• Title/Summary/Keyword: blood physiology

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Reabsorption of Neutral Amino Acids Mediated by Amino Acid Transporter LAT2 and TAT1 in The Basolateral Membrane of Proximal Tubule

  • Park Sun Young;Kim Jong-Keun;Kim In Jin;Choi Bong Kyu;Jung Kyu Yong;Lee Seoul;Park Kyung Jin;Chairoungdua Arthit;Kanai Yoshikatsu;Endou Hitoshi;Kim Do Kyung
    • Archives of Pharmacal Research
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    • v.28 no.4
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    • pp.421-432
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    • 2005
  • In order to understand the renal reabsorption mechanism of neutral amino acids via amino acid transporters, we have isolated human L-type amino acid transporter 2 (hLAT2) and human T-type amino acid transporter 1 (hTAT1) in human, then, we have examined and compared the gene structures, the functional characterizations and the localization in human kidney. Northern blot analysis showed that hLAT2 mRNA was expressed at high levels in the heart, brain, placenta, kidney, spleen, prostate, testis, ovary, lymph node and the fetal liver. The hTAT1 mRNA was detected at high levels in the heart, placenta, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney, pancreas, spleen, thymus and prostate. Immunohistochemical analysis on the human kidney revealed that the hLAT2 and hTAT1 proteins coexist in the basolateral membrane of the renal proximal tubules. The hLAT2 transports all neutral amino acids and hTAT1 transports aromatic amino acids. The basolateral location of the hLAT2 and hTAT1 proteins in the renal proximal tubule as well as the amino acid transport activity of hLAT2 and hTAT1 suggests that these transporters contribute to the renal reabsorption of neutral and aromatic amino acids in the basolateral domain of epithelial proximal tubule cells, respectively. Therefore, LAT2 and TAT1 play essential roles in the reabsorption of neutral amino acids from the epithelial cells to the blood stream in the kidney. Because LAT2 and TAT1 are essential to the efficient absorption of neutral amino acids from the kidney, their defects might be involved in the pathogenesis of disorders caused by a disruption in amino acid absorption such as blue diaper syndrome.

Effect of Age on Glucose Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle in Rats (흰쥐에서 연령이 골격근의 당 대사에 미치는 영향)

  • Jang, Eung-Chan;Youn, Woon-Ki;Lee, Suck-Kang
    • Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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    • v.18 no.1
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    • pp.94-100
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    • 2001
  • Background: It is doubtful that aging causes deteriorated glucose metabolism and insulin resistance of skeletal muscle. Some researchers had different results about it. So we have studied the mechanism responsible for the abnormal glucose tolerance associated with aging in rapidly growing and matured rats. Materials and Methods: Animals were used S.D. rats. Growing rats were 7 weeks old (BW: 160-190 gm) and matured rats were 28 weeks old (BW: 420-525 gm). Results: Fasting blood glucose and plasma insulin levels were significantly elevated in matured rat compared with growing rats. And during oral glucose tolerance test the glucose level was also significantly elevated in matured rats. These results confirmed an insulin resistant state of aging. Insulin levels at 30 minutes of oral glucose tolerance test was significantly elevated in growing rat. But at 120 minutes it was maintained at higher level in matured rats than in growing rats. It suggested the possibility of increased insulin secretion by initial stimulation of beta-cells in growing rats, and increased secretion and decreased catabolic rate of insulin in matured rats. Glucose uptake rate of soleus muscle in matured rats was lower than that of growing rats, but the difference was not statistically significant. The dose(insulin)-responsive(glucose uptake) curve of soleus muscle was only slightly deviated to the right side. Conclusion: Glucose metabolism of rat skeletal muscle was worsened by aging. The data of glucose uptake experiments suggested the possibility of insulin resistance of skeletal muscle in matured rats. but the mechanism of insulin resistance of skeletal muscle need further studies.

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Blood Picture of Army Pack Horses(Jeju Horses) (군용타마(軍用馱馬)(제주마(濟州馬))의 혈액상(血液像))

  • Mun, Gyeong Gi;Lee, Do Pil;Chung, Soon Tong
    • Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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    • v.15 no.2
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    • pp.147-152
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    • 1975
  • Although considerable research has been done on the blood picture of the horse, hot-blooded and cold-blooded, little work has been made of the blood picture of the army pack horse, Jeju horse. The object of the present investigation was to make good this deficiency, and to suggest standard for the blood picture of army pack horses kept under the regular military training and the ideal feeding in the heart of a mountain. Blood samples were drawn from the jugular vein through a 15-gauge bleeding needle from 41 males and 28 females, aging 3 to 9 years old. It was taken between seven and nine o'clock in the morning. Animals were handled as quietly as possible to avoid any excitation. No restraint other than a halter was used. Enumeration of erythrocyte, total and differential leukocyte count, determination of hemoglobin in blood, and the value of packed cell volume were male in the usual manner, and erythrocytic constant was calculated by the method of Wintrobe. Erythrocyte count was $7.83{\pm}0.20(4.95{\sim}11.05){\times}10^6/mm^3$(SE). This value was much lower than hot-horses, but slightly higer than the values of cold-horse reported from foreign country. Concentration of hemoglobin in blood was $13.0{\pm}0.33(9.5{\sim}17.8)g/100ml$. This value was much higher than that of cold-horses observed by the other authors, approaching to the values of hot-horses. Packed cell volume was $32.1{\pm}0.92(22{\sim}42)ml/100ml$. This vague was a little higher than that of the other cold-horses. Mean corpuscular volume was $41.5{\pm}1.20(26.6{\sim}59.3){\mu}m^3$. This value matched so well with the other results recorded by various investigators. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were $16.9{\pm}0.43(12.3{\sim}25)$ pg and $41.0{\pm}0.45(29.1{\sim}51.1)g/100ml$, respectively. These values were significantly higher than the values found by the other investigations. Total leukocyte enumeration was $10.5{\pm}0.41(5.6{\sim}17.9){\times}10^3/mm^3$, being considered as normal. And differential leukocyte count of neutrophil was $44.5{\pm}2.23(15{\sim}76)%$, $5,527{\pm}234(2,231{\sim}9,144)/mm^3$, of lymphocyte $50.5{\pm}1.19(19{\sim}77)%$, $4,307{\pm}125(1,456{\sim}11,098)/mm^3$, of monocytel (0~4)%, $105(0{\sim}352)/mm^3$, of eosiophil 3.2(0~14)%, $340(0{\sim}1,232)/mm^3$ and of basophil 0.25(0~3)%, $23(0{\sim}236)/mm^3$. The percentage of the differential count obtained from the present work showed a good agreement with the results of various authors. Of the horses examined monocyte was found from 42 horses, eosinophil from 62 horses and basophil from 10 horses. No significant differences recognized between male and female horses, and the effect of age was not observed between three to nine years old. Judging from the blood picture of the present investigation, it could be stated that the army pack horses on training were kept better than the average farming conditions.

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Banhabaikchulcheunma-tang Down-regulates LPS-induced Production of Pro-inflammatory Cytokines

  • Kim, Yun-Ha;Cho, Kwang-Ho;Moon, Byung-Soon
    • Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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    • v.23 no.1
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    • pp.192-198
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    • 2009
  • Banhabaikchulcheunma-tang (BBCT), a prescription composed of thirteen herbal mixtures, has been widely used in the treatment of brain disorders in Oriental Medicine. However, the mechanisms by which the formula affects on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in cerebral infarction (CI) patients remain unknown yet. The levels of secretory protein of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, interlukin (IL)-1b, and IL-6, were significantly increased in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated THP-1 differentiated macrophage-like (THP-1/M) cells and Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from CI patients. However, pretreatment with BBCT significantly inhibited the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-a, IL-1b, and IL-6, in THP-1/M cells and PBMCs from CI patients with stimulus. Thus, these data indicate that BBCT may be beneficial in the cessation of inflammatory processes of cerebral infarction through suppression on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Recognition about Synthetic Symptoms of Puberty (사춘기 종합징에 관한 인식)

  • Jia Chun Hua;Zhou Chun Xiang;Wang Tian Shan;Cui Xun
    • Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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    • v.16 no.5
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    • pp.888-892
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    • 2002
  • Nae-Kyung says the puberty is corresponded to the age of 16~24(male) and 14~21 (female). And that time they are promoted the growth. However, Kidney qi doesn't make average situation during that time. So, the function of five viscera and six entrails fails to be perfect and symptoms appear. I came to the conclusion through the survey of about 200 high school students(male and female) and the theory of oriental medicine the distinctive features (like migraine, amnesia, depression, dysphoria, inappetence, irregular menstruation) came out that time. I defined this distinctive symptoms in boys and girls at puberty ‘synthetic symptoms of puberty’. For the medical cure and prevention I prescribed ‘Sachun-Nyung’ and that has medical benefits for ‘Replenishing qi and relieving the spleen, Soothing the liver and promoting blood circulation’

Consideration of the Nature of Disease (병성에 대한 소고)

  • Cho Seoung Yeoun;Lee Kwang Gyu
    • Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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    • v.16 no.5
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    • pp.857-866
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    • 2002
  • The main current in the pathology of oriental medicine is composed of etiologic factor, pathogenesis and clinical manifestation. The access of a disease is consist of etiologic factor, location of the lesion, nature of the disease and patient's condition. The nature of disease and the property of a drug are inseparably related to each other. The nature of disease is composed of six exogenous factors, cold and heat, deficiendy and excess, Yinyang and pain. Cold nature is divided into cold symptom due to excess and asthenia cold, fever nature is divided into sthenic fever and asthenic fever. According to the location, cold and heat can be subdivided into heat in the upper and cold in the lower, cold in the upper and heat in the lower, exterior cold and interior heat, exterior heat and interior cold. Yin syndrome characterized by hypofunction of the viscera is generated from insufficiency of yang-qi, excess of yin-coldness, deficiency of both qi and the blood.

Hypophyseal and Gonadal Response to GnRH in Buffalo Heifers (Bubalus bubalis)

  • Singh, C.;Madan, M.L.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.11 no.4
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    • pp.416-421
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    • 1998
  • The objective of this study was to investigate the responsiveness of hypophysis and gonads to synthetic GnRH among noncycling Murrah buffalo heifers at 24 months of age. The plasma FSH, LH, estradiol and progesterone levels were measured in blood samples collected at 1 hour before and upto 18th day subsequent to the administration of GnRH ($(200 {\mu}g)$) or saline (2 ml). The pretreatment levels of plasma FSH, LH estradiol and progesterone among GnRH treated heifers (N = 6) were $11.55{\pm}0.57ng/ml$, $0.68{\pm}0.06ng/ml$, $19.84{\pm}0.82pg/ml$ and $0.45{\pm}0.07ng/ml$ respectively. A quick elevation of FSH (p < 0.01) and LH (p < 0.05) within 5 min of GnRH administration was observed in all the heifers. The peak FSH ($74.97{\pm}18.63ng/ml$) and LH ($3.09{\pm}0.54ng/ml$) level was obtained at 30 min of GnRH administration. The elevated level of plasma estradiol on 5th to 18th day, FSH on 7th to 9th day (n = 3) and the progesterone on 13th to 18th day (n = 2) of GnRH injection was obtained. The study indicates that gonads of buffalo heifers at 24 months of age are responsive of GnRH induced gonadotropin release for folliculogenesis and luteal tissue formation

Use of ALLGIO Probe Assays for Detection of HBV Resistance to Adefovir in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B, Kerman, Iran

  • Afshar, Reza Malekpour;Mollaie, Hamid Reza
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • v.13 no.11
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    • pp.5463-5467
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    • 2012
  • Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is contagious with transmissiobn vertically or horizontally by blood products and body secretions. Over 50% of Iranian carriers contracted the infection prenatally, making this the most likely route of transmission of HBV in Iran. To evaluate the resistance to adefovir (ADV) therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection, a study was conducted on 70 patients (63 males and 7 females), who had received in first line lamivudine and second line adefovir. All were tested for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B envelope antigen (HBeAg), serum alanine amino transferase (ALT) level and HBV DNA load before and after treatment with ADV. In all samples, resistance to lamivudine and ADV was tested with real time PCR. Among seventy patients with chronic hepatitis B infection, 18 (25.7%) were resistant to LAM and 8 (11.4%) were resistant to ADV. Only one patient was negative for the presence of HBS-Ag (5.6%) and two were negative for HBe-Ag (11.1%). In this study we used a new method (ALLGIO probe assay) that has high sensitivity in detection of adefovir resistance mutants, which we recommend to other researchers. Mutant strains of the YMDD motif of HBV polymerase can be found in some patients under treatment with lamivudine and ADV. ADV has been demonstrated to be efficient in patients with lamivudine resistant HBV.

Protective Effect of Rutin on Splanchnic Injury Following Ischemia and Reperfusion in Rats

  • Lee, Hyang-Mi;Jang, Yoon-Young;Song, Jin-Ho;Kim, Kwang-Joon;Lim, In-Ja;Shin, Yong-Kyoo
    • The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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    • v.5 no.4
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    • pp.323-331
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    • 2001
  • A splanchic artery occlusion for 90 min followed by reperfusion of the mesenteric circulation resulted in a severe form of circulatory shock characterized by endothelial dysfunction, severe hypotension, marked intestinal tissue injury, and a high mortality rate. The effect of rutin, a flavonoid having antiprostanoid, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, antioxidant effect, were investigated in a model of splanchnic artery occlusion (SAO) shock in urethane anesthetized rats. Occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery for 90 min produced a severe shock state resulted in a fatal outcome within 120 min of reperfusion in many rats. Rutin was given as a bolus (1.28 mg/kg) 10 min prior to reperfusion. Administration of rutin significantly improved mean arterial blood pressure in comparison to vehicle treated rats (p<0.05). Rutin treatment also resulted in a significant attenuation in the increase in plasma amino nitrogen concentration, intestinal myeloperoxidase activity, intestinal lipid peroxidation, infiltration of neutrophils in intestine and thrombin induced adherence of neutrophils to superior mesentric artery segments. These results suggest that rutin provides beneficial effects in part by preserving endothelial function and attenuating neutrophil accumulation in the ischemic reperfused splanchnic circulation.

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Ethanol Prevents from Acetaminophen Inducible Hepatic Necrosis by Inhibiting its Metabolic Activation in Mice

  • Lee, Sun-Mee;Cho, Tai-Soon;Cha, Young-Nam
    • The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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    • v.2 no.2
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    • pp.261-269
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    • 1998
  • Concomitant administration of a single acute dose of ethanol (4 g/kg) protected mice from the hepatocellular injury observed upon administration of a large dose of acetaminophen (400 mg/kg). This was evidenced by the normal histological appearances of liver sections and by the lowered serum aminotransferase activities in mice treated with ethanol and acetaminophen together. In the mice treated with acetaminophen alone, along with the hepatic necrosis, the hepatic microsomal aminopyrine N-demethylase activity was decreased. However, co-administration of ethanol prevented this acetaminophen dependent inhibition on the microsomal mixed function oxidase activity. Pharmacokinetic studies indicated that the concentration of un-metabolized drug in the blood was increased in the ethanol treated mice. Furthermore, upon co-administration of ethanol, although the biliary levels of acetaminophen metabolites (glucuronide, sulfate and cysteine conjugates) were decreased, the level of unmetabolized acetaminophen was increased. Our findings suggest that co-administration of an acute dose of ethanol reduces the degree of hepatocellular necrosis produced by a large dose of acetaminophen and this ethanol dependent protection is, in major part, afforded by suppression of the hepatic microsomal mixed function oxidase activity catalyzing the metabolic activation of acetaminophen.

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