• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.25-37
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• 1986

This study was undertaken to measure the diffusibility and antimicrobial effectiveness of the medication used in clinical practice. To study the diffusibility of the root canal medicament, loss of formocresol and camphorated phenol from a cotton pellet after insertion into the pulp chamber of 260 molars prepared as routine endodontic treatment was measured. Measurement was done for the one time insertions and for the reinsertions using ultraviolet spectrophotometer. Antibacterial effectiveness against three microoganisms, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and a-hemolytic streptococcus, on the blood agar plate was observed by measurement of the inhibition zone with. various amount of medicaments. The following results were observed. 1. Nearly all of the medication were lost in the first day after insertion and the residual amount of camphorated phenol was greater than that of formocresol. 2. Residual amounts of medication in the reinsertion group were greater than that of the one time insertion group. 3. Within the pulp chamber diffusibility of formocresol was greater than that of camphorated phenol. 4. The amount of formocresol diffusing out from the tooth was greater than that of camphorated phenol. 5. Antibacterial effectiveness was observed from the residual amount of formocresol in the reinsertion group and in other groups no antibacterial effectiveness was observed.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.67-71
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• 2014

In November 2012, a 4-month-old foal with anorexia, neurologic signs with ataxia and death was submitted for necropsy to the diagnostic laboratory of Jeju Self-Governing Provincial Veterinary Research Institute. Grossly, yellowish-white fibrinous materials were seen on the ventral cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata and cervical spinal cord of the foal. Histologically, severe fibrino-purulent meningitis characterized by the infiltration of neutrophils and fibrionous exudates with bacterial colonies were presented in cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem and cervical spinal cord. In the bacterial isolation using meningeal exudate, the small white colonies on blood agar plate with ${\beta}$-hemolysis were observed. Isolated bacteria were Gram-positive cocci and confirmed as Streptococcus (S.) equi subsp. zooepidemicus by VITEK 2 system. Based on the histopathological features and the bacterial test, this case was diagnosed as meningitis associated with S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus infection in a foal. In our best knowledge, this is the first report for fibrino-purulent meningitis caused by S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus infection in Jeju.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.209-216
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• 2011

This study carried out to investigate the pathogenic Streptococcus spp. isolated from respiratory tract of Thoroughbred in Jeju province. The specimens were collected from nasal mucosa using a culture swab from 113 Thoroughbred horses. Suspected colonies were selected onto blood and MacConkey agar plate, and identified by standard biochemical properties using Vitek 2 system and PCR method. In this study, we isolated S. equi (n=6), S. zooepidemicus (n=31), S. equisimilis (n=5), S. dysgalactiae (n=2), S. agalctiae (n=1), non identified ${\beta}$-hemolytic Streptococcus spp. (n=1) from Thoroughbred horses. In antimicrobial susceptibility test, it showed a high sensibility in the most of antimicrobial except for neomycin, streptomycin, spectinomycin, erythromycin and clindamycin. These results will provide the basic information to establish control measures for the treatment and prevention of respiratory disease by pathogenic Streptococcus spp. in Thoroughbred horses in Korea.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.208-216
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was done to identify the differences in effectiveness of disinfections for surgical hand scrubbing according to the duration of scrubbing and the type of disinfectant. Method: From June 30 to August 14, 2003, the data were collected from 30 surgical nurses and surgeons in one general hospital in P city, Korea. All participants washed their hands with two different disinfectants and four different scrubbing times, they placed both finger tips on a blood agar plate and using sterile cotton tips microbes were collected from their palms, nails and forearms. Results: The first hypothesis of this study(with same disinfectant, there will be no difference in effect of disinfection in surgical hand scrub among four time groups) was supported. The second hypothesis of this study(with same duration of surgical hand scrub, there will be no difference in effect between two disinfectants) was also supported. Conclusion: There are no differences in effectiveness of disinfection for surgical hand scrubbing according to duration of the scrubbing and the type of disinfectant. So it is concluded that the effectiveness of disinfection depends more on the exactly how the scrubbing is done rather than the duration of scrubbing or the type of disinfectant.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.54-59
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• 2024

A 12-year-old female small-clawed Asian otter (Anoyx cinereus) with a one-week history of anorexia, chills, and abdominal distension was found dead. Grossly, yellowish-brown turbid fluids accumulated in abdominal cavity of the otter, and yellowish thread-like fibrinous materials were found on the surface of abdominal organs. Several variable sized yellowish-white crystalloids were scattered on the medullary space of kidneys. Histologically, diffuse serositis (peritonitis) characterized by the fibrinous exudates, thickened serosal capsule and the swelling of mesothelial cells were observed in the serosa of liver, spleen, stomach, and intestine. Multifocal necrosis, hemorrhage, infiltration of macrophage, and brown pigments were presented in the liver. Isolated bacteria from ascites and fibrinous materials in abdominal visceral surface were white, smooth and convex with characteristic mousy odor on blood agar plate. These bacteria were confirmed as Pasteurella (P.) multocida type A by polymerase chain reaction analysis. Based on the gross examination, histopathologic findings and bacterial experiments, this otter was diagnosed as severe peritonitis associated with P. multocida and necrotic hepatitis.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.64-80
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• 1998

The risk of cross-contamination in dental clinic is very high. Those who are engaged in dental clinic are exposed to various microorganisms in saliva and blood of patient. Potential possibility of cross-contamination of patient to patient, patient to dentist, dentist to laboratory technician always exist, which is important in the view of public health. It is well known that microorganisms may cause cross-contamination by suck-back of microorganisms into the water supply line or air supply line of dental unit and sprayed back into the next patient's oral cavity. The majority of microorganisms coming from dental unit are water microorganisms from the main water supply which have colonized the tube within the units and multiplied in the relatively warm and stagnant conditions. The purpose of this study is to measure the extent of microbial contamination of dental unit and ultrasonic scaler, to evaluate that dental unit water supply is suitable for drinking water, and to assess the effect of flushing on reduction of microbial contamination of dental unit and ultrasonic scaler. In the first experiment, water samples(50ml) from 20 dental units and 10 ultrasonic scalers in Seoul National Univ. Hosp. were tested for the presence of coliform. The samples were filtered by membrane filtration technique.(Microfil system, Millipore Co. U. S. A.) The filter was then placed onto MacConkey agar plate and the plates with filter on it were incubated aerobically at $37^{\circ}C$ for 5 days. The colors and shapes of colonies were examined if those were coliform. To verify the presence of coliform, the colonies were inoculated into phenol red lactose broth and incubated aerobically at $37^{\circ}C$ for 2 days. The fomation of gas was observed. In the second experiment, water samples from 20 handpieces, 10 ultrasonic scalers and 30 A/W syringes after 0, 2, 4, 6 min. flushing respectively were taken. $200{\mu}l$ water samples were spreaded on Brain Heart Infusion agar plate and the plates were incubated aerobically at $37^{\circ}C$ for 5 days. The number of colony was counted. The results obtained were summarized as follows 1. The water from dental unit and ultrasonic scaler was not suitable for drinking water. 2. No coliform was founded in dental unit and ultrasonic scaler water supply. 3. The number of colony of dental unit and ultrasonic scaler was highest in the group of o min. flushing(p<0.05). 4. There was no statistically significant difference in the extent of microbial contamination among handpiece, ultrasonic scaler and A/W syringe (p>0.05). 5. The number of colony was lowest in the group of 4 min. flushing, but there was no statistically significant difference among 2, 4, 6 min. flushing groups.(p>0.05) 6. It is recommended to flush dental unit water line for 4 min. after use on each patient.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.427-439
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• 2021

Objectives: This study aims to investigate differences in microbial contamination according to the duration and environment of mask wearing. Methods: Forty-five participants were recruited from workers in an offices, multi-purpose facilities, and a schools. After wearing of KF94 mask for two. four, and six hours, the microorganisms adsorbed on the outer and inner layers of the mask were inoculated on BAP(Blood Agar Plate), Chocolate agar, and SDA plates. The bacterial count (CFUs: colony-forming units) cultured in each plate was measured and analyzed for changes in filtration efficiency. Results: The microbial contamination of masks worn in classrooms, offices, and multi-purpose facilities showed a significant difference depending on the environment (p<0.000). The measured CFUs increased significantly according to the time wearing the mask. The difference between the inner and outer layers of the mask was also significant (p<0.05). However, there was no statistical difference in the filtration efficiency of the masks by duration time (p=0.515). Conclusions: Masks worn by workers in the offices, multi-purpose facilities, and schools showed an increase of microbial contamination with the amount of time wearing the mask. The results indicate that the masks used in daily life may have adverse health effects if they are worn for a long time or reused over several days without the realizing that the masks can be contaminated with biological hazards. Guidelines on the safe threshold time for mask use should be established through further research.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.409-422
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• 2005

치아우식증 및 치주질환에 이환 여부와 치근단 병소의 존재 유무에 따라 급성 치수염 또는 급성 치근단 농양이라고 진단된 17개 치아의 치관부 치수를 제거하고, 치근에 존재하는 괴사된 치수 및 농양부위의 샘플을 채취하여, 혐기성 상태에서 세균을 배양하고, 이들을 16S rDNA 클로닝 및 핵산염기서열결정법으로 종 수준에서 동정하였다. 그 결과 17개의 치근관감염 병소에서 모두 71개의 세균 군락이 자라났으며, 그 중 계대 배양을 통해서 적응하여 자라난 것이 56 균주였다. 치아우식증에 의한 치근관 감염 병소와 치아우식증이 아닌 다른 원인에 의한 치근관 감염 병소에서 검출되는 세균은 서로 다른 양상을 보였다. 즉, 치아우식증에 의한 치아의 치근관 감염 병소에서 연쇄상구균들이 $72.7\%$(8/11)로 가장 많은 빈도로 검출되었다. 반면에 치아우식증이 없는 치아의 치근관 감염 병소에서는 Actinomyces속의 균주들이 $66.7\%$로 가장 높은 빈도로 검출되었다. 치근단 병소가 있는 경우의 치근관 감염 병소에는 대체로 혐기성 세균인 Clostridia 아문, Bacteroides 문, Fusobacteria 문의 균주들이 검출되었지만, 치근단 병소가 없는 치아에서는 검출되지 않았다 반면에 치근단 병소가 없는 치근관 병소에서는 연쇄상구균($60\%$)과 Actinomyces속($50\%$)의 균주들이 높은 빈도로 검출되었다. 본 연구에서는 아직까지 종 수준에서 동정되지 않은 2 균주(ChDC B639 및 ChDC B631)의 Actinomyces속에 속하는 균주가 분리되었다. 이상의 결과를 종합할 때, 세균배양법에 의한 치수 및 치근단 감염 병소에서는 다양한 세균이 검출되었으며, 이는 치근관 감염이 여러 세균에 의해 발병 및 진행된다는 기존의 연구 결과와 동일함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 본 연구 결과 분리 동정된 균주들은 치근관질환과 이와 관련된 세균간의 역학조사에 중요한 자원으로 이용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.103-108
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) using erythrosine and a halogen light source to treat a biofilm formed on a machined surface titanium disk in vivo. Ten volunteers carried an acrylic appliance containing six machined surface titanium disks on the upper jaw over a period of five days. After the five days of biofilm formation period, the disks were removed. PDT using 20 ${\mu}M$ erythrosine and halogen light was then applied to the biofilms formed on the disks. Experimental samples were divided into a negative control group (no erythrosine and no irradiation), E0 group (erythrosine 60s + no irradiation), E30 group (erythrosine 60s + halogen light 30s), and E60 group (erythrosine 60s + halogen light 60s). Following PDT, the bacteria in the biofilm were found to be detached from each disk. Each suspension with detached bacteria were diluted and cultivated on a blood-agar plate for five days under anaerobic conditions. The cultivated bacterial counts in the E60 group were significantly lower than the control group (86.4%) or E0 group (76.7%). In the experimental groups also, the light exposure time and bacterial counts showed a negative correlation. In conclusion, PDT using erythrosine and halogen light has bactericidal effects on biofilms formed on a titanium disk in vivo. Notably, applying 20 ${\mu}M$ erythrosine and 60 seconds of halogen light irradiation had a significantly potent effect.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.312-315
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• 2009

Objective: It is important to sterilize oral cavity with antibacterial agent before surgery for preventing infection. The object of this study was to compare the effect on reduction of salivary bacterial counts according to applied time when povidone-iodine (PVI) and chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX), most broadly used materials in dentistry, were applied intraorally before the surgery. Methods: Sixty subjects were divided into 6 groups. PVI and CHX were applied in each group for 1, 2 and 3 minutes, respectively. Then salivary microbacteria taken before and after applying the materials were cultured using 5% sheep blood agar plate. Results: There was significant difference in reduction of microbacteria in both PVI and CHX and the effect did not show differences depending on time. When applied for a minute, PVI showed somewhat higher reduction rate than CHX, but in the other groups, there was no difference in reduction rate. Conclusion: We found that there was no significant difference in sterilization ability of PVI and CHX in all groups in this study. Therefore, both agents would get sufficient effect when applied for a minute.