and salinity, which can increase needs of forecasting data as well as in-situ observations for the ocean. In this context, a Web-based geovisualization system for coastal information produced by model forecasts was implemented for use in supporting various ocean activities. First, FVCOM(Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model) was selected as a forecasting model, and its data was preprocessed by a spatial interpolation and sampling library. The interpolated raster data for water surface elevation, temperature, and salinity were stored in image files, and the vector data for currents including speed and direction were imported into a distributed DBMS(Database Management System). Web services in REST(Representational State Transfer) API(Application Programming Interface) were composed using Spring Framework and integrated with desktop and mobile applications developed on the basis of hybrid structure, which can realize a cross-platform environment for geovisualization.