• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2024

Objectives Alcohol is metabolized to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme in the liver and then acetaldehyde is metabolized to acetone by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) in the liver. There are two main ALDH enzymes which metabolize the acetaldehyde produced during ethanol oxidation. In particular, in the presence of the ALDH2 1^*2 allele, the activity of the ALDH 2 enzyme is lowered. As a result, acetaldehyde metabolism is slowed down and acetaldehyde accumulates in the body compared to the ALDH2 1^*1 allele. There are many studies that have investigated the blood acetaldehyde concentration according to the ALDH2 genotype, but there are few studies to compare this with age. So we investigated the blood acetaldehyde concentration according to ALDH2 genotype, age and gender. Methods According to the ALDH2 genotype, we divided the group by gender and age. We divided the age group in to three groups which ranged from 20 to 34 years old, from 35 to 49 years old, and lastly from 50 to 64 years old. And then we collected blood samples after 15 min, 30 min, 1 hr, 2 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr, 5 hr and 15 hr of after drinking to measure the blood acetaldehyde concentration. Results In ALDH2 1^*2 allele group, there are significant differences of the blood acetaldehyde concentration between the age groups. In ALDH2 1^*2 allele and male group, there are significant differences of the blood acetaldehyde concentration between the age groups. Conclusions There are significant differences of the blood acetaldehyde concentration between the age groups according to ALDH2 genotype. Also, there are significant differences of the blood acetaldehyde concentration between the age groups with male gender and ALDH2 1^*2 allele. Studies about other factors that may influence the blood acetaldehyde concentration are needed.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.107-112
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• 2005

Excessive drinking causes 'alcohol hangover' within 8-16 hours. The cause of 'hangover' has not been elucidated exactly until now, but it is reported that it is caused by the creation of blood ethanol and acetaldehyde as ethanol metabolites. In this study vinegar extract of wood (VE) or OC-1, to which the powder extract of green tea leaves extract is added, was administered to the rats 30 minutes before the oral administration of ethanol (3 g/kg) and the blood ethanol and acetaldehyde concentration was measured in order to evaluate the efficacy of the beverage material for detoxification. As a result, the blood ethanol concentration in the group of the VE-1(vinegar crude extract) and VE-2 (double diluted solution) is statistically lower (P,0.05) than the exclusive alcohol administered control group. The blood acetaldehyde concentration of all groups of VE and OC-2, which is the double dilution of OC-1, is statistically low after 7 hours following ethanol administration. Especially, the AUC value of OC-2 group is statistically low compared to the control group. Accordingly, it indicates the conclusion that VE and OC-1, reducing the blood ethanol and acetaldehyde concentration which are two leading factors of 'hangover' after drinking, and worthwhile to be developed as beverage materials to eliminate 'hangover'.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.62-65
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• 2001

Persimmon has been known to help alcohol intoxication in Korea for a long time and is prepared as a processed food. The effect of dried persimmon snacks on alcohol metabolism was determined in vivo. Eight Korean men (25~27 years old) were administered 3.5 mL/kg of alcohol (22.5%, w/v) with or without a dried persimmon snack (2g/kg). The levels of alcohol in the blood and of acetaldehyde in the blood and the urine were determined by alcoholmeter and assay using alcohol dehydrogenase and HPLC, respectively. All subjects showed decreased levels of alcohol in blood, and six subjects showed a decrease of alcohol in urine after consumption of ethanol with dried persimmon snacks. Concentration of acetaldehyde in the blood an urine decreased significantly in three and five of the eight subjects, respectively. Reduction was more significant for alcohol than for alcohol than for acetaldehyde with administration of ethanol and dried persimmon snacks. This in vivo result suggests that dried persimmon snacks are effective in decreasing th concentration of alcohol after alcohol intake.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.171-175
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• 1995

Effects of $Biozyme_{R}$ and $\textrm{Business}_{R}$ on alcohol metabolism in rats, and on the activities of alcohol dehydrogenase(ADH) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase(ALDH) were studied in vitro. Alcohol concentration in rat blood was decreased after the treatment of Business(3.3 mι/kg, Biozyme 1.67 mg/wι) and Biozyme(3.3 mι/kg, 1.67 mg/mι) prior to the administration of ethanol(25%, 0.83 g/kg). And the acetaldehyde concentration of rat blood was also decreased when compared with control values in the same condition. Effects of Biozyme on ADH and ALDH activity were also studied. While the ALDH activity was elevated in the presence of Biozyme(2 $\mu\textrm{g}$/assay), the ADH activity was not influenced by Biozyme at the concentration range from 2 $\mu\textrm{g}$/assay to 0.2 mg/assay. In summary, Biozyme accelerated the rate of ethanol metabolism and the acceleration might be due to the increase in ALDH activity.vity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.187-191
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• 1994

The present stduy was undertaken to investigate the possible effect of Puffer fish skin extract (Pf) on the heptic acetaldehyde metabolism . It was obsrved that PF markedly decreased the acetaldehyde levels in blood and liver. The activity of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (Ald DH) increased by induction of acute intoxicatiion of alcohol (5 g/kg) was further increased through pretreatment with PF for 2 weeks. When PF was given to rat fed with 25% alcohol solution instead of water for 6 weeks. the activity of Ald DH in mitochondrial fraction decreased to about 28% compared with sucrose-treated group. But after pretreatemnt of PF, the activity was restored to the normal level. By the treatment with disulfiram (300 mg/kg, once a day for 3days) was restored to the control after the pretreatment with PF. And also mitochondrial Ald DH activity in vitro was not changed. All these observations suggest that reduction of acetaldehyde levels are partly due to increase activity of mitochondrial Ald DH. Therefore, the recovery from intoxication of acetaldehyde may be enhanced by treatment with PF.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.78-82
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• 2004

Effects of the extract of oriental herbal composition, Jang Baek Union (JBU), on hangover and liver function were studied in rats. To investigate anti-hangover effect, alcohol concentration and acetaldehyde concentration of blood were measured after oral ethanol treatment. Blood alcohol concentration was significantly reduced by pre-treatment of JBU extract. The effect of JBU extract on the blood acetaldehyde concentration was more significant than commercial product used as a positive control. To investigate hepato-protective effect, serum GOT and GPT levels and histological changes of liver tissue were analyzed in $CCl_4$-treated rats. JBU extract adminstration significantly inhibited the increase of serum GPT and GOT levels induced by $CCl_4$-treatment. Moreover, histological injuries of liver tissue such as fatty changes and sinusoidal leukocytosis were inhibited by JBU extract.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.549-553
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• 1995

Ethanol concentration in blood, brain and liver of rats was shown to be effectively lowered by arrowroot flower extract. The lowering effect for ethanol concentration in blood was maximum when measured after 1 hour from ethanol feeding. Hot water extract was more effective than 80% ethanol extract. The treatment of extract at 10 min. before ethanol feeding gave a better result than that at 10 min after or 1 hour before ethanol feeding. The ethanol concentration in brain and liver was lowered as found in the blood ethanol concentration. Acetaldehyde was not detected either in blood or the tissues. The optimal amount of the Puerariae flos was 55.7 mg/kg body weight. The newly developed analytical method using dichloromethane as extracting solvent was proven to be very effective in terms of speed and simplicity.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.387-391
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• 2007

Recently, much attention has been paid to developing various kinds of fermented herbal extracts, a new type of traditional herbal medicine, in the field of Korean traditional medicine. The fermentation of medicinal herbs is intended to exert a favorable influence on digestability, bioavailavility and pharmacological activity of herbal extract in the gastrointestinal tract. It also produces a number of fermentation products that intensify the nutritional and pharmacological aspects of the medicinal herbs. In order to develop a functional beverage of alleviating the aftereffects of the previous drinks, the extracts (HP-1) of fermented herbal mixture, including Artemisia capillaris Thunb., Lonicera japonica Thunberg, and Hovenia dulcis Thunb., were prepared and the medicinal effect as a hangover cure was evaluated in ethanol-loaded rats. The enzyme activities of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) were analyzed by measuring the concentration of blood ethanol and acetaldehyde. The mRNA expression of ADH and ALDH2 was also investigated through RT-PCR analysis. In the HP-1-treated group, the concentration of blood ethanol was significantly reduced at one hour after loading of ethanol, as compared to that in the saline-treated group. The reduced ethanol was converted to acetaldehyde, which resulted in rapid increase in acetaldehyde concentration in an hour. Acetaldehyde was started to decrease at 5 hours after ethanol loading. It implies that HP-1 is highly effective to stimulate the activities of ADH and ALDH2. The HP-1 treatment also activated the mRNA expression of ADH and ALDH. This study suggests that fermented herbal extract, HP-1 can be used as a functional beverage of alleviating the alcohol-induced hangover symptoms by stimulating the activities and gene expression of hepatic alcohol metabolizing enzymes.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.118-121
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• 1994

Alcohol and acetaldehyde concentrations were measured in the blood and brain of rats which were treated with 20% alcohol (control group) or co-administered 20% alcohol with ginseng extract residue roasted (test group). There was no change in blood alcohol concentration between control and test group. However, the brain alcohol concentration was lowered in the test group which was treated for seven days. The concentration of aldehyde in the brain and blood was lowered in the test group. The activities of monoamine oxidase b in various regions of brain were recovered to normal group in the test groups. However, the Quantities of naloxone binding receptors were not changed by ginseng extract residue roasted.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1207-1213
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• 2008

The possible protective effects of highly zinc-containing yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, FF-10 strain, isolated from tropical fruit rambutan on acute alcoholic liver injury in rats were evaluated. Zinc concentration in this strain was 30.6mg%. The activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and $\gamma$-glutamyl transpeptidase ($\gamma$-GTP) were highly increased when alcohol was treated, relative to the normal rats. Also, a highly significant increase in the blood alcohol and acetaldehyde levels by alcohol treatment was observed. Administration of FF-10 strain markedly prevented alcohol-induced elevation of the activities of serum ALT, AST, and $\gamma$-GTP, and the levels of blood alcohol and acetaldehyde, and these reduced levels reached to that of normal rats. As compared with alcohol treated control rats, the FF-10 strain supplementation showed highly decreased the triglyceride concentration in serum. Alcohol treatment induced the marked accumulation of small lipid droplets, hepatocytes necrosis, and inflammation, but FF-10 strain administration attenuated to alcohol-induced accumulation of small lipid droplets and hepatocyte necrosis in the liver. Therefore, the current finding suggests that zinc-enriched yeast FF-10 strain isolated from tropical fruit rambutan may have protective effect against alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity.