• 대한핵의학회지
• /
• 제39권2호
• /
• pp.100-106
• /
• 2005

Non-invasive evaluation of cardiac function by nuclear medicine technologies are one of the major contribution of nuclear medicine. Gated cardiac blood pool scan was once a novel and robust technique which enabled evaluation of ventricular function. Concept of EKG gating was one of the major breakthrough in nuclear cardiology. According to the evolution of echocardiographic techniques, and as the evaluation of myocardial perfusion by perfusion SPECT became feasible, number of gated blood pool study dong in nuclear medicine laboratory is declining. And recently, evaluation of ventricular function with gated perfusion SPECT further decreased the use of gated blood pool scan. In this article, assessment of ventricular function using gated blood pool scan is discussed including some insight about the role of gated blood pool SPECT.

• 대한핵의학회지
• /
• 제39권3호
• /
• pp.151-162
• /
• 2005

Hemangioma is the most common benign tumor of the liver, with a prevalence estimated as high as 7%. Tc-99m red blood cell (RBC) hepatic blood pool scan with single photon omission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging is extremely useful for the confirmation or exclusion of hepatic hemangiomas. The classic finding of absent or decreased perfusion and increased blood pooling ("perfusion/blood pool mismatch") is the key diagnostic element in the diagnosis of hemangiomas. The combination of early arterial flow and delayed blood pooling ("perfusion/blood pool match") is shown uncommonly. In giant hemangioma, filling with radioactivity appears first in the periphery, with progressive central fill-in on sequential RBC blood pool scan. However, the reverse filling pattern, which begins first in the center with progressive peripheral filling, is also rarely seen. Studies with false-positive blood pooling have been reported infrequently in nonhemangiomas, including hemangiosarcoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatic adenoma, and metastatic carcinomas (adenocarcinoma of the colon, small cell carcinoma of the lung, neruroendocrine carcinoma). False-negative results have been also reported rarely except for small hemagniomas that are below the limits of spatial resolution of gamma camera.

• 핵의학기술
• /
• 제14권1호
• /
• pp.105-110
• /
• 2010

반사성교감신경 이영증후군의 조기 진단에서 삼상 골 스캔이 유용하게 이용된다. 이 질환은 전형적으로 일측 사지관절 전반에 혈류, 혈액풀의 증가와 지연 영상에서 관절의 섭취 증가를 한다. 그러나 통증이 있는 국소부위만 혈류와 혈액풀 검사를 실시하고 있다. 이에 half body 혈액 풀 영상을 추가 검사함으로써 그 유용성을 평가하였다. 2007년 10월부터 2009년 9월까지 부산대병원에서 반사성 교감신경 이영증후군이 의심되는 환자 15명(Male: 8, Female: 7, Mean age: 67.2)을 대상으로 삼상골 스캔을 실시하였다. 그리고 삼상 골 스캔 중 혈액풀상을 얻은 후에 half body scan을 실시하였다. 관심영역은 관류상에서 손과 손목을 포함했고, 혈액풀상에서 손과 손목을 포함한 관심 영역과 견관절을 포함한 관심영역 두가지를 설정하고, 지연상에서는 손과 손목을 포함한 관심영역과 견관절을 포함한 관심영역을 설정 하였다. 손의 관심영역은 국소 영상을 이용했으며, 견관절의 관심 영역은 half body 상과 전신상을 이용하였다. 관심영역을 복사하여 반대측 부위에 설정하여 계수치를 구하여, 우측의 계수를 좌측의 계수로 나눈 섭취비를 우/좌 비로 정하여 계산하였다. 혈류상에서 양측 손의 우/좌 비는 $1.09{\pm}0.53$, 혈액풀상에서 양측 손의 우/좌 비는 $1.13{\pm}0.47$, 지연상에서 양측 손의 우/좌 비는 $1.24{\pm}0.75$이었고, 혈액풀상에서 양측 견관절의 우/좌 비는 $1.08{\pm}0.26$, 지연상에서 양측 견관절의 우/좌 비는 $1.11{\pm}0.31$이었다. Half body 혈액풀상에서 견관절 섭취와 혈류상에서 손과 손목 섭취(R=0.859, p<0.001), 혈액풀상에서 손과 손목 섭취(R=0.886, p<0.0001), 지연상에서 손과 손목 섭취(R=0.855, p<0.001)와 견관절 섭취(R=0.754, p=0.002)는 유의한 상관관계가 있었다. Whole body 지연상에서 견관절 섭취는 혈류상에서 손과 손목 섭취(R=0780, p=0.001), 혈액풀상에서 손과 손목 섭취(R=0.771, p=0.001), 지연상에서 손과 손목 섭취(R=0.705, p=0.005)와 유의한 상관관계가 있었다(Spearman's R, SPSS 12.0). 반사성교감신경 이영증후군은 지연상의 견관절 섭취에서 혈류상, 혈액풀상, 지연상의 손과 손목의 섭취와 유의한 상관관계를 보였다. 뿐만 아니라 혈액풀상에서 half body scan과도 혈류상, 혈액풀상, 지연상의 손과 손목의 섭취와 유의한 상관관계를 보였다. 또한 위 음성과 위 양성을 줄일 수 있을 것이라 기대된다.

• 핵의학기술
• /
• 제12권3호
• /
• pp.192-198
• /
• 2008

Purpose: The scan time reduction helps to yield more accurate results and induce the minimization of patient's motion. Also we can expect that satisfaction of examination will increase. Nowdays medical equipment companies have developed various programs to reduce scan time. We used Onco. Flash (Pixon method, SIEMENS) that is an image processing technique gated cardiac blood pool scan and going to evaluate its clinical usefullness. Materials and Method: We analyzed the 50 patients who were examined by gated blood pool scan in nuclear medicine department of Asan Mediacal Center from June $20^{th}$ 2008 to August $14^{th}$ 2008. We acquired the Full-time (6000 Kcounts) and Half-time (3000 Kcounts) LAO image in same position. And we acquired LVEF values ten times from Full-time, Half-time images acquired by the image processing technique and analyzed its mean and standard deviation values. To estimate LVEF in same conditions, we set automatic location of the LV ROI and background ROI based on same X and Y-axis. Also we performed blinding tests to physician. Results: After making a quantitative analysis of the 50 patients EF values, each mean${\pm}$standard deviation is shown at Full-time image $68.12{\pm}7.84%$, Half- time (acquired by imaging processing technique) $68.49{\pm}8.73%$. In the 95% confidence limit, there was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05). After blinding test with a physician for making a qualitative analysis, there was no difference between Full-time image and Half-time image acquired by the image processing technique for observing LV myocardial wall motion. Conclusion: Gated cardiac blood pool scan has been reported its relatively exact EF measured results than ultrasound or CT. But gated cardiac blood pool scan takes relatively longer time than other exams and now it needs to improve time competitive power. If we adapt Half-time technique to gated cardiac blood pool scintigraphy based on this study, we expect to reduce possible artifacts and improve accessibility as well as flexibility to exam. Also we expect patient's satisfaction.

• 대한핵의학회지
• /
• 제26권1호
• /
• pp.40-48
• /
• 1992

Gated blood pool scan is frequently used for evaluating the change in cardiac function in various cardiac diseases. But resting gated blood pool scan using only LVEF as a cardiac index has been consitently shown to have a low sensitivity, which is about 50%, in detecting coronary artery disease. So it is recommended to compare exercise gated blood pool scan to resting gated blood pool scan. Exercise tests, however, are not always possible, especially in patients with musculoskeletal diseases, recent myocardial infarction and in elderly persons. We studied the usefulness of resting gated blood pool scan using multiple indices in evaluating the patients with coronary artery disease. Studied cases were 185 patients with coronary artery disease (angina pectoris 31, myocardial infarction 154) and 25 normals with low likelihood of coronary artery disease. We used $^{99m}Tc-labeled$ RBC, 740 MBq labeled by in vivo method. The data were evaluated by Micro DELTA computer program. The results were as following: 1) The ejection rates (PER, AER) and filling rates (PFR, AFR) were different in normls and patients with angina pectoris or myocardial infarction. 2) Mean phase angle, ejection rates and filling rates could separate normals from coronary artery disease patients with normal LVEF. 3) Regional ejection fraction was decreased at the site of the infarct in patients with myocardial infarction. 4) Peak filling rate was the the most detectable index in evaluation of cardiac function in patients with coronary artery disease. 5) The threshold at 1.5 standard deviation of normal range was considered as the most reliable cut-off value from ROC analysis. These data suggest that the resting gated blood pool scan has an important role in the evaluation of cardiac functional changes using various cardiac indices in patients with coronary artery disease.

• 핵의학기술
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.33-38
• /
• 2008

Purpose: The Gated cardiac blood pool scan is non-invasive method that a quantitative evaluation of left ventricular function. Also this scan have shown the value of radionuclide ejection fraction measurements during the course of chemotherapy as a predictor of cardiac toxicity. Therefore a reliable method of monitoring its cardiotoxic effects is necessary. the purpose of this study is to minimize the overestimate of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) by modified body position to reduce the influence of scattered rays from surrounding organs of the heart in the background region of interest. Materials and Methods: Gated cardiac blood pool scan using in vivo $^{99m}Tc$-red blood cell (RBC) was carried out in 20 patients (mean $44.8{\pm}8.6$ yr) with chemotherapy for a breast carcinoma. Data acquisition requires about 600 seconds and 24 frames of one heart cycle by the multigated acquisition mode, Synchronization deteriorates toward the end of the cycle and with the distance from the trigger signal (R-wave) by ECG gating. Gated cardiac blood pool scan was studied with conventional method (supine position and the detector head in $30-45^{\circ}$ left anterior oblique position and caudal $10-20^{\circ}$ tilt) and compared with modified method (left lateral flexion position with 360 mL of drinking water). LVEF analysis was performed by using the automatically computer mode. Results: The ROI counts of modified scan method were lower than LV conventional method ($1429{\pm}251$ versus $1853{\pm}243$, <0.01). And LVEF of modified method was also decrease compared with conventional method ($58.3{\pm}5.6%$ versus $65.3{\pm}6.1%$, <0.01). Imaging analysis indicated that stomach was expanded because of water and spleen position was changed to lateral inferior compared with conventional method. Conclusion: This study shows that the modified method in MUGA reduce the influence of scattered rays from surrounding organs. Because after change the body position to left lateral flexion and drinking water, the location of spleen, left lobe of liver and stomach had changed and they could escaped from background ROI. Therefore, modified method could help to minimize the overestimate LVEF (%).

• 대한핵의학회지
• /
• 제14권1호
• /
• pp.29-36
• /
• 1980

Most of clinical morbidity in cardiology are associated with abnormalities of the left ventricle. Several methods have been developed to measure the left ventricular function, including cardiac catheterization with cineangiography, echocardiography, and systolic time interval. But these methods have many limitations. ECG gated cardiac blood pool scan provides a safe, noninvasive, repeatable method for determining the left ventricular function. Utilizing the cardiac blood pool scan, we measured the left ventricular function in 165 cardiac patients, and in 26 normal subject. 1. Left ventricular ejection fractions were measured by cardiac blood pool scan, and compared in 20 patients with that measured by x-ray cineangiography. Correlation coefficient was 0.885. 2. Ejection fractions were classified by funtional class made in New York Heart Association. Ejection fractions well represented the functional status. 3. Ejection fractions decreased in cardiomyopathy ($20.1{\pm}4.8%$) and ischemic heart disease ($34.4{\pm}16.7%$). Impaired ejection fractions in myocardial infarction were associated with the extent of infarction. 4. Regional left ventricular wall motion was evaluated from the end-diastolic and end-systolic images. In cardiomyopathy diffuse hypokinesia was noted and in myocardial infarction akinesia was noted on the infarcted areas.

• 대한핵의학회지
• /
• 제21권1호
• /
• pp.33-37
• /
• 1987

Attenuated end-diastolic and end-systolic left ventricular counts which obtained from cardiac gated blood pool scan were corrected using experimentally calculated attenuation coefficient $(\mu=0.13/cm)$ and depth of center of left ventricle. This method was confirmed to be correct experimentally using phantom balloon. To compare the accuracy of attenuated and attenuation-corrected left ventricular volume measurement, authors studied 10 patients with ischemic heart disease who underwent both gated blood pool scan and X-ray contrast ventriculography within a week. The attenuated and attenuation-corrected left ventricular volume measured by count method correlated with contrast ventriculographic volumes; however, attenuation corrected measurement was correlated more closely.

• 대한핵의학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한핵의학회 1977년도 제16차 학술대회
• /
• pp.100.1-100.1
• /
• 1977

• 핵의학기술
• /
• 제14권1호
• /
• pp.101-104
• /
• 2010

레이노 현상에 대한 검사 중 $^{201}Tl$을 이용한 검사에서 관류영상을 composite하여 혈액 풀 영상 과 국소 지연 영상 관찰 및 비교 시의 유용성에 대해서 평가하고자 한다. 2008년 2월부터 2009년 8월까지 레이노 현상을 호소로 경희대학교 동서 신의학병원 혈관외과를 찾은 29명을 대상으로 시행하였다. 방사성 동위원소는 $^{201}Tl$ 111 Mbq (3 mCi)를 검사부위 반대편 팔과 다리의 대각선 사지에 정맥 내 주사하였고, 최초 dynamic 관류 영상과 혈액 풀 영상 그리고 국소지연 영상을 저에너지 고해상도 조준기를 장착한 감마카메라를 이용하여 검사하였다. 보고자 하는 손 또는 발에 대한 관심영역(ROI : Region of Interest)은 관류영상을 composite한 영상과 혈액 풀 영상, 국소 지연 영상 순으로 양측을 동시 분석하였고 대응표본 T 검정(SPSS v12.0)을 이용하여 p-value를 측정하여 데이터의 상관관계를 확인하였다. 분석대상 29명의 레이노 환자(positive)에서 분석된 관류 composite 영상, 혈액 풀 영상, 국소 지연 영상에서 나타난 count ratio(Rt./Lt.)의 평균은 $1.25{\pm}0.39$, $1.20{\pm}0.33$, $1.11{\pm}0.17$이었다. 이를 바탕으로 혈액 풀 영상과 국소 지연 영상의 대응표본 T-검정결과 p<0.029를 만족했고, 또한 관류 composite 영상에 대한 혈액 풀 영상(p<0.038)과 국소 지연 영상 (p<0.016)이 각각 차이가 없음을 알 수 있었다. $^{201}Tl$을 이용한 Raynaud scan에서 관류 영상을 composite함으로써 혈액 풀 영상과 국소 지연 영상을 비교 평가하는데 도움을 줄 수 있었다. 또한 육안적 식별도 가능하여 향후 좀 더 깊이있는 연구가 진행된다면 보다 적절하고 유용한 진단적 정보를 얻을 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.