• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.98-108
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of limited methods, economics and breeding appropriateness of native and imported ground cover plants in the methodology of a shallow soil rooftop garden. The new shallow soil rooftop gardening method uses a total of 13cm in soil thickness, including 4.5cm of top soil on a 7.5cm rock-wool-mat stacked onto a 1cm roll-type-draining plate. The total construction cost for each method of soil level within the design price standard for SEDUM BLOCK is 89,433won/$m^2$, and for DAKU is 92,550won/$m^2$. By comparing those two methods, the construction cost of the shallow soil artificial foundation methodology is 45,000won/$m^2$; this shows the new method is 50% less expensive than the existing method of shallow soil rooftop gardening. The experiment was executed on the rooftop of the Korean National Housing Corporation to ensure validity of the shallow soil artificial foundation planting, and the sample plants which were imported and grown now in native covering. A list investigating the growing plants was made of the cover rate in each plant class, both while alive and the dry plant weight. The native ground cover plants, Sedum kamtschaticum, Sedum middendorffianum, Allium senescens, Sedum sarmentosum, Aquilegia buergariana, and Caryopteris incana increased the cover rate, live weight and dry weight in the shallow soil artificial foundation method. Among the imported cover plants, Sedum sprium and Sedum reflexum, the cover rate increased and growth conditions improved. However, some species needed weed maintenance. After examination with the less expensive shallow soil artificial foundation method and growth analysis, it was found that rooftop gardens are a low-cost option and the growth of plants is great. This result shows the new method can contribute to the proliferation of rooftop gardens in urban settings.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.9
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• pp.1079-1087
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• 2013

Speed germination success and robust vegetative growth of citrus rootstock through improved sowing methods and fertilizer inputs offer the usage of root system for the citrus. The current study evaluated the influence of seed coat removal and different fertilizer concentrations on plant germination and plant growth of spontaneous rootstock siblings. Decoated and coated seeds of diploid and tetraploid plants were sown in tubes. Commercial fertilizer concentrations of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and $10g{\cdot}l^{-1}$ were added. The experimental layout followed a randomized block $2{\times}6$ factorial design (seed coat removal ${\times}$ fertilizer concentration) for each rootstock. Fertilizer concentrations were 0, 10, 20 and $30g{\cdot}l^{-1}$ of the fertilizer for the resistance of the strength on the salt level. The germination rate of seeds without testa sown in vitro was improved (67-80%) compared to that of nontreated seeds. The eventual tree height of the seeds without testa in the diploid group was increased due to higher fertilization compared to that in the nontreated group. The removal of seed testa promoted the seed germination of both diploid and tetraploid trifoliate orange and resulted in greater height. Their vegetative development was also increased due to the increased fertilization of the rootstock. The Fv/Fm value for the diploid plants was 0.4 and 0.8 for the tetraploid ones under salt stress after 11 days of treatment. The removal of seed testa may improve the seed germination of trifoliate orange. Tetraploid trifoliate orange appears to possess resistance to salt stress compared to the diploid variety.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.357-364
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• 2014

This study aimed to determine effects of the use of water-retention additive, hydrophilic polymer, for extensive green roofs on growth of Juniperus chinensis var. sargentii and Euonymus fortunei 'Emerald and Gold' for woody plants, and Carex kobomugi and Carex pumila for herbaceous plants. Five different contents of hydrophilic polymer including 0% (Control), 1.0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, and 10% (polymer: medium (w/w), dry weight basis) were added to each of the container filed with a 100 kg of growth medium. Ten of plants were transplanted in each of square container ($1m(L){\times}1m(W){\times}0.3m$ (H)) built on the roof platforms in randomized complete block design in the $20^{th}$ of May, 2013. In results, excessively high volumetric soil water content, about 97-98%, was found in the substrate under elevated hydrophilic polymer concentration of at least 2.5%, during the entire growing period. The moisture content of the substrate containing 1.0% of hydrophilic polymer was higher about 20% in the range between 70% and 80%, compared tho that of Control substrate in the range between 50% and 60%, for 27 days after transplanting prior to abundant rainfall, indicating that the application of hydrophilic polymer to the extensive green roof substrate is effective to eliminate drought condition by retaining water in the substrate. Euonymus fortunei 'Emerald and Gold' and Carex kobomugi resulting in higher plant growth with 2.5% than those of the other treatment plants. Juniperus chinensis var. sargentii was observed the highest growth under 1.0% hydrophilic polymer treatement, and Carex pumila was founded the best growth with Control respectively. Plants that grown in both the 1.0% and 2.5% hydrophilic polymer survived all, while the plants that grown in the 5.0% and 10% hydrophilic polymer died after 3 months. These results suggest that advantage of the addition of hydrophilic polymer may be greater in drought-tolerant plants, but the mixture proportion of hydrophilic polymer should be determined according to the different features of the plant species being grown.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.357-364
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to efficiently produce forage crop seed of spring oat (Avena sativa L., cultivar High Speed) in Gyeongbuk area. Forage crop oats (130 kg/ha) were sown with a randomized block design. They were sown in triplicates in 2015 and 2016 using basal fertilizer of 70 kg N, 74 kg P, and 39 kg K/ha. Agronomic traits and seed production of oats were investigated to determine the influence of seeding dates (February 28/29th, March 10th, and March 20th). Heading, flowering, and maturing dates of these oats sown on February 28/29th and March 10th were almost close to each other with 1-2 days of difference for all test plots. For oats sown on the last day (28/29) of Feb., plant heights (111.6-122.6 cm) were significantly longer than those sown in March each year. In addition, panicle number ($416.7per\;m^2$) and panicle length (17.3 cm) of oats sown on the last day of February were also significantly (p < 0.05) larger than those of oats sown in March in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Based on these results, it is recommended to sow these oats on the last day of February to have better agronomic traits in terms of plant height, stem length, panicle length, and panicle number $per\;m^2$. Grain numbers (56.3 and 63.3) and kernel weights (1.72 and 2.00 g) per spike in plots of oats sown on the last day of February were also significantly (p < 0.05) larger than those of oats in other plots in 2016 and in the average of 2015~2016, respectively. The highest grain yield (6,243 kg/ha) was obtained when oats were sown on the last day of February. Feed value of harvested oats was good in terms of proximate compositions including fiber contents and TDN contents. In conclusion, sowing on the last day of February is the most effective way to increase seed production of spring oats in Gyeongbuk area of Korea.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.350-356
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different dietary corn levels in Total Mixed Rations (TMR) on growth and meat quality of castrated Korean black goats. For feeding trials, thirty-two castrated Korean black goats with similar age (average of 3 months) and body weight (average of 15.9 kg) were divided into the following four treatment groups: commercial feed (control), TMR containing 15% of corn (T1), TMR containing 25% of corn (T2), and TMR containing 35% of corn (T3) in a randomized complete block design. Final body weight was the highest in T2 (58.9 kg), followed by that in control group (53.1 kg). Average daily gain (ADG) and total dry matter intake (TDMI) were also the highest in T2 (100.2 g and 1,346 g, respectively). However, feed conversion ratio (13.4) was the lowest in T2. Carcass weight and dressing percentage in T2 and T3 were higher than those in the control. For meat quality characteristics, crude fat content was the highest in T2 (6.54%). Cooking loss (15.2%) was the lowest in the control. However, the control had the highest flavor value (5.3%). Oleic acid (C18:l) and palmitic acid (C16:0) were the highest in T2 (48.6% and 22.4%, respectively). Stearic acid (C18:0) was the highest in T1 (14.5%). Unsaturated fatty acid was the highest in the control (58.8%), followed by that in T3 (58.2%), T2 (57.8%), and T1 (54.4%). These results indicate that TMR containing 25% of corn could improve the growth performance and meat quality of castrated Korean black goats.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.76-83
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• 1999

Studies were conducted during 2 months from May of 1997 to evaluate the effects of pig manure compost(PMC) on soil microbial flora. To do so, a field experiment of Chinese cabbage(Brassica campestris L.) was conducted in a randomized block design on a sandy loam soil and microbial floral characteristics in soils were analyzed. Treatments to control included the application of PMC at (A) $8Mg\;ha^{-1}$CM-8), (B) $29Mg\;ha^{-1}$(CM-2,9), and (C) $57Mg\;ha^{-1}$(CM-57), and of chemical fertilizer(D) at $320N-80P_2O_5-200K_2O\;kg\;ha^{-1}$(NPK). In each treatment, the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils were tested for the analysis of microbial populations. The populations of bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi increased in soils with the applications of PMC and chemical fertilizer, but that of Bacillus sp. decreased. However, the population of fluorescent Pseudomonas sp. was reduced in NPK plots only. With increasing application rates of PMC, the number of colony forming units(cfu) of bacteria (Pseudomonas sp. and actinomycetes) and fungi increased. in all PMC-treated plots, the population density peaked at early growth stage for bacteria(including Bacillus sp.), at late growth for fluorscent Pseudomonas sp., and at harvest for fungi and actinomycetes. The rhizosphere effect was greatest for fluorscent Pseudomonas sp. As the application rates of PMC increased, Total N, organic matter, available phosphate, and exchangeable -K, -Ca, and -Mg increased compared to control, but soil pH was lowered. In NPK plots, EC was 3.4-fold and exchangeable K was 5-fold higher than control.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.22-30
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• 1999

This experiment was carried out to determine the forage yield and mineral contents of silage corn(Zea mays L.), and N balance, soil chemical characteristics and nitrate-N level in infiltration water by different types and N rates of liquid manure applied. Seven treatments consisting of chemical fertilizer $200kg\;N;ha^{-1}$, liquid cattle manure 200, 320 and $440kg\;N;ha^{-1}$, liquid swine manure 200, 320 and $440kg\;N;ha^{-1}$ were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results obtained at National Livestock Research Institute, RDA, in Suweon from May 1997 to Aug. 1997 are summarized as follows : There were no significant differences in percentage of dry matter among the treatments, but significant dry matter yield differences were found (P<0.05), and also the mean dry matter yield of liquid swine manure plot was higher than that of liquid cattle manure plot. Potassium, calcium and magnesium contents of silage corn increased with increasing liquid manure application rates (P<0.05). Nitrate-N content of silage corn in the liquid cattle manure treatments was not influenced by liquid manure application rates, but that in the liquid swine manure treatments increased with increasing the N rates of liquid manure application. pH and contents of exchangeable canons of the soil after experiment were raised by increasing the amount of liquid manure application. Available $P_2O_5$ content in topsoil(0-10cm) was highest as $340mg\;kg^{-1}$ at the plot of liquid swine manure $440kg\;N;ha^{-1}$. Concentration of nitrate-N in infiltration water increased at the plot of liquid swine manure $440kg\;N;ha^{-1}$. Amount of nitrogen balance increased with increasing liquid manure application rates. Based on the results of this experiment, it is suggested that the mean dry matter yield of liquid swine manure plot was higher than that of liquid cattle manure plot, and the amount of nitrogen balance increased with increasing liquid manure application.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 1999

Experiment was carried out to determine the agronomic characteristics, forage yield of silage corn(Zea mays L.) soil chemical characterictics and $NO_3-N$ level in infiltration water by different application rates of daily liquid manures. Four treatment consisting of chemical fetilizer, $200kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$, daily liquid manure $200kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$, $300kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ and $400kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ were arranged in a randonmized complete block design with three replicates. The results obtained at National Livestock Research Institute, RDA., in Suwon from 1996 to 1997 are summarized as follows; In plant height and crude protein content, it were appeared to highest by 264cm, 6.8% at the cattle slurry 150% plot(T3), respectively. but Dry matter yield(14.5MT/ha) and TDN(9.5MT/ha) production of chemical fertilizer plot(T1) were highest. Among daily liquid manure amount, dry matter yield(14.0MT/ha) and TDN yield(9.1MT/ha) of daily liquid manure 100% plot(T2) were resulted to 96% and 97% of chemical fertilizer plot(T1). End year's soil organic matter and phosphate content were appeared to high than those of beginning year in daily liquid manure plots, but it was not in proportioned to increase according to slurry amount. $NO_3-N$ level in infiltration water lower than 60cm of all plots were lowed than a permitted limit of cattle drinkable. As a result, it was appeared that the optimum application amount of dairy liquid manure was 200kg/ha by manure-N.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 1999

This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of the silage additives on improvement of quality of fresh rice straw silage using round bale at the forage experimental field, grassland and forage crops division, National Livestock Research Institute, RDA, Suwon from 1997 to 1998. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with three replication. The treatments used in this study were consisted of different additives(control, formic acid, molasses, molasses+urea and inoculant). The rice straw silage with molasses+urea treatment resulted in high crude protein content and in vitro dry matter digestibility were increased with molasses of inoculant treatments compare with the control. The mean dry matter of formic acid treatment material was higher than with control but there was no significant difference in dry matter content among the additives treatments. The pH of molasses treatments significantly increased the proportion of lactic acid(P<0.05) and decreased the proportion of butyric acid. The total organic acid content of all treatments had low around 2%. Ammonia-N of molasses+urea treatment was significantly(P<0.05) higher than that of others, but formic acid or inoculant treatments was lower below 10% per total nitrogen. Over a 7d feeding period, the dry matter intake per cattle on the inoculant treatment was higher that on both the untreated round bale silage of fresh rice straw and rice straw hay. Producing cost per kilogram of round bale silage of fresh rice straw was decreased according to the increasement of harvesting area. It is suggested that application of round bale silage system to fresh rice straw with molasses or inoculant was the best treatment for improving preservation as silage, and that animal intake was enhanced by addition of inoculant to fresh rice straw.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2010

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of phase feeding methods on growth performance, carcass characteristics, pork quality, and economical efficiency in growing-finishing pigs. A total of 120 crossbred pigs ([Yorkshire ${\times}$ Landrace] ${\times}$ Duroc), average initial body weight 25.23 ${\pm}$ 2.66 kg, were allotted to 5 treatments by body weight and sex in a randomized complete block (RCB) design. Each treatment had 6 replicates with 4 pigs per pen. The treatments were 1) A (fed late weaner feed during whole phase), 2) B (fed late weaner feed in growing phase and grower feed in finishing phase), 3) C (fed grower feed during whole phase), 4) D (fed grower feed in growing phase and early finisher feed in early and late finishing phase), 5) E (fed grower feed in growing phase, early finisher feed in early finishing phase and late finisher feed in late finishing phase). Commercial diets bought from private feed company were used for this experiment. During the early growing phase (6 wks), treatments A and B showed higher growth performance than that of other treatments (P<0.05). However, growth performance tended to be similar among treatments at 10 wks after feeding and there was no difference in time of market weight (13 wks). Moreover, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration was lowered in treatment E than other treatments during whole experimental period (P<0.01). Carcass characteristics and pork quality were measured when body weight of pigs reached at 110.33 ${\pm}$ 2.1 kg. Days to market weight (110 kg), quality grade, pork color, and pork pH did not show any significant difference among treatments. These results suggested that phase feeding based upon growth stages of pigs showed no detrimental effects on growth performance and the pork quality. Moreover, feed cost was saved approximately 37% by phase feeding method without delaying of days to market weight compared to general conventional feeding method (B) of swine farm in Korea.