• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.1603-1612
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• 1996

The pressure loss coefficient of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids such as water, aqueous solutions of Carbopol-934 and Separan AP-273 and blood in the stenotic tubes are determined experimentally and numerically. The numerical analyses for flows of non-Newtonian fluids in the stenotic tubes are conducted by the finite element method. The effect of the contraction ratio and the ratio of length to diameter on the pressure drop are investigated by the experiments and numerical analysis. The pressure loss coefficients are significantly dependent upon the Reynolds number in the laminar flow regime. As Reynolds number increases, the pressure loss coefficients of both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids decrease in the laminar flow regime. As the ratio of length to diameter increases the maximum pressure loss coefficient increases in the laminar flow regime for both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. Newtonian fuid shows the highest values of pressure loss coefficient and blood the next, followed by Carbopol solution and Separan solution in order. Experimental results are used to verify the numerical analyses for flows of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. Numerical results for the maximum pressure loss coefficient in the stenotic tubes are in fairly good agreement with the experimental results. The relative differences between the numerical and experimental results of the pressure loss coefficients in the laminar flow regime range from 0.5% to 14.8%.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.753-758
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• 1985

Hemorrhage is an important complication after operation with cardiopulmonary bypass and sometimes necessitates a further emergency operation. Between July, 1962 and June, 1985, reoperation for hemorrhage was carried out on 81 patients [3.1%] out of a total 2634 patients who had previously undergone cardiopulmonary bypass surgery at the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Yonsei University Medical Center. There were 38 males and 43 females, with an average age of 25 years [ranging 6 months to 60 years] and an average body weight of 38 kg [ranging 5 to 77 kg].There were 43 patients of cyanotic heart disease, 32 patients of acquired valvular heart disease, 4 patients of coronary artery occlusive disease, 2 patients of ascending aorta aneurysm and annuloaortic ectasia. The average amount of blood loss in the case of cyanotic heart disease was 71.7140ml/kg, in acyanotic heart disease 45.16.3ml/kg, in acquired heart disease, 56.514.4ml/kg and in coronary artery occlusive disease, 50.618.7ml/kg during first post operative day. But there was no statistical difference [p>0.05]. The mean blood loss below 10 years old was 70.412.1 ml/kg. Those below 10 years old were believed to bleed more than any other group. But there was also no statistical difference [p>0.05]. Indications for reoperation were continued excessive blood loss [74%], cardiac tamponade or hypotension [23%] and radiological evidence of a large hematoma in the thorax and pericardium [2%]. Average bypass time was 2.10.1 hours [ranging 30 minutes to 5 hours]. The interval between operation and reoperation was as follows; less than 12 hours in 49 patients [60%], 12 to 24 hours in 20 patients [25%], 24 to 48 hours in 8 patients [10%], more than 48 hours in 4 patients [5%]. The commonest sites for bleeding were chest wall [36%], heart [34%], aorta [12%], pericardium [6%], thymus [5%] and others [6%]. But no definite source was found in ll patients [31%]. Twenty seven out of 81 patients [31%] had wound problems and 5 patients [6%] were expired. [Mean SEM]. In conclusion, in order to decrease the amount of blood loss after open heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass, shortening of bypass time and bleeding control at the wire suture site during chest wall closure were important. If the amount of blood loss was over 45 ml/kg or 8 m/kg/hour, reoperation should be considered as soon as possible. After operating, careful wound dressings were applied to prevent wound problems.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.1048-1054
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• 1992

With use of a simple, inexpensive and nonpharmacological program for blood conservation, 24 consecutive patients underwent elective or urgent coronary artery bypass grafting without need of homologous red cell transfusions and /or fresh frozen plasma transfusions in 16 patients[66.7%]. Left internal mammary artery graftings were done in 18 patients[75%], with supplemental saphenous vein grafts in all. Intraoperatively, autologous heparinized blood was removed before bypass and retransfused at the conclusion of ext-racorporeal circulation. The volume remaining in the oxygenator and tubing set was returned without cell processing or hemofiltration. Using the hard-shell cardiotomy reservoir from the oxygenator, autotransfusion of the shed mediastinal blood was continued hourly by the next early;norning. The mean postoperative mediastinal blood loss was 364$\pm$234ml, whereas 553$\pm$383ml was autotransfused. 4 patients [16.7%] received homologous blood and an additional 4 patients[16.7%] fresh frozen plasma. Thus, in total, 16 patients[66.7%] were not exposed to any homologous blood products during the hospital stay. At discharge, the mean hemoglobin concentration was 10.3$\pm$1.6g /dl. Postoperative complications were few and there was no hospital death.

• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.166-171
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• 2010

Background: Controlled hypotension is used to reduce bleeding and improve surgical conditions during surgery. Nicardipine and remifentanil have been used to induce controlled hypotension in healthy patients. This study compared controllability of nicardipine and remifentanil on hemodynamic stability during controlled hypotension. Methods: Forty healthy patients scheduled for orthognathic two jaw surgery were randomly allocated to nicardipine (group N) and remifentanil (group R) group. After induction of anesthesia, group N (n = 20) was infused with nicardipine to induce hypotension and group R (n = 20) was infused with remifentanil. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were measured over 5 minute interval. Surgical field rating and blood loss were measured after surgery. Results: HR was lower in group R than group N. MAP was maintained at 50-60 mmHg during controlled hypotension but the fluctuation of blood pressure and HR were more frequent in group N than group R. There were no significant differences in the surgical field rating and blood loss between the groups. Conclusions: Nicardipine and remifentanil enabled controlled hypotension and provided good surgical conditions, but the fluctuation of hemodynamic parameters was more frequent in nicardipine group.

• CELLMED
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.12.1-12.3
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• 2015

Adolescent menorrhagia is defined as excessive menstrual bleeding from menarche to adolescents. It is a distressing condition both for the patient as well as for her parents. If it is not managed in time itmay pose significant health problems that may leads to blood transfusion. We determined the efficacy of Geru (Red ochre) in controlling the amount and duration of blood flow in patients of Adolescent menorrhagia. This study included 40 teenage girls, who presented with heavy bleeding during menstruation to Outpatient Department, Sameena Maternity Nursing Home, Hyderabad during the year of 2013. Assessment of each case was done by history and Pictorial Blood loss Assessment Chart (PBAC) score. Geru powder was given for 2 cycles and results were assessed. The data was analyzed statistically. The mean PBAC score before treatment was $497.04{\pm}389.92$ and after trial in $1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$ it was found to be $471.13{\pm}162.18$ and $310.13{\pm}142.15$ respectively. On basis of results it was concluded that single unani drug Geru is enough in controlling bleeding and was found effective by its astringent and styptic properties.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.214-220
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• 2017

Background: Dapagliflozin is an oral selective inhibitor of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2(SGLT2), the kidney transporter chiefly responsible for glucose reabsorption from the glomerular filtrate. Because this mechanism does not require the action of insulin, dapagliflozin rarely causes hypoglycemia. Dapagliflozin may affect blood glucose control as well as blood pressure and the body weight which are one of the cardiovascular disease risk factors. However, dehydration and ketoacidosis are reported as the side effects of the dapagliflozin treatment and the safety issues have been occurred. The aim of this study is to analyze the effectiveness and adverse events of dapagliflozin in Korean patients. Methods: From December 2014 to August 2015, we retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical records of type 2 diabetes patients who were prescribed dapagliflozin at Severance Hospital. Results: A total of 202 Korean patients were enrolled in this study. The effectiveness in the reduction of blood glucose was statistically significant(p<0.001). Dapagliflozin decreased 0.74% of HbA1c after 24 weeks. Significantly more participants achieved the target HbA1c level(HbA1c<7%) after 24 weeks(n=42, 35.3%) than before taking dapagliflozin(n=21, 17.6%). Blood pressure decreased 5.7 mmHg systolic blood pressure(SBP), 1.9 mmHg diastolic blood pressure(DBP) after 24 weeks. More than one quarter of participants(n=35, 29.4%) experienced weight loss. Most common adverse event was genitourinary symptoms. Conclusion: In this study, the effectiveness of dapagliflozin in improving glycemic control, blood pressure control, and weight loss was statistically significant. However, elderly and female patients, who have higher incidence of adverse events, should use dapagliflozin cautiously.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.884-889
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to examine the changes of body composition and heinz body blood component after 3 days rapid weight loss(5.16% of total body weight) through combined method with total food restriction and dehydration. The result were as follows: The average weight showed a significant difference between before and after rapid weight loss(p < .05). The percentage of body fat showed some decrease in average with $12.14{\pm}1.80\;(%)$ after weight decrement in an average of $12.68{\pm}1.69\;(%)$ before rapid weight loss, but the difference that noted did not show. The body fluid showed a significant difference between before and after rapid weight loss(p < .05). RDW, ESR, and Heinz body formation showed a significant increase after rapid weight loss. It was concluded that rapid weight loss techniques result in deleterious effects on body composition and red blood cell in middle school wrestler.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.332-345
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• 2023

Objectives: We examined the association of hearing with cardio-metabolic diseases, dyslipidemia, hypertension and diabetes mellitus according to the personal and occupational characteristics of workers exposed to noise. Methods: The subjects of the study were 237,028 workers who underwent 2, 3, and 4 kHz airway pure tone audiometry in 2015 and who underwent clinical tests to diagnose cardiovascular-metabolic diseases. Cardiovascular-metabolic diseases were defined using reference values for respective items including blood pressure (systolic/diastolic), fasting blood glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides. The airway pure tone hearing threshold of 2, 3, and 4 kHz, the average threshold of 2-3-4 kHz, and the hearing loss by the average threshold of the primary examination were distinguished. Results: Workers with cardiovascular-metabolic disease had significantly higher average hearing thresholds and higher rates of hearing loss. Logistic regression analysis, which adjusted for demographic variables of gender and age and occupational variables such as workplace size, industry, and type of work, and cardiovascular-metabolic disease as independent variables, showed that the odds ratio of hypertension to hearing loss in the mid-frequency was 1.239 (95% confidence interval: 1.118-1.374). For hypertension was 1.159 (1.107-1.214) and for diabetes it was 1.166 (1.104-1.230) for hearing loss in the high-frequency. Hearing loss measured by mean hearing was 1.178 (1.105-1.256) for hypertension and 1.181 (1.097-1.271) for diabetes. Conclusions: Cardiovascular-metabolic diseases in noise-exposed workers are associated with an increased risk of hearing loss and should be accompanied by bio-monitoring of cardiovascular-metabolic diseases in addition to auditory surveillance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.97-101
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• 1994

Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of ambient temperature and nicarbazin on SCWL adult roosters. In Experiment 1, the effects of nicarbazin supplementation (125 ppm) on the water metabolism, blood acid-base balance; and rectal temperature of 16 birds in normal ($21^{\circ}C$) and hot ($35-36^{\circ}C$) temperature were investigated. In Experiment 2, the evaporative water loss and $CO_2$ exhalation from 8 birds were measured individually with an open-circuit gravimetric respiration apparatus in normal ($21^{\circ}C$) and hot ($33.5-34^{\circ}C$) temperature. The amount of water intake and evaporative water loss increased in birds under heat stress (HS). Nicarbazin exacerbated these effect in hot temperature. Also, nicarbazin decreased the blood $pCO_2$ and increased pH of HS birds. The rectal temperature of birds increased in hot temperature, and nicarbazin worsened this effect. The evaporative water loss, measured directly with respiration apparatus (Experiment 2), was increased in hot temperature. HS decreased the amount of $CO_2$ exhalation. Nicarbazin did not exert ant effect on either of these measurements, probably due to the limited duration (2 h) of the trial. The decrease in $CO_2$ exhalation by HS birds could be explained by reduced metabolic rate, which helps homeothermy of birds in hot temperature.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.65-79
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• 2003

Many of the diseases that occur in a life being are either closely related to water, or they occur by loss or deterioration of water metabolism. There are six parts of study on this subject in ${\ulcorner}$Dongeubogam${\lrcorner}$. The parts are, the part of Jinaek the part of Dameum the part of Sobyeon the part of Bujong the part of Changman and the part of Seub. In these parts, it mentions loss of perspiration, abnormal urination, edema, abdominal dropsy, formation of abnormal body fluid and intrusion of dampness into the body and etc as the abnormal water metabolism. Loss of perspiration and urination is a process of eliminating the dampness in the body. Perspiration would be the abnormality of yanghwa[陽化]. Urination would be the loss of eumhwa[陰化]. Eum[飮] is the fluid accumulated in the body that failed to go through the process of Cihwa[氣化]. Dam[痰] is formed when the body fluid is heated by the smoking-fire. Meanwhile, the dampness occurs when the water penetrates into the bones, muscles and joints. Edema and abdominal dropsy are both outcomes of accumulated body fluid. Edema is the liquified body fluid congested on the surface or the peripheral ends of the body. Abdominal dropsy is congestion of fluid, that lost the characteristic of blood due to blood deterioration, in the abdominal part.