• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.431-449
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• 2022

지금까지 국내에서는 수 많은 터널들이 완공되어 오면서 시공에서뿐 아니라 설계에서도 다양한 경험과 기술이 지속적으로 축적되어 왔다. 따라서 이제는 매우 복잡한 지질조건 또는 특수한 터널구조가 아니라면 일반적인 터널설계작업은 설계 항목에 따라 기존 유사 설계사례를 수정 또는 보완하는 것만으로도 충분한 경우도 적지 않다. 특히 터널발파설계의 경우, 실제 터널시공시 현장에서 시험발파를 통해 시공을 위한 발파설계를 추가로 수행하는 것이 일반적이라는 것을 감안할때, 설계단계에서 수행하는 발파설계는 예비설계 성격을 지니고 있어 기존의 유사 설계사례를 참고하는 것도 타당하다고 사료된다. 한편 최근 4차산업혁명시대에 들어서면서 전 산업분야에 걸쳐 그 활용도가 급증하고 있는 인공지능은 터널 및 발파분야에서도 다양하게 활용되고 있지만, 발파터널의 경우 발파진동 및 암반분류 등의 예측 분야에서 주로 활용되고 있을 뿐 터널발파패턴 설계에 활용된 사례는 많지 않다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 터널발파설계를 인공지능의 한 분야인 머신러닝 모델을 이용하여 자동화하기 위한 시도를 하였다. 이를 위하여 25개 학습용 터널설계 자료 및 2개의 시험용 설계자료에서 4가지의 입력데이터(지보패턴, 도로유형, 상반 및 하반 단면적) 및 16개의 출력데이터(심발공 종류, 비장약량, 천공수, 각 발파공 그룹별 공간격과 저항선 등)를 발췌하였다. 이를 기반으로 3가지 머신러닝 모델, 즉, XGBoost, ANN, SVM 모델을 시험한 결과 XGBoost모델이 상대적으로 최상의 결과를 나타내었다. 또한 이를 이용하여 실제 발파설계 상황을 가정하여 발파패턴을 제안하도록 한 결과 일부 항목에서 보완이 필요하긴 하지만 일반적 설계와 유사한 결과를 나타내었다. 본 연구가 기초연구 성격이어서 전체 발파설계를 완벽하게 수행하기는 아직 부족하지만, 향후 충분한 발파설계데이터를 확보하고 세부적인 처리과정을 보완하여 실용적인 활용이 가능하도록 추가 연구를 수행할 계획이다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.307-326
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• 2004

Statement of problem. The long-term success of implants is the development of a stable direct connection between bone and implant surface, which must be structural and functional. To improve a direct implant fixation to the bone, various strategies have been developed focusing on the surface of materials. Among them, altering the surface properties can modify cellular responses such as cell adhesion, cell motility and bone deposition. Purpose. This study was to evaluate the cellular behaviors on the surface-modified titanium by morphological observation, cellular proliferation and differentiation. Material and methods. Specimens were divided into five groups, depending on their surface treatment: electropolishing(EP) anoclizing(AN), machining(MA), blasting with hydroxyapatite particle(RBM) and electrical discharge machining(EDM). Physicochemical properties and microstructures of the specimens were examined and the responses of osteoblast-like cells were investigated. The microtopography of specimens was observed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM). Surface roughness was measured by a three-dimensional roughness measuring system. The microstructure was analyzed by X-ray diffractometer(XRD) and scanning auger electron microscopy(AES). To evaluate cellular responses to modified titanium surfaces, osteoblasts isolated from neonatal rat were cultured. The cellular morphology and total protein amounts of osteoblast-like cell were taken as the marker for cellular proliferation, while the expression of alkaline phosphatase was used as the early differentiation marker for osteoblast. In addition, the type I collagen production was determined to be a reliable indicator of bone matrix synthesis. Results. 1. Each prepared specimen showed specific microtopography at SEM examination. The RBM group had a rough and irregular pattern with reticulated appearance. The EDM-treated surface had evident cracks and was heterogeneous consisting of broad sheet or plate with smooth edges and clusters of small grains, deep pores or craters. 2. Surface roughness values were, from the lowest to the highest, electropolished group, anodized group, machined group, RBM group and EDM group. 3. All groups showed amorphous structures. Especially anodized group was found to have increased surface oxide thickness and EDM group had titaniumcarbide(TiC) structure. 4. Cells on electropolished, anodized and machined surfaces developed flattened cell shape and cells on RBM appeared spherical and EDM showed both. After 14 days, the cells cultured from all groups were formed to be confluent and exhibited multilayer proliferation, often overlapped or stratified. 5. Total protein amounts were formed to be quite similar among all the group at 48 hours. At 14 days, the electropolished group and the anodized group induced more total protein amount than the RBM group(P<.05). 6. There was no significant difference among five groups for alkaline phosphatase(ALP) activity at 48 hours. The AN group showed significantly higher ALP activity than any other groups at 14 days(P<.05). 7. All the groups showed similar collagen synthesis except the EDM group. The amount of collagen on the electropolished and anodized surfaces were higher than that on the EDM surface(P<.05).