• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.74-78
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• 2003

Multi-channel images of 11-MUA and 11-MUOH self-assembled monolayers were obtained by using two-dimensional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption. Patterning process was simplified by exploiting direct photo-oxidation of thiol bonding (photolysis) instead of conventional photolithography. Sharper images were resolved by using a white light source in combination with a narrow bandpass filter in the visible region, minimizing the diffraction patterns on the images. The line profile calibration of the image contrast caused by different resonance conditions at each points on the sensor surface (at a fixed incident angle) enables us to discriminate the monolayer thickness in sub-nanometer scale. Furthermore, there is no signal degradation such as photo bleaching or quenching which are common in the detection methods based on the fluorescence.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.294-300
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• 1997

As a part of basic investigation for utilizing by-products derived from marine food processing more effectively as a food source, refining of viscera oil of squid caught off Newzealand were investigated. In the process of refining, degumming with 3% of phosphoric acid at $60^{\circ}C$ for 30 min was effective in removing phosphatides, and optimal condition to neutralize was treating with 0.6% excess of 20% sodium hydroxide solution at $80^{\circ}C$ for 20 min. Bleaching was optimized by adding 10% activated clay and treating for $100^{\circ}C$ for 20 min under vacuum, and deodorizing was done by steam destillation at $180^{\circ}C$ for 60 min under 4 torr of vacuum. Acid value, peroxide value and chromaticity of refined squid viscera oil were 0.20, 0.8 meq/kg and 0.019, respectively. The ratio of polyenoic acid composition to saturated acid composition of refined squid viscera oil was 1.28 and its major fatty acids were 16 : 0, 18 : In-9, 20 : 5n-3 and 22 : 6n-3.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.284-289
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• 1993

The effect of oil refining processes-degumming, alkali-refining, bleaching and deodorizing-on oil characteristics and oxidation stability of sesame oil were investigated. The colors(L, a, b) of samples were markedly changed and their peroxide and acid values were decreased, while the other characteristics of samples were not changed during refining stages. The L values of alkali-refined, bleached and deodorized sesame oils were largely decreased and their a values were increased due to browning reaction during the storage at $70^{\circ}C$. The colors of crude and degmmed sesame oils were very stable and their peroxide, free fatty acid and conjugated dienoic acid values were slowly increased. Volatile carbonyl compounds formed by oxidation were increased during the storage at $70^{\circ}C$. The results indicated that refining processes did not affect the sesame oil characteristics but decreased the oxidation stability of sesame oil.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.167-183
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• 1996

Human teeth vary widely in color. Practitioner and patients are concerned with preventing and correcting discolored or dark teeth to achieve and maintain stain-free, white teeth. Tooth brushing cannot alter tooth color but it can remove adhering films and stains. The esthetics of natural dentition can be improved by bleaching and this process can be applied to intrinsically and extrinsically stained teeth. The need for a brighter, more attractive smile has made rapid growth in the market for tooth whiteners. There is no doubt these products work as whiteners, at least on mild to moderate stains, but the safety of these products are unclear. In this experiment, the effect of tooth whitener application on the color and microhardness of extracted human enamel was measured. RMS, RMT and NWT were used as tooth whiteners, and tooth paste(ETQ) and hydrogen peroxide solution(HPO) were used as controls. 35 caries-free extracted human molars were embedded and polished with the exposed enamel diameter of 4 mm. The tooth whiteners and control agents were applied according to the manufacturers' instructions or clinically simulated procedures for eight weeks, and measurements were repeated every two weeks. Value(L＊) difference was measured using Differential Colorimeter(Model TC-6FX, Denshoku Co., Japan), and microhardness was measured using microhardness tester(Mitsuzawa Seiki Co., Japan). The results were as follows; 1. After application of agents for eight weeks, the Vickers hardness increased significantly in the ETQ, RMS and RMT application group(p〈0.01), and that decreased significantly in NWT application group(p〈0.01), but in HPO application group there was no significant change. The change in microhardness was greatest in NWT application group(p〈0.01). 2. After application of tooth whiteners and controls for eight weeks, the value change of toothpaste application group was significantly lower than those of other agents groups(p〈0.01), and there was no significant difference in value(L＊) change among tooth whitener groups(p〉0.01). 3. The application of tooth paste and paste type tooth whitener made gradual value change, but hydrogen peroxide gel type tooth whitener and hydrogen peroxide solution made rapid value change during initial application period.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.111-116
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• 2001

Waste office paper, photocopied or laser printed, has recently increased along with office automatization. In waste office paper, toner ink is used as the printing medium in place of conventional oil ink. Since toner ink cannot be saponificated by alkali and be decolored by bleaching, different from the case of oil ink, toner remains on regenerated paper as black specks. Although cascade recycling of waste office paper is compelled at present, the demand for low-grade paper is limited. From such circumstances, a new separation process for waste office paper is demanded to achieve parallel recycling. At the first stage of separation studies, the sharpness of separation is evaluated using small separators to obtain fundamental data. In a lab-scale separator, the sample amount of one feed is generally a few grams. However, the sample amount used for brightness, ERIC, and image analysis that are generally used to evaluate the efficiency of deinking are not small for lab-scale tests of these analyses. This paper describes an investigation of a sheet preparation method by a small amount of sample under 0.5g and compares the precision of toner content determination of spectroscopic analysis and image analysis from the viewpoint of separation evaluation. The easiness and convenience of the operation using only general-purpose equipments has also been set as a principle purpose. From the viewpoint of an analysis that yields high precision with a small amount of sample in short time, the method calculating the absorption coefficient from diffuse reflectance in the visible region is the most rational method in this study.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.97-102
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• 2003

Multi-channel images of 11-MUA(11-Mercaptoundecanoic acid) and 11-MUOH(11-Mercaptoundecanol) self-assembled monolayers were obtained by using two-dimensional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption. The patterning process was simplified by exploiting direct photo-oxidation of thiol bonding (photolysis) instead of conventional photolithography. Sharper images were resolved by using a white light source in combination with a narrow bandpass filter in the visible region, minimizing the diffraction patterns on the images. The line profile calibration of the image contrast caused by different resonance conditions at each point on the sensor surface (at a fixed incident angle) enables us to discriminate the monolayer thickness in nanometer scale. Furthermore, there is no signal degradation such as photo bleaching or quenching, which are common in the detection methods based on fluorescence.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 2008

Onions are commonly available and easily processed, and since their skins are thrown away they could be very useful materials from the viewpoint of environmental preservation. This study aimed to process onion skins into the state of powder and look into the optimum condition for hair dyeing by decoloring virgin hair four times and observing the hair dyeing quality and its mechanical and morphologic changes by the different condition of onion skins in duration, temperature, density, pH, and mordant treatment. The observations of hair surface through scanning microscopy showed the formation of cuticle layer, though in a little blown-up state in the case of the hair dyed with onion skin application, when compared with bleaching hair with the completely dissolved cuticle layer. According to the above findings of experiments, the dyeing quality of the hair dyes with onion skin application was excellent, the dyeing was also feasible without mordants, and the use of Fe as the mordant increased dyeing exhaustion more, which would make it an effective hair dye. These results of the experiments indicate that the natural pigment extracted from onion skins can be actually used for hair dyeing from the viewpoints of the dyeing quality and the skin treatment.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.225-231
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• 1988

As the studies on effective utilization of polyunsaturated lipids in sardine (Sardinops melanosticta), the conditions of deacidification, decoloring, and deodorization for processing of refined sardine oil were investigated In the process of refining, phosphoric acid treatment was not effective in removing phosphatides, and optimal condition to neutralize the crude sardine ill was treating for 30min at $40^{\circ}C$. with $0.5\%$ excess of 3M NaOH solution. Decoloring was optimized by adding $5\%$ bleaching earth and treating for 20min at $50^{\circ}C$ under vacuum, and deodorizing was done by steam destillation at $180^{\circ}C$ under 3 torr of vacuum. When deodorizing temperature exceeded $200^{\circ}C$, some changes occured in fatty acid composition and artifacts were appeared on GLC chromatogram.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.63-72
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• 1998

In order to evaluate the biodegradability and mechanism of 4,5,6-trichloroguaiacol (TCG) produced from bleaching process in pulp mill by Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Trametes versicolor, and Inonotus cuticularis, changes in TCG and its metabolites during biodegradation were analyzed by HPLC, and GC/MS spectrometry. By three fungi, the maximum biodegradability against TCG were very quickly reached, compared with other chlorinated aromatic compounds such as PCP. Within 24 hrs, T versicolor indicated up to 95% of TCG removal rate, and P. chrysosporium and I. cuticularis also showed more than 80%, and 90%, respectively. Particularly, in case of T. versicolor, the removal rate of TCG after 1 hr. incubation was reached to approximately 90%, implying very rapid metabolization of TCG. However, by analyzing the filtrates extracted from TCG containing culture by GC/MS, the major metabolites at initial stage of biodegradation were dimers, indicating that the added TCG monomers were quickly polymerized. The others were trichloroveratrole, dichloroguaiacol, and trichlorobenzoic acid, suggesting that TCG may be biodegraded by several sequential reactions such as polymerization, oxidation, methylation, dechlorination, and hydroxylation. In other experiments, the extracellular fluid which did not contain any fungal mycelia was used to evaluate the effect of mycelia on TCG biodegradation. The extracellular fluid of T. versicolor also biodegraded TCG up to 90% within 24hrs, but those of P. chrysosporium and I. cuticularis did not show any good biodegradability. T versicolor showed the highest value of laccase, and other two fungi indicated a little activity of lignin peroxidase (LiP) and manganese peroxidase (MnP). In addition, the laccase activity of T. versicolor was very linearly proportional to the removal rate of TCG during incubation, in other words, showing the induction effect against TCG. Consequently, the biodegradation of TCG was very dependent upon the activity of laccase.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.175-180
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• 1992

For the effective utilizing of polyunsaturated lipids in filefish viscera wasted from marine manufactory the conditions of degumming, deacidification, decoloring and deodorization for the processing of refined viscera oil were investigated. In the process of refining degumming with 20$m\ell$ of 4% oxalic acid per 100$m\ell$ of crude filefish viscera oil resulted in the lowest residual phosphorus content as 115.8 ppm and optimal condition to neutralize the filefish viscera oil was treating for 30min at 60$^{\circ}C$ with 0.5% excess of 4M sodium hydroxide solution. Decoloring was optimized by adding 10% bleaching earth and treating for 20min at 60$^{\circ}C$ under vacuum, and deodorizing was done by steam distillation at 180$^{\circ}C$ under 4 torr of vacuum.